BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of central neuropathy.Although cognitive impairments tend to be overlooked in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM),there is a growing body of evidence linking ...BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of central neuropathy.Although cognitive impairments tend to be overlooked in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM),there is a growing body of evidence linking DM to cognitive dysfunction.Hyperglycemia is closely related to neurological abnormalities,while often disregarded in clinical practice.Changes in cerebral neurotransmitter levels are associated with a variety of neurological abnormalities and may be closely related to blood glucose control in patients with type 2 DM(T2DM).AIM To evaluate the concentrations of cerebral neurotransmitters in T2DM patients exhibiting different hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)levels.METHODS A total of 130 T2DM patients were enrolled at the Department of Endocrinology of Shanghai East Hospital.The participants were divided into four groups according to their HbA1c levels using the interquartile method,namely Q1(<7.875%),Q2(7.875%-9.050%),Q3(9.050%-11.200%)and Q4(≥11.200%).Clinical data were collected and measured,including age,height,weight,neck/waist/hip circumferences,blood pressure,comorbidities,duration of DM,and biochemical indicators.Meanwhile,neurotransmitters in the left hippocampus and left brainstem area were detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.RESULTS The HbA1c level was significantly associated with urinary microalbumin(mALB),triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),and beta cell function(HOMA-β),N-acetylaspartate/creatine(NAA/Cr),and NAA/choline(NAA/Cho).Spearman correlation analysis showed that mALB,LDL-C,HOMA-IR and NAA/Cr in the left brainstem area were positively correlated with the level of HbA1c(P<0.05),whereas HOMA-βwas negatively correlated with the HbA1c level(P<0.05).Ordered multiple logistic regression analysis showed that NAA/Cho[Odds ratio(OR):1.608,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.004-2.578,P<0.05],LDL-C(OR:1.627,95%CI:1.119-2.370,P<0.05),and HOMA-IR(OR:1.107,95%CI:1.031-1.188,P<0.01)were independent predictors of poor glycemic control.CONCLUSION The cerebral neurotransmitter concentrations in the left brainstem area in patients with T2DM are closely related to glycemic control,which may be the basis for the changes in cognitive function in diabetic patients.展开更多
Abstract： In the presem study, we simultaneously quantified the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters （MANTs） and their metabolites （levodopa, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, 5-HT, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic...Abstract： In the presem study, we simultaneously quantified the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters （MANTs） and their metabolites （levodopa, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, 5-HT, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid） in different brain subregions of rats using a newly developed simple, sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection （HPLC-FLD） method. In this new HPLC-FLD method, analytes were directly extracted and separated without deriveatization step within 20 min. The FLD wavelength was set at 280 nm and 330 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. The analytes were separated on an Agilent Eclipse Plus Cls column （4.6 mm×150 mm, 5.0 μm） equipped with an Agilent XDB-C18 security guard column （4.6 mm×12.5 mm, 5.0 lam）, and the column temperature was maintained at 35 ℃. The mobile phase for elution was isocratic. The mobile phase consisted of citric acid buffer （50 mmol/L citric acid, 50 mmol/L sodium acetate, 0.5 mmol/L octane sulfonic acid sodium salt, 0.5 mmol/L Na2EDTA and 5 mmol/L triethylamine, pH 3.8） and methanol （90：10, v/v） at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection limit （DL） was 0.9-23 nM for all the MANTs and their metabolites with a sample volume of 50 μL. The method was shown to be highly reproducible in terms of peak area （intraday, 0.08%-1.85% RSD, n = 5）. The simultaneous measurement of these MANTs and their metabolites improved our understanding of the neurochemistry in the central nervous system （CNS） in relation to different addictive drugs （methamphetamine, heroin and their mixture） in drug-addicted rat models.展开更多
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen(ZSS) has been used for treatment of insomnia in China for centuries. To reveal the influence of insomnia on the levels of the neurotransmitters including serotonin(5-HT), glutamic acid(Glu),γ-a...Ziziphi Spinosae Semen(ZSS) has been used for treatment of insomnia in China for centuries. To reveal the influence of insomnia on the levels of the neurotransmitters including serotonin(5-HT), glutamic acid(Glu),γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),noradrenaline(NE) and dopamine(DA), and to study the role of ZSS aqueous extract in the treatment of insomnia, an UPLC-ESIMS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of five neurotransmitters in the rat brain. The brain samples were pretreated by one-step direct protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The analytes were detected in positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) and the procedure was completed in less than 10 min. The method showed a good linearity(R^2 >0.9967) with the other validation parameters were within acceptance range. The results indicated that the concentration of 5-HT, GABA and DA is significantly lower(P < 0.01) in para-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA)-induced insomnia rat model group, while Glu and NE significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.01). Treatment with ZSS aqueous extract(4 or 8 g·kg^1·d^-1 for seven days) could ameliorate the symptoms of insomnia by significantly changing the levels of the neurotransmitter parameters mentioned above. The data obtained in this study demonstrate that ZSS aqueous extract could ameliorate the symptoms of insomnia by modulating the levels of monoamines and amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain.展开更多
Objective: To observe the effects of Bushen Huoxue Formula (Formula for reinforcing the kidney and activating blood circulation) on the learning and memory function and the cerebral neurotransmitters in diabetic mice....Objective: To observe the effects of Bushen Huoxue Formula (Formula for reinforcing the kidney and activating blood circulation) on the learning and memory function and the cerebral neurotransmitters in diabetic mice. Methods: Forty ICR mice were randomized into the normal control group, model group, Nimotop group and Chinese medicine group, 10 mice in each group. Tail intravenous injection of alloxan was applied to prepare diabetic model. Four weeks later, intragastric administration of Bushen Huoxue Formula for the Chinese medicine group, Nimotop for the Nimotop group, and isometric distilled water for the other two groups were respectively given for 8 weeks. The changes in the blood sugar level were observed; the learning and memory function was detected by Morris labyrinth test; and the contents of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxyltryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyl indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebral cortex were determined in mice of all the groups. Results: The blood sugar levels in the diabetic model mice significantly increased as compared with those of the normal control group determined 72 h and 12 weeks later (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Latencies for Morris labyrinth test in the Nimotop group and the Chinese medicine group were significantly shortened as compared with that in the model group (P<0.01). The contents of cortical NE in the Chinese medicine group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Bushen Huoxue Formula can improve the learning and memory function in the diabetic mice, and the mechanism is possibly related with change of the cortical NE content.展开更多
To investigate the effects of aluminium （Al） exposure on amino acid neurotransmitters, the chickens with different levels of subchronic Al poisoning were estabolished by continuous peritoneal injection of fixed volu...To investigate the effects of aluminium （Al） exposure on amino acid neurotransmitters, the chickens with different levels of subchronic Al poisoning were estabolished by continuous peritoneal injection of fixed volume and different concentrations of gradient of aluminium trichloride （AlCl3）. The levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in chicken brains were determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） after being exposed of Al for 60 days, and Al levels in serum and brain tissue were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry （AAS）. The results showed that Glu levels increased with the increase of Al, but there was no significant difference compared with the control. The levels of Al, Asp, Gly, GABA and Tau were significantly higher in Al-treated groups than those in the control. The results indicated that Al intoxication led to excitatory neurotoxicity.展开更多
Cadmium (Cd) exposure can induce acute lethal health-related threats to humans since it has an exceptional ability to accumulate in living organisms and cause toxicological effects. Curcumin (Cur) on the other hand ha...Cadmium (Cd) exposure can induce acute lethal health-related threats to humans since it has an exceptional ability to accumulate in living organisms and cause toxicological effects. Curcumin (Cur) on the other hand has a wide variety of biological activities and several animal studies have suggested for a potential therapeutic or preventive effects against several ailments and infections. To study the effect of Cur on the toxicity of Cd, sixty Swiss-Webster strain male mice were divided into 6 groups of ten each at random. Group-1 served as the na?ve control and received no treatment. Group-2, 3 and 4 were the experimental controls and were administered once a day with a single oral dose of 50% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), Cur (300 mg/kg) or Cd (100 mg/kg) respectively, for 2 weeks. Group-5 and 6 received Cur and Cd in combination once a day orally for 2 weeks except that Cur in a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg to group 5 and 6 respectively, was administered one hour before Cd (100 mg/kg) administration to both groups. After treatment period, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests and thereafter, the animals were sacrificed for the estimation of neurotransmitters like serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and it’s metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) as well as oxidative stress enzymes like lipid peroxides in the form of thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances (TBARS) and total glutathione (GSH) in the forebrain tissue. Cd reduced significantly the body weight gain, the locomotor activity, anxiety behavior in the plus maze and the learning capability (cognitive effect) in the shuttle-box test. Biochemical analysis further revealed that Cd exposure significantly altered the brain neurotransmitters and the oxidative stress enzymes. However, administration of Cur along with Cd had an ameliorating effect on all the behavioral and biochemical parameters studied herein and reduced the toxicity of Cd significantly and dose-dependently. Thus, Cur may be beneficial for anxiety, neuromuscular, and cognitive problems and protect from Cd intoxication.展开更多
Dear Editor Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of brain functions,the neural substrates and correlates of consciousness remain unclear[1].It has been argued that classical physics is intrinsically incapa...Dear Editor Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of brain functions,the neural substrates and correlates of consciousness remain unclear[1].It has been argued that classical physics is intrinsically incapable of explaining the holistic aspects of consciousness.展开更多
Background:Aging is an essential risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.However,changes in the levels of neurotransmitters that are associated with agin...Background:Aging is an essential risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.However,changes in the levels of neurotransmitters that are associated with aging are not well understood.Methods:Methods such as liquid-liquid extraction,protein precipitation,and solid-phase extraction,using 20 different extraction solvents,were evaluated to optimize the extraction of neurotransmitters.A pseudotargeted metabolomics approach was developed to detect neurotransmitters in brain tissues using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.Alkaloids that crossed into the brain were used to evaluate the effect of glutamic acid-induced excitatory neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.Results:The overall extraction efficiency using protein precipitation was high.The changes in neurotransmitters’levels in the brain exhibited changes during the different growth cycles.The levels of seven neurotransmitters(aspartic acid,tyrosine,isoleucine,leucine,tryptophan,valine,andγ-aminobutyric acid)were significantly different.Meanwhile,alkaloids could reduce the excitatory neurotoxicity of glutamic acid-induced SH-SY5Y cells via suppression of oxidative stress.Conclusion:Significant differences were observed in neurotransmitter profiling between 1-and 8-month-old rats,and the discrepant neurotransmitters were associated with aging.Seven indole alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla,which could cross the blood-brain barrier,were screened and used to explore their protective effects against aging.Uncaria rhynchophylla alkaloids exhibited a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting oxidative stress,indicating that the alkaloid could be a potential therapeutic candidate for neurological disorders caused by glutamic acid toxicity.展开更多
Male Sprague-Dawley rats administered xylene intrapetitoneally on alternate days at a dose of 125 or 250mg/kg for 30 days exhibited no marked changes in locomotor activity, learning and memory capacity. However in rat...Male Sprague-Dawley rats administered xylene intrapetitoneally on alternate days at a dose of 125 or 250mg/kg for 30 days exhibited no marked changes in locomotor activity, learning and memory capacity. However in rats given xylene on alternate day at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 30 days, a significant decrease in locomotor activity, deficits in leaming ability and memory loss were detected. These xylene-induced behavioral ehanges were assoryiated with a decrease in fyendorphin and leuenkaphlin concentrations in the pons-medulla. On the contrary, xylene at a dose of 500mg/kg increased the β-endorphin level in caudate and c-fos expression in hippocampus. These data suggest that the xylene-induced behavioral alterations might be associated with the expression of Fos protein in the hippocampus.展开更多
Planarians can be used as invertebrate bioassays to evaluate the role of neurotransmitters on regenerating cells. The influence of the nervous system is crucial to regenerate a normal complete animal. The neurotrophic...Planarians can be used as invertebrate bioassays to evaluate the role of neurotransmitters on regenerating cells. The influence of the nervous system is crucial to regenerate a normal complete animal. The neurotrophic action of the nervous system has been attributed to the major neurohormones present throughout the animal kingdom. The same type of transmitters found in mammals have been extensively found in many invertebrates, including planarians, but their role in regeneration is unclear. Neurotransmitters and drugs which act on neurohumoral transmission have been used to determine the role of each neurohormonc on regenerating planarians. Biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms of neurohormones on regenerative planarians are reviewed, as is their putative role on regeneration. Correlations with the roles of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system of higher organisms are also addressed.展开更多
[Objectives] This study was carried out to explore the combined effects of Fu Zi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata, the secondary root of perennial herbaceous plant Acontium carmichaeli Dehx. of family Ranunculaceae)...[Objectives] This study was carried out to explore the combined effects of Fu Zi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata, the secondary root of perennial herbaceous plant Acontium carmichaeli Dehx. of family Ranunculaceae) and Rou Gui(Cortex Cinnamomi, the bark of Cinnamamunz cassia Presl of family Lauraceae) on intestinal neurotransmitters and microflora in rats with slow transit constipation(STC). [Methods] Experimental rats were given loperamide hydrochloride by gavage to induce STC, and then treated with Fu Zi alone, Rou Gui alone, a combination of Fu Zi and Rou Gui(2:1 w/w), and prucalopride, respectively, for 14 days. Meanwhile, the general condition, the time to first black stool and the rate of intestinal propulsion of rats in each group were observed after STC was induced and after drug treatment, and the pathological changes in rat colon were observed via hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, and the levels of colonic 5-hydroxytryptamine(HT), vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) and substance P(SP) were detected by ELISA, and the changes in intestinal flora were detected by 16S rRNA Real-time PCR. [Results] Compared with healthy rats, the time to first black stool and the rate of intestinal propulsion, colonic 5-HT and SP levels significantly decreased(p<0.01), while their colonic VIP level significantly increased(p<0.01). Compared with STC rats, the time to first black stool, the rate of intestinal propulsion, colonic 5-HT and SP levels in Fu Zi-Rou Gui(2:1) treated rats and prucalopride treated rats significantly increased(p<0.01), while their colonic VIP level significantly decreased(p<0.01). There was no significant difference in alpha diversity between healthy rats and STC rats. However, analysis on beta diversity revealed that there were differences in microflora structure and composition between them. Compared with healthy rats, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in STC rats significantly increased, while that of Bacteroidetes decreased. Compared with STC rats, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased and that of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes increased in Fu Zi-Rou Gui(2:1) treated rats;the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria decreased while that of Firmicutes increased in Fu Zi treated rats;the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased while that of Bacteroidetes increased in Rou Gui treated rats;the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria decreased while that of Bacteroidetes increased in prucalopride treated rats. The intestinal flora in rats of all groups was dominated by Lactobacillus spp. and other genera of anaerobic bacteria. Compared with healthy rats, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. in STC rats decreased, while those of Blautia spp. and Ruminococcus spp. and Allobaculum spp. increased. Compared with STC rats, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in all rats treated with drugs increased. [Conclusions] The combination of Fu Zi and Rou Gui(2:1) can effectively improve intestinal motility in STC rats by regulating intestinal microbial community and the levels of colonic neurotransmitters.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effects of low frequency electrical stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, cerebral blood flow and hemorheology in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 83 children with ...Objective: To investigate the effects of low frequency electrical stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, cerebral blood flow and hemorheology in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 83 children with cerebral palsy were divided into the control group (n=42) and the observation group (n=41) according to the random data table, patients in the control group were treated with routine rehabilitation treatment, on this basis;the children in the observation group were treated with low-frequency electric stimulation. Before and after the treatment, the levels of monoamine neurotransmitter [dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE)], cerebral blood flow [the average blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA)] and blood rheology index [high/low shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen (FIB)] of two groups were compared. Results: Before treatment, there were no significant difference of the levels of DA, 5-HT, NE, the average blood flow velocity of ACA/MCA/PCA, high/low shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and FIB between the two groups. After treatment, two groups of DA, 5-HT and NE levels were significantly higher than those in the same group before treatment, and the observation group of DA, 5-HT and NE levels were significantly higher than those of the control group, the difference was statistically significant;The average blood flow rate of ACA/MCA/PCA in the observation group after treatment was significantly higher than those in the same group before treatment;After treatment, the levels of high shear/low shear blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and FIB of the two groups were significantly lower than those in the same group before treatment, and the levels of observation group after treatment were significantly lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Low frequency electrical stimulation can effectively increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitter, improve the level of cerebral blood flow and hemorheology, has an important clinical value.展开更多
The present study analyzed expressional changes of excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the rat corpus striatum after single-use and combined-use diazepam and Chinese herb moschus. The infl...The present study analyzed expressional changes of excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the rat corpus striatum after single-use and combined-use diazepam and Chinese herb moschus. The influence of moschus on the central nervous system was analyzed, in particular whether moschus increased penetration of other drugs into the brain. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which included pre-column derivation with orthophthaladehyde detection, showed varied increased levels of excitatory neurotransmitters, including aspartate and glutamate, and inhibitory neurotransmitters, including glycine and Y-aminobutyric acid, in the corpus striatum after treatment with moschus alone, diazepam alone, or a combination of both. Compared with the diazepam group, aspartate levels significantly decreased at 30 and 60-105 minutes after combined treatment with moschus, while glutamate significantly increased at 45 and 75-105 minutes, glycine levels significantly increased at 105 minutes, and γ-aminobutyric acid increased at 30 and 75-105 minutes. These findings suggested that moschus increased the inhibition effects of diazepam on the brain.展开更多
In order to study the molecular mechanism of injury in rat organs induced by methylmercury, and the relationship between neurotransmitter and oxidative damage in the toxicity process of rat injury by methylmercury was...In order to study the molecular mechanism of injury in rat organs induced by methylmercury, and the relationship between neurotransmitter and oxidative damage in the toxicity process of rat injury by methylmercury was studied. The control group was physiological saline of 0.9%, the concentration of exposure groups were 5 mg/(kg5d) and 10 mg/(kg5d) respectively. The content of AChE, ACh, NOS, NO, MDA, SOD, GSH-Px and GSH in different organs of rats were determined with conventional methods. The results showed that after exposure to methylmercury for 7 d, the mercury content in brain of exposure groups increased clearly and had significant difference compared with the control group(P<0.01). In rat's brain, serum, liver and kidney, the content of ACh and AChE were all decreased; the content of NOS and NO were all increased; the content of MDA was increased compared with the control group, the exposure groups had significant difference (P<0.01); the content of SOD, GSH and GSH-Px was decreased compared with the control group, the exposure groups had significant difference(P<0.01). It could be concluded that methylmercury did effect the change of neurotransmitter and free radical. They participated in the toxicity process of injury by methylmercury. The damage of neurotransmitter maybe cause the chaos of free radical and the chaos of free radical may also do more damage to neurotransmitter vice versa.展开更多
The present study collected cerebrospinal fluid samples from the corpus striatum in rats treated with borneol, moschus, storax, and acorus tatarinowii using brain microdialysis technology. Levels of excitatory neurotr...The present study collected cerebrospinal fluid samples from the corpus striatum in rats treated with borneol, moschus, storax, and acorus tatarinowii using brain microdialysis technology. Levels of excitatory neurotransmitters aspartic acid and glutamate, as well as inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and ^-aminobutyric acid, were measured in samples using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, phosphate gradient elution, and fluorescence detection. Results showed that concentrations of all four amino acid neurotransmitters significantly increased in the corpus striatum following treatment with borneol or moschus, but effects due to borneol were more significant than moschus. Acorus tatarinowii treatment increased ^-aminobutyric acid expression, but decreased glutamate concentrations. Storax increased aspartic acid concentrations and decreased glycine expression. Results demonstrated that borneol and moschus exhibited significant effects on con amino acid neurotransmitter expression; storax exhibited excitatory effects and acorus tatarinowii resulted in inhibitory effects.展开更多
Shuyusan, a traditional Chinese medicine, was shown to improve depression symptoms and behavioral scores, as well as increase 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophan levels, i...Shuyusan, a traditional Chinese medicine, was shown to improve depression symptoms and behavioral scores, as well as increase 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophan levels, in a rat model of chronic stress-induced depression. However, dopamine, noradrenalin, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol expressions remained unchanged following Shuyusan treatment. Compared with the model group, the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in layers 4-5 of the frontal cortex, as well as hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, significantly increased following Shuyusan treatment. These results suggested that Shuyusan improved symptoms in a rat model of chronic stress-induced depression with mechanisms that involved 5-HT, 5-HT metabolite, 5-HT precursor expressions.展开更多
The present study established a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress. The model mice were treated with Yulangsan polysaccharide （YLSPS; 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg） for 21 days, and comp...The present study established a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress. The model mice were treated with Yulangsan polysaccharide （YLSPS; 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg） for 21 days, and compared with fluoxetine-treated and normal control groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunity and immunohistochemical staining showed that following treatment with YLSPS （300 and 600 mg/kg）, monoamine neurotransmitter levels, prefrontal cortex adenylate cyclase activity and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression were significantly elevated, and depression-like behaviors were improved. Open-field and novelty-suppressed feeding tests showed that mouse activity levels were increased and feeding latency was shortened following treatment. Our results indicate that YLSPS inhibits depression by upregulating monoamine neurotransmitters, prefrontal cortex adenylate cyclase activity and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.展开更多
The larvae of ascidian Styela canopus Savigny were treated with epinephrine, norepinephrine, L-DOPA, GABA and thyroxin to test the ability of these compounds to induce or inhibit larval settlement and metamorphosis. T...The larvae of ascidian Styela canopus Savigny were treated with epinephrine, norepinephrine, L-DOPA, GABA and thyroxin to test the ability of these compounds to induce or inhibit larval settlement and metamorphosis. The results showed that epinephrine, norepinephrine and L-DOPA at the concentration of 1 μmol/dm^3 induced larval settlement and metamorphosis in S. canopus, with short exposure （ 1 h） to 1 μmol/dm^3 of L-DOPA inducing rapid settlement. In contrast, GABA at the concentrations of 0.1 ～1130.0 μmol/dm^3 significantly inhibited the settlement and metamorphosis of S. canopus larvae. In addition, thyroxin at 1 -50 μg/dm^3 had no effect on larval settlement and metamorphosis in S. canopus. These results suggest the importance of neurotransmitters in the settlement and metamorphosis of S. canopus larvae.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect of Fuhe decoction on the behavior and levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in different brain regions in a depression rat model induced by chronic unpredictable mild stimulation(CU...Objective:To investigate the effect of Fuhe decoction on the behavior and levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in different brain regions in a depression rat model induced by chronic unpredictable mild stimulation(CUMS)combined with social isolation.Methods:Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group,model group,fluoxetine group,Chaiqinwendan decoction group,and Fuhe decoction group.Chronic unpredictable mild stimulation combined with a social isolation method was used to replicate the depression rat model.After 42 days of administration,a tail suspension test and high-performance liquid electrochemical detection(HPLC-ECD)were used to detect the behavioral changes and changes in the content of monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine(NE),dopamine(DA),5-hydroxytrytamine(5-HT),and metabolites in different brain regions of rats in each group before and after treatment.Results:Compared with the model group,the epinephrine(E)content in the Fuhe decoction group was highly significantly increased(P<.01).Compared with the model group,the 5-HT content of the prefrontal cortex in rats in the Fuhe decoction group was highly significantly increased(P<.01).Furthermore,compared with the model group,the 5-HT content in the hippocampus of rats in the Fuhe decoction group was significantly increased(P<.05).Conclusion:Fuhe decoction can improve the depression-like behaviors of model rats,and its antidepressant effect may be related to the increase in 5-HT content in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats.展开更多
基金Supported by the Academic Leaders Training Program of Pudong Health Bureau of Shanghai,No.PWRd2023-03Clinical Research Fund of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health,No.202040136+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82070842Jiangxi Health Commission Science and Technology Plan Project,No.202212838 and No.202212852.
文摘BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of central neuropathy.Although cognitive impairments tend to be overlooked in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM),there is a growing body of evidence linking DM to cognitive dysfunction.Hyperglycemia is closely related to neurological abnormalities,while often disregarded in clinical practice.Changes in cerebral neurotransmitter levels are associated with a variety of neurological abnormalities and may be closely related to blood glucose control in patients with type 2 DM(T2DM).AIM To evaluate the concentrations of cerebral neurotransmitters in T2DM patients exhibiting different hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)levels.METHODS A total of 130 T2DM patients were enrolled at the Department of Endocrinology of Shanghai East Hospital.The participants were divided into four groups according to their HbA1c levels using the interquartile method,namely Q1(<7.875%),Q2(7.875%-9.050%),Q3(9.050%-11.200%)and Q4(≥11.200%).Clinical data were collected and measured,including age,height,weight,neck/waist/hip circumferences,blood pressure,comorbidities,duration of DM,and biochemical indicators.Meanwhile,neurotransmitters in the left hippocampus and left brainstem area were detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.RESULTS The HbA1c level was significantly associated with urinary microalbumin(mALB),triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),and beta cell function(HOMA-β),N-acetylaspartate/creatine(NAA/Cr),and NAA/choline(NAA/Cho).Spearman correlation analysis showed that mALB,LDL-C,HOMA-IR and NAA/Cr in the left brainstem area were positively correlated with the level of HbA1c(P<0.05),whereas HOMA-βwas negatively correlated with the HbA1c level(P<0.05).Ordered multiple logistic regression analysis showed that NAA/Cho[Odds ratio(OR):1.608,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.004-2.578,P<0.05],LDL-C(OR:1.627,95%CI:1.119-2.370,P<0.05),and HOMA-IR(OR:1.107,95%CI:1.031-1.188,P<0.01)were independent predictors of poor glycemic control.CONCLUSION The cerebral neurotransmitter concentrations in the left brainstem area in patients with T2DM are closely related to glycemic control,which may be the basis for the changes in cognitive function in diabetic patients.
基金National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.813 73372)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs(Grant No.SKL2012004)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20110001110021 and 20130001110059)
文摘Abstract： In the presem study, we simultaneously quantified the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters （MANTs） and their metabolites （levodopa, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, 5-HT, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid） in different brain subregions of rats using a newly developed simple, sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection （HPLC-FLD） method. In this new HPLC-FLD method, analytes were directly extracted and separated without deriveatization step within 20 min. The FLD wavelength was set at 280 nm and 330 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. The analytes were separated on an Agilent Eclipse Plus Cls column （4.6 mm×150 mm, 5.0 μm） equipped with an Agilent XDB-C18 security guard column （4.6 mm×12.5 mm, 5.0 lam）, and the column temperature was maintained at 35 ℃. The mobile phase for elution was isocratic. The mobile phase consisted of citric acid buffer （50 mmol/L citric acid, 50 mmol/L sodium acetate, 0.5 mmol/L octane sulfonic acid sodium salt, 0.5 mmol/L Na2EDTA and 5 mmol/L triethylamine, pH 3.8） and methanol （90：10, v/v） at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection limit （DL） was 0.9-23 nM for all the MANTs and their metabolites with a sample volume of 50 μL. The method was shown to be highly reproducible in terms of peak area （intraday, 0.08%-1.85% RSD, n = 5）. The simultaneous measurement of these MANTs and their metabolites improved our understanding of the neurochemistry in the central nervous system （CNS） in relation to different addictive drugs （methamphetamine, heroin and their mixture） in drug-addicted rat models.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of State(Nos.81603289 and 81603251)the Base Program of the Joint Training Talents of Shanxi Province(No.2017JD01)the Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi province(No.201605D111004)
文摘Ziziphi Spinosae Semen(ZSS) has been used for treatment of insomnia in China for centuries. To reveal the influence of insomnia on the levels of the neurotransmitters including serotonin(5-HT), glutamic acid(Glu),γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),noradrenaline(NE) and dopamine(DA), and to study the role of ZSS aqueous extract in the treatment of insomnia, an UPLC-ESIMS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of five neurotransmitters in the rat brain. The brain samples were pretreated by one-step direct protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The analytes were detected in positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) and the procedure was completed in less than 10 min. The method showed a good linearity(R^2 >0.9967) with the other validation parameters were within acceptance range. The results indicated that the concentration of 5-HT, GABA and DA is significantly lower(P < 0.01) in para-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA)-induced insomnia rat model group, while Glu and NE significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.01). Treatment with ZSS aqueous extract(4 or 8 g·kg^1·d^-1 for seven days) could ameliorate the symptoms of insomnia by significantly changing the levels of the neurotransmitter parameters mentioned above. The data obtained in this study demonstrate that ZSS aqueous extract could ameliorate the symptoms of insomnia by modulating the levels of monoamines and amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain.
基金supported by the Foundation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China (XH-020042)
文摘Objective: To observe the effects of Bushen Huoxue Formula (Formula for reinforcing the kidney and activating blood circulation) on the learning and memory function and the cerebral neurotransmitters in diabetic mice. Methods: Forty ICR mice were randomized into the normal control group, model group, Nimotop group and Chinese medicine group, 10 mice in each group. Tail intravenous injection of alloxan was applied to prepare diabetic model. Four weeks later, intragastric administration of Bushen Huoxue Formula for the Chinese medicine group, Nimotop for the Nimotop group, and isometric distilled water for the other two groups were respectively given for 8 weeks. The changes in the blood sugar level were observed; the learning and memory function was detected by Morris labyrinth test; and the contents of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxyltryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyl indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebral cortex were determined in mice of all the groups. Results: The blood sugar levels in the diabetic model mice significantly increased as compared with those of the normal control group determined 72 h and 12 weeks later (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Latencies for Morris labyrinth test in the Nimotop group and the Chinese medicine group were significantly shortened as compared with that in the model group (P<0.01). The contents of cortical NE in the Chinese medicine group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Bushen Huoxue Formula can improve the learning and memory function in the diabetic mice, and the mechanism is possibly related with change of the cortical NE content.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Program of Helongjiang Educational Bureau (12511028)the Postgraduate Innovative Scientific Research Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (YJSCX2012-026HLJ)
文摘To investigate the effects of aluminium （Al） exposure on amino acid neurotransmitters, the chickens with different levels of subchronic Al poisoning were estabolished by continuous peritoneal injection of fixed volume and different concentrations of gradient of aluminium trichloride （AlCl3）. The levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in chicken brains were determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） after being exposed of Al for 60 days, and Al levels in serum and brain tissue were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry （AAS）. The results showed that Glu levels increased with the increase of Al, but there was no significant difference compared with the control. The levels of Al, Asp, Gly, GABA and Tau were significantly higher in Al-treated groups than those in the control. The results indicated that Al intoxication led to excitatory neurotoxicity.
文摘Cadmium (Cd) exposure can induce acute lethal health-related threats to humans since it has an exceptional ability to accumulate in living organisms and cause toxicological effects. Curcumin (Cur) on the other hand has a wide variety of biological activities and several animal studies have suggested for a potential therapeutic or preventive effects against several ailments and infections. To study the effect of Cur on the toxicity of Cd, sixty Swiss-Webster strain male mice were divided into 6 groups of ten each at random. Group-1 served as the na?ve control and received no treatment. Group-2, 3 and 4 were the experimental controls and were administered once a day with a single oral dose of 50% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), Cur (300 mg/kg) or Cd (100 mg/kg) respectively, for 2 weeks. Group-5 and 6 received Cur and Cd in combination once a day orally for 2 weeks except that Cur in a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg to group 5 and 6 respectively, was administered one hour before Cd (100 mg/kg) administration to both groups. After treatment period, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests and thereafter, the animals were sacrificed for the estimation of neurotransmitters like serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and it’s metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) as well as oxidative stress enzymes like lipid peroxides in the form of thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances (TBARS) and total glutathione (GSH) in the forebrain tissue. Cd reduced significantly the body weight gain, the locomotor activity, anxiety behavior in the plus maze and the learning capability (cognitive effect) in the shuttle-box test. Biochemical analysis further revealed that Cd exposure significantly altered the brain neurotransmitters and the oxidative stress enzymes. However, administration of Cur along with Cd had an ameliorating effect on all the behavioral and biochemical parameters studied herein and reduced the toxicity of Cd significantly and dose-dependently. Thus, Cur may be beneficial for anxiety, neuromuscular, and cognitive problems and protect from Cd intoxication.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31640034)the Sci-Tech Support Plan of Hubei Province, China (2014BEC086)the Research Team Fund of the South-Central University for Nationalities, China (XTZ15014)
文摘Dear Editor Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of brain functions,the neural substrates and correlates of consciousness remain unclear[1].It has been argued that classical physics is intrinsically incapable of explaining the holistic aspects of consciousness.
基金supported by the Shanghai Sailing Program(No.21YF1455800)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1711000)+1 种基金the Qi-Huang Scholar of National Traditional Chinese Medicine Leading Talents Support Program(No.2018)the Chief Scientist of Qi-Huang Project of National Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance and Innovation“One Hundred Million”Talent Project(No.2020).
文摘Background:Aging is an essential risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.However,changes in the levels of neurotransmitters that are associated with aging are not well understood.Methods:Methods such as liquid-liquid extraction,protein precipitation,and solid-phase extraction,using 20 different extraction solvents,were evaluated to optimize the extraction of neurotransmitters.A pseudotargeted metabolomics approach was developed to detect neurotransmitters in brain tissues using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.Alkaloids that crossed into the brain were used to evaluate the effect of glutamic acid-induced excitatory neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.Results:The overall extraction efficiency using protein precipitation was high.The changes in neurotransmitters’levels in the brain exhibited changes during the different growth cycles.The levels of seven neurotransmitters(aspartic acid,tyrosine,isoleucine,leucine,tryptophan,valine,andγ-aminobutyric acid)were significantly different.Meanwhile,alkaloids could reduce the excitatory neurotoxicity of glutamic acid-induced SH-SY5Y cells via suppression of oxidative stress.Conclusion:Significant differences were observed in neurotransmitter profiling between 1-and 8-month-old rats,and the discrepant neurotransmitters were associated with aging.Seven indole alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla,which could cross the blood-brain barrier,were screened and used to explore their protective effects against aging.Uncaria rhynchophylla alkaloids exhibited a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting oxidative stress,indicating that the alkaloid could be a potential therapeutic candidate for neurological disorders caused by glutamic acid toxicity.
文摘Male Sprague-Dawley rats administered xylene intrapetitoneally on alternate days at a dose of 125 or 250mg/kg for 30 days exhibited no marked changes in locomotor activity, learning and memory capacity. However in rats given xylene on alternate day at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 30 days, a significant decrease in locomotor activity, deficits in leaming ability and memory loss were detected. These xylene-induced behavioral ehanges were assoryiated with a decrease in fyendorphin and leuenkaphlin concentrations in the pons-medulla. On the contrary, xylene at a dose of 500mg/kg increased the β-endorphin level in caudate and c-fos expression in hippocampus. These data suggest that the xylene-induced behavioral alterations might be associated with the expression of Fos protein in the hippocampus.
文摘Planarians can be used as invertebrate bioassays to evaluate the role of neurotransmitters on regenerating cells. The influence of the nervous system is crucial to regenerate a normal complete animal. The neurotrophic action of the nervous system has been attributed to the major neurohormones present throughout the animal kingdom. The same type of transmitters found in mammals have been extensively found in many invertebrates, including planarians, but their role in regeneration is unclear. Neurotransmitters and drugs which act on neurohumoral transmission have been used to determine the role of each neurohormonc on regenerating planarians. Biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms of neurohormones on regenerative planarians are reviewed, as is their putative role on regeneration. Correlations with the roles of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system of higher organisms are also addressed.
基金Supported by The Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (Qiankehe Jichu[2020]1Y362)Special Project for Scientific and Technological Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine of Guizhou Province(QZYY-2021-016)+1 种基金The Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province(Qiankehe Jichu-ZK[2022]Yiban 510)Young Science and Technology Talents Growth Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education (Qian Jiao He KY Zi[2022]No. 261)。
文摘[Objectives] This study was carried out to explore the combined effects of Fu Zi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata, the secondary root of perennial herbaceous plant Acontium carmichaeli Dehx. of family Ranunculaceae) and Rou Gui(Cortex Cinnamomi, the bark of Cinnamamunz cassia Presl of family Lauraceae) on intestinal neurotransmitters and microflora in rats with slow transit constipation(STC). [Methods] Experimental rats were given loperamide hydrochloride by gavage to induce STC, and then treated with Fu Zi alone, Rou Gui alone, a combination of Fu Zi and Rou Gui(2:1 w/w), and prucalopride, respectively, for 14 days. Meanwhile, the general condition, the time to first black stool and the rate of intestinal propulsion of rats in each group were observed after STC was induced and after drug treatment, and the pathological changes in rat colon were observed via hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, and the levels of colonic 5-hydroxytryptamine(HT), vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) and substance P(SP) were detected by ELISA, and the changes in intestinal flora were detected by 16S rRNA Real-time PCR. [Results] Compared with healthy rats, the time to first black stool and the rate of intestinal propulsion, colonic 5-HT and SP levels significantly decreased(p<0.01), while their colonic VIP level significantly increased(p<0.01). Compared with STC rats, the time to first black stool, the rate of intestinal propulsion, colonic 5-HT and SP levels in Fu Zi-Rou Gui(2:1) treated rats and prucalopride treated rats significantly increased(p<0.01), while their colonic VIP level significantly decreased(p<0.01). There was no significant difference in alpha diversity between healthy rats and STC rats. However, analysis on beta diversity revealed that there were differences in microflora structure and composition between them. Compared with healthy rats, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in STC rats significantly increased, while that of Bacteroidetes decreased. Compared with STC rats, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased and that of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes increased in Fu Zi-Rou Gui(2:1) treated rats;the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria decreased while that of Firmicutes increased in Fu Zi treated rats;the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased while that of Bacteroidetes increased in Rou Gui treated rats;the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria decreased while that of Bacteroidetes increased in prucalopride treated rats. The intestinal flora in rats of all groups was dominated by Lactobacillus spp. and other genera of anaerobic bacteria. Compared with healthy rats, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. in STC rats decreased, while those of Blautia spp. and Ruminococcus spp. and Allobaculum spp. increased. Compared with STC rats, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in all rats treated with drugs increased. [Conclusions] The combination of Fu Zi and Rou Gui(2:1) can effectively improve intestinal motility in STC rats by regulating intestinal microbial community and the levels of colonic neurotransmitters.
文摘Objective: To investigate the effects of low frequency electrical stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, cerebral blood flow and hemorheology in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 83 children with cerebral palsy were divided into the control group (n=42) and the observation group (n=41) according to the random data table, patients in the control group were treated with routine rehabilitation treatment, on this basis;the children in the observation group were treated with low-frequency electric stimulation. Before and after the treatment, the levels of monoamine neurotransmitter [dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE)], cerebral blood flow [the average blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA)] and blood rheology index [high/low shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen (FIB)] of two groups were compared. Results: Before treatment, there were no significant difference of the levels of DA, 5-HT, NE, the average blood flow velocity of ACA/MCA/PCA, high/low shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and FIB between the two groups. After treatment, two groups of DA, 5-HT and NE levels were significantly higher than those in the same group before treatment, and the observation group of DA, 5-HT and NE levels were significantly higher than those of the control group, the difference was statistically significant;The average blood flow rate of ACA/MCA/PCA in the observation group after treatment was significantly higher than those in the same group before treatment;After treatment, the levels of high shear/low shear blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and FIB of the two groups were significantly lower than those in the same group before treatment, and the levels of observation group after treatment were significantly lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Low frequency electrical stimulation can effectively increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitter, improve the level of cerebral blood flow and hemorheology, has an important clinical value.
文摘The present study analyzed expressional changes of excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the rat corpus striatum after single-use and combined-use diazepam and Chinese herb moschus. The influence of moschus on the central nervous system was analyzed, in particular whether moschus increased penetration of other drugs into the brain. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which included pre-column derivation with orthophthaladehyde detection, showed varied increased levels of excitatory neurotransmitters, including aspartate and glutamate, and inhibitory neurotransmitters, including glycine and Y-aminobutyric acid, in the corpus striatum after treatment with moschus alone, diazepam alone, or a combination of both. Compared with the diazepam group, aspartate levels significantly decreased at 30 and 60-105 minutes after combined treatment with moschus, while glutamate significantly increased at 45 and 75-105 minutes, glycine levels significantly increased at 105 minutes, and γ-aminobutyric acid increased at 30 and 75-105 minutes. These findings suggested that moschus increased the inhibition effects of diazepam on the brain.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 20177013) and the Younger Research of Shanghai Jiaotong University
文摘In order to study the molecular mechanism of injury in rat organs induced by methylmercury, and the relationship between neurotransmitter and oxidative damage in the toxicity process of rat injury by methylmercury was studied. The control group was physiological saline of 0.9%, the concentration of exposure groups were 5 mg/(kg5d) and 10 mg/(kg5d) respectively. The content of AChE, ACh, NOS, NO, MDA, SOD, GSH-Px and GSH in different organs of rats were determined with conventional methods. The results showed that after exposure to methylmercury for 7 d, the mercury content in brain of exposure groups increased clearly and had significant difference compared with the control group(P<0.01). In rat's brain, serum, liver and kidney, the content of ACh and AChE were all decreased; the content of NOS and NO were all increased; the content of MDA was increased compared with the control group, the exposure groups had significant difference (P<0.01); the content of SOD, GSH and GSH-Px was decreased compared with the control group, the exposure groups had significant difference(P<0.01). It could be concluded that methylmercury did effect the change of neurotransmitter and free radical. They participated in the toxicity process of injury by methylmercury. The damage of neurotransmitter maybe cause the chaos of free radical and the chaos of free radical may also do more damage to neurotransmitter vice versa.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81173572
文摘The present study collected cerebrospinal fluid samples from the corpus striatum in rats treated with borneol, moschus, storax, and acorus tatarinowii using brain microdialysis technology. Levels of excitatory neurotransmitters aspartic acid and glutamate, as well as inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and ^-aminobutyric acid, were measured in samples using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, phosphate gradient elution, and fluorescence detection. Results showed that concentrations of all four amino acid neurotransmitters significantly increased in the corpus striatum following treatment with borneol or moschus, but effects due to borneol were more significant than moschus. Acorus tatarinowii treatment increased ^-aminobutyric acid expression, but decreased glutamate concentrations. Storax increased aspartic acid concentrations and decreased glycine expression. Results demonstrated that borneol and moschus exhibited significant effects on con amino acid neurotransmitter expression; storax exhibited excitatory effects and acorus tatarinowii resulted in inhibitory effects.
基金a grant from Science and Technology Bureau of Beijing, No.Z090507017709030
文摘Shuyusan, a traditional Chinese medicine, was shown to improve depression symptoms and behavioral scores, as well as increase 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophan levels, in a rat model of chronic stress-induced depression. However, dopamine, noradrenalin, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol expressions remained unchanged following Shuyusan treatment. Compared with the model group, the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in layers 4-5 of the frontal cortex, as well as hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, significantly increased following Shuyusan treatment. These results suggested that Shuyusan improved symptoms in a rat model of chronic stress-induced depression with mechanisms that involved 5-HT, 5-HT metabolite, 5-HT precursor expressions.
基金supported by the Scientific Research and Technology Development Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 0630002-2Athe National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30960504
文摘The present study established a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress. The model mice were treated with Yulangsan polysaccharide （YLSPS; 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg） for 21 days, and compared with fluoxetine-treated and normal control groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunity and immunohistochemical staining showed that following treatment with YLSPS （300 and 600 mg/kg）, monoamine neurotransmitter levels, prefrontal cortex adenylate cyclase activity and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression were significantly elevated, and depression-like behaviors were improved. Open-field and novelty-suppressed feeding tests showed that mouse activity levels were increased and feeding latency was shortened following treatment. Our results indicate that YLSPS inhibits depression by upregulating monoamine neurotransmitters, prefrontal cortex adenylate cyclase activity and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40276041 and 49976034.
文摘The larvae of ascidian Styela canopus Savigny were treated with epinephrine, norepinephrine, L-DOPA, GABA and thyroxin to test the ability of these compounds to induce or inhibit larval settlement and metamorphosis. The results showed that epinephrine, norepinephrine and L-DOPA at the concentration of 1 μmol/dm^3 induced larval settlement and metamorphosis in S. canopus, with short exposure （ 1 h） to 1 μmol/dm^3 of L-DOPA inducing rapid settlement. In contrast, GABA at the concentrations of 0.1 ～1130.0 μmol/dm^3 significantly inhibited the settlement and metamorphosis of S. canopus larvae. In addition, thyroxin at 1 -50 μg/dm^3 had no effect on larval settlement and metamorphosis in S. canopus. These results suggest the importance of neurotransmitters in the settlement and metamorphosis of S. canopus larvae.
基金the Foundation of new teachers of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2019-JYB-XJSJJ-001)。
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of Fuhe decoction on the behavior and levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in different brain regions in a depression rat model induced by chronic unpredictable mild stimulation(CUMS)combined with social isolation.Methods:Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group,model group,fluoxetine group,Chaiqinwendan decoction group,and Fuhe decoction group.Chronic unpredictable mild stimulation combined with a social isolation method was used to replicate the depression rat model.After 42 days of administration,a tail suspension test and high-performance liquid electrochemical detection(HPLC-ECD)were used to detect the behavioral changes and changes in the content of monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine(NE),dopamine(DA),5-hydroxytrytamine(5-HT),and metabolites in different brain regions of rats in each group before and after treatment.Results:Compared with the model group,the epinephrine(E)content in the Fuhe decoction group was highly significantly increased(P<.01).Compared with the model group,the 5-HT content of the prefrontal cortex in rats in the Fuhe decoction group was highly significantly increased(P<.01).Furthermore,compared with the model group,the 5-HT content in the hippocampus of rats in the Fuhe decoction group was significantly increased(P<.05).Conclusion:Fuhe decoction can improve the depression-like behaviors of model rats,and its antidepressant effect may be related to the increase in 5-HT content in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats.
