The present paper investigates how neighborhood effects are connected to chronic poverty. We examine a large sample of groups of households and find that neighborhood effects are significant in a majority of groups, e...The present paper investigates how neighborhood effects are connected to chronic poverty. We examine a large sample of groups of households and find that neighborhood effects are significant in a majority of groups, especially in the poorest groups. People living in poor communities tend to suffer from poverty over time. It is of theoretical and empirical importance to explore how neighborhood effects are interrelated with chronic poverty and the channels through which this occurs. Unlike other econometric analyses, we establish a multilevel econometric model to show that： （i） it is difficult for an individual living in a neighborhood with a high proportion of agricultural labor, low education levels, and poor transport and telecommunication infrastructure to escape from poverty traps; （ii） neighborhood effects dominate in poor communities; and （iii） although poverty is affected by group-level factors, individual factors still play a dominant role in regards to escaping poverty when income surpasses a threshold level Therefore, policy priority should be given to providing social protection and public services, especially in poor rural areas.展开更多
Neighborhood effects on seed predation and dispersal processes are usually seed-characteristic-dependent;however,how seeds with certain characteristics affect the foraging behavior of rodents in relation to other seed...Neighborhood effects on seed predation and dispersal processes are usually seed-characteristic-dependent;however,how seeds with certain characteristics affect the foraging behavior of rodents in relation to other seeds nearby is unclear.Because large differences in seed characteristics between neighboring seeds may lead to significant differences in rodent foraging preferences,we hypothesized that neighborhood effects were more likely to be detected when paired seeds differed in seed characteristics.We investigated the foraging decisions of two rodent species,the red spiny rat Maxomys surifer and the Chinese white-bellied rat Niviventer confucianus,in semi-natural enclosures by presenting them with artificial seeds containing different levels of tannin(0,3%,and 6%tannin).Both rodents showed similar preferences and preferentially consumed high-tannin seeds(6%tannin)and scatter hoarded low-tannin seeds(0 tannin).The scatter hoarding of low-tannin(0 tannin)and high-tannin(6%tannin)seeds was significantly higher when these seeds were neighboring higher-tannin seeds than when they neighbored lowertannin seeds,whereas the scatter hoarding of intermediate-tannin seeds(3%tannin)varied little when they had different neighbors.High-tannin-seed(6%tannin)scatter hoarding was lowest when they neighbored low-tannin seeds(0 tannin),while low-tannin-seed(0 tannin)scatter hoarding was highest when they neighbored high-tannin seeds(6%tannin).Therefore,the seeds that the rodents scatter hoarded were next to(neighbored)seeds that they preferred to eat immediately,and vice versa.Our findings suggest that seed neighborhood effects affect rodent foraging behavior and the relationship between plants and rodents,and may have a profound effect on the regeneration and spatial structure of plant communities.展开更多
In mountainous rural settlements facing the threat of geohazards,local adaptation is a self-organizing process influenced by individual and group behaviors.Encouraging a wide range of local populations to embrace geoh...In mountainous rural settlements facing the threat of geohazards,local adaptation is a self-organizing process influenced by individual and group behaviors.Encouraging a wide range of local populations to embrace geohazard adaptation strategies emerges as a potent means of mitigating disaster risks.The purpose of this study was to investigate whether neighbors influence individuals'adaptation decisions,as well as to unravel the mechanisms through which neighborhood effects exert their influence.We employed a spatial Durbin model and a series of robustness checks to confirm the results.The dataset used in this research came from a face-to-face survey involving 516 respondents residing in 32 rural settlements highly susceptible to geohazards.Our empirical results reveal that neighborhood effects are an important determinant of adaptation to geohazards.That is,a farmer's adaptation decision is influenced by the adaptation choices of his/her neighbors.Furthermore,when neighbors adopt adaptation strategies,the focal individuals may also want to adapt,both because they learn from their neighbors'choices(social learning)and because they tend to abide by the majority's choice(social norms).Incorporating neighborhood effects into geohazard adaptation studies offers a new perspective for promoting disaster risk reduction decision making.展开更多
Natural secondary forest has a strong capacity to regrow naturally and recover biodiversity rapidly on abandoned lands.However,at the neighborhood scale,which can truly reflect the facilitative or competitive interact...Natural secondary forest has a strong capacity to regrow naturally and recover biodiversity rapidly on abandoned lands.However,at the neighborhood scale,which can truly reflect the facilitative or competitive interactions among individual plants,the local diversity spatial structure in secondary forest and the feedback effects of neighborhood diversity on natural regeneration remain unclear,and this may be the key to properly understand the mechanisms of natural secondary forest species diversity recovery.To this end,this study established a dynamic plot in a rehabilitated secondary forest after disturbance and conducted a comprehensive survey of 68,336 individual plants with repeated measurements at 5-year interval to assess the characteristics of neighborhood diversity structure across life history stages and link the neighborhood species richness(NSR)effect translated by species interactions at species diversity structure with individual trees recruitment/mortality in secondary forest regeneration.The results showed that,compared with tropical and temperate natural forests,a higher proportion of diversity accumulators and a lower proportion of repellers in subtropical secondary forests resulted in neighborhood diversity structures characterized by heterospecific or high-diversity patches,which are beneficial to the maintenance or restoration of biodiversity.As an important supplement to the research on the relationship between diversity and productivity,our findings show a positive diversity-survival relationship in subtropical secondary forests.Importantly,we observed that the neighborhood diversity structure exhibited a trend of accumulator-dominated to neutral-dominant changes with life stage from sapling to adult,which,in turn,determined the direction and strength of NSR effects on recruitment/mortality.Specifically,diverse local neighborhoods at a later successional stage characterized with‘neutral’species-species interactions can act as a‘welfare net’by offering favorable microhabitats for the most vulnerable recruitments or saplings,i.e.,the NSR effects that promoted individual recruitment/survival in our study.These results not only enrich our understanding of the biodiversity-productivity-survival relationship but also highlight the importance of retaining latesuccessional species of native trees in intensive forest production or in situ conservation policies.展开更多
Neighbourhood characteristics influence infant mortality above and beyond individual/household factors. In India, there are very few studies discussing the effects of neighbourhood characteristics on infant mortality....Neighbourhood characteristics influence infant mortality above and beyond individual/household factors. In India, there are very few studies discussing the effects of neighbourhood characteristics on infant mortality. This study examined the effect of neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics on infant mortality using data from the India’s Third District Level Household Survey conducted in 2007-2008. Multilevel analyses applied on the representative sample of 168,625 nested within 14,193 communities using MCMC procedure. Results established that place of residence, neighbourhood socio-economic factors as important determinants of infant mortality. Overall, being born in affluent (OR: 0.79, p < 0.01), more educated (OR: 0.86, p < 0.01) and socially disadvantaged caste (OR: 0.83, p < 0.01) neighbourhood was associated with the significant reduction in hazards of infant death. The finding of this study suggests that effort should be made to reduce infant mortality in these high focus states by including policies which aim at improving infant survival in the neighbourhood that is economically and socially deprived.展开更多
基金financial support of the Key Grant Programs of the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10AZD013 and 11&ZD006)
文摘The present paper investigates how neighborhood effects are connected to chronic poverty. We examine a large sample of groups of households and find that neighborhood effects are significant in a majority of groups, especially in the poorest groups. People living in poor communities tend to suffer from poverty over time. It is of theoretical and empirical importance to explore how neighborhood effects are interrelated with chronic poverty and the channels through which this occurs. Unlike other econometric analyses, we establish a multilevel econometric model to show that： （i） it is difficult for an individual living in a neighborhood with a high proportion of agricultural labor, low education levels, and poor transport and telecommunication infrastructure to escape from poverty traps; （ii） neighborhood effects dominate in poor communities; and （iii） although poverty is affected by group-level factors, individual factors still play a dominant role in regards to escaping poverty when income surpasses a threshold level Therefore, policy priority should be given to providing social protection and public services, especially in poor rural areas.
基金the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872236)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Yunnan Science and Technology Department(2018FB038)the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research(Jiangxi Normal University),Ministry of Education(grant no.PK2018005).
文摘Neighborhood effects on seed predation and dispersal processes are usually seed-characteristic-dependent;however,how seeds with certain characteristics affect the foraging behavior of rodents in relation to other seeds nearby is unclear.Because large differences in seed characteristics between neighboring seeds may lead to significant differences in rodent foraging preferences,we hypothesized that neighborhood effects were more likely to be detected when paired seeds differed in seed characteristics.We investigated the foraging decisions of two rodent species,the red spiny rat Maxomys surifer and the Chinese white-bellied rat Niviventer confucianus,in semi-natural enclosures by presenting them with artificial seeds containing different levels of tannin(0,3%,and 6%tannin).Both rodents showed similar preferences and preferentially consumed high-tannin seeds(6%tannin)and scatter hoarded low-tannin seeds(0 tannin).The scatter hoarding of low-tannin(0 tannin)and high-tannin(6%tannin)seeds was significantly higher when these seeds were neighboring higher-tannin seeds than when they neighbored lowertannin seeds,whereas the scatter hoarding of intermediate-tannin seeds(3%tannin)varied little when they had different neighbors.High-tannin-seed(6%tannin)scatter hoarding was lowest when they neighbored low-tannin seeds(0 tannin),while low-tannin-seed(0 tannin)scatter hoarding was highest when they neighbored high-tannin seeds(6%tannin).Therefore,the seeds that the rodents scatter hoarded were next to(neighbored)seeds that they preferred to eat immediately,and vice versa.Our findings suggest that seed neighborhood effects affect rodent foraging behavior and the relationship between plants and rodents,and may have a profound effect on the regeneration and spatial structure of plant communities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42071222)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2022JDJQ0015)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2023CDSKXYGG006)the Tianfu Qingcheng Program(No.ZX20220027)。
文摘In mountainous rural settlements facing the threat of geohazards,local adaptation is a self-organizing process influenced by individual and group behaviors.Encouraging a wide range of local populations to embrace geohazard adaptation strategies emerges as a potent means of mitigating disaster risks.The purpose of this study was to investigate whether neighbors influence individuals'adaptation decisions,as well as to unravel the mechanisms through which neighborhood effects exert their influence.We employed a spatial Durbin model and a series of robustness checks to confirm the results.The dataset used in this research came from a face-to-face survey involving 516 respondents residing in 32 rural settlements highly susceptible to geohazards.Our empirical results reveal that neighborhood effects are an important determinant of adaptation to geohazards.That is,a farmer's adaptation decision is influenced by the adaptation choices of his/her neighbors.Furthermore,when neighbors adopt adaptation strategies,the focal individuals may also want to adapt,both because they learn from their neighbors'choices(social learning)and because they tend to abide by the majority's choice(social norms).Incorporating neighborhood effects into geohazard adaptation studies offers a new perspective for promoting disaster risk reduction decision making.
基金supported by the Innovative Team Project of Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences,MEECentral Public Welfare Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(Nos.GYZX210302,GYZX200203):Biodiversity Survey,Observation and Assessment Program of Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China+2 种基金The National Environmental Protection Public Welfare Industry Targeted Research Fund:Research and demonstration of key technologies for dynamic supervision of nature reserves(No.201509042)The Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation of China(No.2019FY202300)The Jiangsu Postdoctoral Research Funding Program(No.2021K038A)。
文摘Natural secondary forest has a strong capacity to regrow naturally and recover biodiversity rapidly on abandoned lands.However,at the neighborhood scale,which can truly reflect the facilitative or competitive interactions among individual plants,the local diversity spatial structure in secondary forest and the feedback effects of neighborhood diversity on natural regeneration remain unclear,and this may be the key to properly understand the mechanisms of natural secondary forest species diversity recovery.To this end,this study established a dynamic plot in a rehabilitated secondary forest after disturbance and conducted a comprehensive survey of 68,336 individual plants with repeated measurements at 5-year interval to assess the characteristics of neighborhood diversity structure across life history stages and link the neighborhood species richness(NSR)effect translated by species interactions at species diversity structure with individual trees recruitment/mortality in secondary forest regeneration.The results showed that,compared with tropical and temperate natural forests,a higher proportion of diversity accumulators and a lower proportion of repellers in subtropical secondary forests resulted in neighborhood diversity structures characterized by heterospecific or high-diversity patches,which are beneficial to the maintenance or restoration of biodiversity.As an important supplement to the research on the relationship between diversity and productivity,our findings show a positive diversity-survival relationship in subtropical secondary forests.Importantly,we observed that the neighborhood diversity structure exhibited a trend of accumulator-dominated to neutral-dominant changes with life stage from sapling to adult,which,in turn,determined the direction and strength of NSR effects on recruitment/mortality.Specifically,diverse local neighborhoods at a later successional stage characterized with‘neutral’species-species interactions can act as a‘welfare net’by offering favorable microhabitats for the most vulnerable recruitments or saplings,i.e.,the NSR effects that promoted individual recruitment/survival in our study.These results not only enrich our understanding of the biodiversity-productivity-survival relationship but also highlight the importance of retaining latesuccessional species of native trees in intensive forest production or in situ conservation policies.
文摘Neighbourhood characteristics influence infant mortality above and beyond individual/household factors. In India, there are very few studies discussing the effects of neighbourhood characteristics on infant mortality. This study examined the effect of neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics on infant mortality using data from the India’s Third District Level Household Survey conducted in 2007-2008. Multilevel analyses applied on the representative sample of 168,625 nested within 14,193 communities using MCMC procedure. Results established that place of residence, neighbourhood socio-economic factors as important determinants of infant mortality. Overall, being born in affluent (OR: 0.79, p < 0.01), more educated (OR: 0.86, p < 0.01) and socially disadvantaged caste (OR: 0.83, p < 0.01) neighbourhood was associated with the significant reduction in hazards of infant death. The finding of this study suggests that effort should be made to reduce infant mortality in these high focus states by including policies which aim at improving infant survival in the neighbourhood that is economically and socially deprived.
