The "Norwegian Model" attempts to comprehensively cover all the peer-reviewed scholarly literatures in all areas of research in one single weighted indicator. Thereby, scientific production is made comparabl...The "Norwegian Model" attempts to comprehensively cover all the peer-reviewed scholarly literatures in all areas of research in one single weighted indicator. Thereby, scientific production is made comparable across departments and faculties within and between research institutions, and the indicator may serve institutional evaluation and funding. This article describes the motivation for creating the model in Norway, how it was designed, organized and implemented, as well as the effects and experiences with the model. The article ends with an overview of a new type of bibliometric studies that are based on the type of comprehensive national publication data that the Norwegian Model provides.展开更多
The BOF-key is the performance-based research funding system that is used in Flanders, Belgium. In this paper we describe the historical background of the system, its current design and organization, as well as its ef...The BOF-key is the performance-based research funding system that is used in Flanders, Belgium. In this paper we describe the historical background of the system, its current design and organization, as well as its effects on the Flemish higher education landscape. The BOFkey in its current form relies on three bibliometric parameters: publications in Web of Science, citations in Web of Science, and publications in a comprehensive regional database for SSH publications. Taken together, the BOF-key forms a unique variant of the Norwegian model: while the system to a large extent relies on a commercial database, it avoids the problem of inadequate coverage of the SSH. Because the bibliometric parameters of the BOF-key are reused in other funding allocation schemes, their overall importance to the Flemish universities is substantial.展开更多
Purpose: The main goal of this study is to outline and analyze the Danish adoption and translation of the Norwegian Publication Indicator. Design/methodology/approach: The study takes the form of a policy analysis mai...Purpose: The main goal of this study is to outline and analyze the Danish adoption and translation of the Norwegian Publication Indicator. Design/methodology/approach: The study takes the form of a policy analysis mainly drawing on document analysis of policy papers, previously published studies and grey literature. Findings: The study highlights a number of crucial factors that relate both to the Danish process and to the final Danish result underscoring that the Danish BFI model is indeed a quite different system than its Norwegian counterpart. One consequence of these process-and design differences is the fact that the broader legitimacy of the Danish BFI today appears to be quite poor. Reasons for this include: unclear and shifting objectives throughout the process; limited willingness to take ownership of the model among stakeholders; lack of communication throughout the implementation process and an apparent underestimation of the challenges associated with the use of bibliometric indicators. Research limitation: The conclusions of the study are based on the authors’ interpretation of a long drawn and complex process with many different stakeholders involved. The format of this article does not allow for a detailed documentation of all elements, but further details can be provided upon request. Practical implications: The analysis may feed into current policy discussions on the future of the Danish BFI. Originality/value: Some elements of the present analysis have previously been published in Danish outlets, but this article represents the first publication on this issue targeting a broader international audience.展开更多
The grain size distribution of bulk sediment samples was decomposed in a core to reconstruct paleoceanographic evolution over the past 60 ka in the northern Norwegian Sea.The results show that sediments consisted of 3...The grain size distribution of bulk sediment samples was decomposed in a core to reconstruct paleoceanographic evolution over the past 60 ka in the northern Norwegian Sea.The results show that sediments consisted of 3–4 grain populations derived from the North Atlantic Current(NAC)and Barents Ice Sheet(BIS).The grain size data suggest three palaeoceanographic evolution stages:(1)an environment affected by BIS and NAC and changed with the interstadial/stadial transition in phase with the Greenland ice-core record at 60–31 ka BP,during which discharge of icebergs and the content of the coarsest population containing ice-rafted debris(IRD)in the sediments increased significantly during stadial,while the fine silt population containing volcanic glasses increased with the enhancement of NAC during the interstadial;(2)an extreme environment controlled by BIS at31–13 ka BP.BIS reached to its maximum at about 31 ka BP and the turbid plumes that formed at the leading edge of BIS contributed to a significant increase in the clayey population in sediments.Icebergs drained into the northern Norwegian Sea with periodical calving of the BIS at 31–19 ka BP.Subsequently,the ablation of the BIS discharged massive floods with clayey sediments and icebergs into the Norwegian Sea at 19–13 ka BP,resulting in a constant increase in clay and IRD in sediments;and(3)a marine environment similar to the present one under the strong influence of NAC following the complete melting of the BIS after 13 ka BP,NAC is the dominant transport agent and no IRD occurred in sediments.The fine silt populations containing volcanic glasses transported by NAC significantly increased.展开更多
Purpose: The "Norwegian model" has become widely used for assessment and resource allocation purposes. This paper investigates why this model has becomes so widespread and influential. Approach: A theoretica...Purpose: The "Norwegian model" has become widely used for assessment and resource allocation purposes. This paper investigates why this model has becomes so widespread and influential. Approach: A theoretical background is outlined in which the reduction of "uncertainty" is highlighted as a key feature of performance measurement systems. These theories are then drawn upon when revisiting previous studies of the Norwegian model, its use, and reactions to it, in Sweden.Findings: The empirical examples, which concern more formal use on the level of universities as well as responses from individual researchers, shows how particular parts—especially the "publication indicator"—are employed in Swedish academia. The discussion posits that the attractiveness of the Norwegian model largely can be explained by its ability to reduce complexity and uncertainty, even in fields where traditional bibliometric measurement is less applicable. Research limitations: The findings presented should be regarded as examples that can be used for discussion, but one should be careful to interpret these as representative for broader sentiments and trends.Implications: The sheer popularity of the Norwegian model, leading to its application in contexts for which it was not designed, can be seen as a major challenge for the future.Originality: This paper offers a novel perspective on the Norwegian model by focusing on its general "appeal", rather than on its design, use or(mis)-use.展开更多
Both planktonic and benthic foraminifera were identified in a sediment core collected from the northern Norwegian Sea to reconstruct the paleoceanographic evolution since the last glaciation.The assemblages and distri...Both planktonic and benthic foraminifera were identified in a sediment core collected from the northern Norwegian Sea to reconstruct the paleoceanographic evolution since the last glaciation.The assemblages and distribution patterns of dominant foraminiferal species with special habitat preferences indicated that three marine environments occurred in the northern Norwegian Sea since 62 ka BP:(1)an environment controlled by the circulation of the North Atlantic Current(NAC);(2)by polynya-related sinking of brines and upwelling of intermediate water surrounding the polynya;(3)by melt-water from Barents Sea Ice Sheet(BSIS).At 62-52.5 ka BP,a period with the highest summer insolation during the last glaciatial period,intensification of the NAC led to higher absolute abundances and higher diversity of foraminiferal faunas.The higher abundance of benthic species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi indicates bottom water conditions that were well-ventilated with an adequate food supply;however,higher abundances of polar planktonic foraminiferal species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)indicate that the near-surface temperatures were still low.During mid-late Marine Isotope Stage(MIS)3(52.5-29 ka BP),the marine environment of the northern Norwegian Sea alternately changed among the above mentioned three environments.At 29-17ka BP during the last glacial maximum,the dominant benthic species Bolivina arctica from the Arctic Ocean indicates an extreme cold bottom environment.The BSIS expanded to its maximum extent during this period,and vast polynya formed at the edge of the ice sheet.The sinking of brines from the formation of sea ice in the polynyas caused upwelling,indicated by the upwelling adapted planktonic species Globigerinita glutinata.At 17-10 ka BP,the northern Norwegian Sea was controlled by melt-water.With the ablation of BSIS,massive amounts of melt water discharged into the Norwegian Sea,resulting in strong water column stratification,poor ventilation,and an oligotrophic bottom condition,which ledto a drastic decline in the abundance and diversity of foraminifera.At 10-0 ka BP,the marine environment was transformed again by the control of the NAC,which continues to modern day.The abrupt decrease in relative abundance of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)indicates a rise in near-surface temperature with the strengthening of the NAC and without the influence of the BSIS.展开更多
BACKGROUND Norwegian scabies(NS)is a serious parasitic skin condition.Although NS is one of the causes of erythroderma,it is frequently overlooked.Therefore,it is essential to raise awareness regarding NS presenting a...BACKGROUND Norwegian scabies(NS)is a serious parasitic skin condition.Although NS is one of the causes of erythroderma,it is frequently overlooked.Therefore,it is essential to raise awareness regarding NS presenting as erythroderma.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of NS that persisted for more than 3 years.After following nonstandard treatment,the patient’s rash worsened and gradually progressed into erythroderma.Finally,NS was diagnosed by skin microscopy and pathology.CONCLUSION When patients with pruritic dermatosis have high-risk factors such as prolonged bed rest and immunodeficiency,clinicians need to enhance their awareness of NS and ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Norway has a well-established legal system and advanced environmental science and technology in environmental protection.In 2007,the country introduced a tax on the emissions of NOx(nitrogen oxide)in order to control ...Norway has a well-established legal system and advanced environmental science and technology in environmental protection.In 2007,the country introduced a tax on the emissions of NOx(nitrogen oxide)in order to control the emission,and it has achieved remarkable result in reducing NOx emission afterwards with the support of NOx Fund and realized the emission reduction target for 2020 under Gothenburg Protocol in 2016 in advance.The NOx Fund has achieved a balance between emission reduction and the development of new technology,which is worth learning from.展开更多
Introduction: Several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both gend...Introduction: Several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both genders, it is consistently reported that females are more exposed to depression compared to males both in frequency and severity. Studies suggest that as many as 15 - 20 percent of adolescents in Norway exhibit depression or depression like symptoms. Furthermore, several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both genders, it is consistently reported that females are more exposed to depression compared to males both in frequency and severity. Methods: All data utilized in this study were extracted from the Norwegian Ungdata survey conducted in 2014 among adolescents in Norway. The sample consists of 46,374 observations. Conclusions: The finding of significant differences in prevalence of self-diagnosed depression symptoms among Norwegian adolescents, showed females are more exposed. Furthermore, as hypothesized, there is a strong and significant relation between hope and depression, where hope is proxied through expectations regarding the individuals’ future education, happiness and wealth. Based on these findings, we apply hope as an instrument for addressing depression symptoms. Results from this analysis indicate that males are significantly less optimistic for the future.展开更多
It＇s all about determination and persistence against the odds, befieves Zhang Ke. ＂You can realize your dreams as long as you persist,＂ says the 11-year-old. ＂You see, if the youngest brother had run away like his...It＇s all about determination and persistence against the odds, befieves Zhang Ke. ＂You can realize your dreams as long as you persist,＂ says the 11-year-old. ＂You see, if the youngest brother had run away like his elder brothers on that night, he would never have married the beautiful princess,＂ says the fifth-grader from Run＇an Public School in China＇s eastern Anhui Province.展开更多
Luo Haocai, Vice-Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People＇s Political Consultative Conference （CPPCC） and President of China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS）, met with Professor Hans Pette...Luo Haocai, Vice-Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People＇s Political Consultative Conference （CPPCC） and President of China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS）, met with Professor Hans Petter Graver, Board Chairman of the Norwegian Center for Human Rights （NCHR）, University of Oslo on the afternoon of September 3. CSHRS Vice President and Secretary-general Dong Yunhu was present at the meeting.展开更多
Multilingual corpora have well been recognised as a valuable resource in contrastive and translation studies.This article investigates the development and use of multilingual corpora with a focus on work done in Scand...Multilingual corpora have well been recognised as a valuable resource in contrastive and translation studies.This article investigates the development and use of multilingual corpora with a focus on work done in Scandinavia with the purpose of showing how parallel corpora can be useful within different fields of language descriptions:lexis,grammar and discourse.It also presents a case study that demonstrates how a parallel corpus can be used in comparing two seemingly equivalent future-referring expressions cross-linguistically,namely the English 'be going to' and the Norwegian 'kommer til '('come to').展开更多
Introduction Norwegian scabies is a rare and severe skin disorder caused by scabies mites.Severe public health problems resulted from Norwegian scabies outbreak,had been reported due to the highly contagious character...Introduction Norwegian scabies is a rare and severe skin disorder caused by scabies mites.Severe public health problems resulted from Norwegian scabies outbreak,had been reported due to the highly contagious characteristics[1-2].Also,severe complications such as secondary bacterial infections,severe water and electrolytic disorders,which could lead to fetal outcome,were reported recently in severe Norwegian scabies cases[3].Early diagnose may prevent scabies outbreak and longtime adverse events.However,crusted scabies may be misdiagnosed due to its various and atypical skin lesions.Here,we shared our experience on diagnosis of a patient with Norwegian scabies,who was misdiagnosed as psoriasis and eczema and treated with long term of oral prednisone and methotrexate.展开更多
文摘The "Norwegian Model" attempts to comprehensively cover all the peer-reviewed scholarly literatures in all areas of research in one single weighted indicator. Thereby, scientific production is made comparable across departments and faculties within and between research institutions, and the indicator may serve institutional evaluation and funding. This article describes the motivation for creating the model in Norway, how it was designed, organized and implemented, as well as the effects and experiences with the model. The article ends with an overview of a new type of bibliometric studies that are based on the type of comprehensive national publication data that the Norwegian Model provides.
文摘The BOF-key is the performance-based research funding system that is used in Flanders, Belgium. In this paper we describe the historical background of the system, its current design and organization, as well as its effects on the Flemish higher education landscape. The BOFkey in its current form relies on three bibliometric parameters: publications in Web of Science, citations in Web of Science, and publications in a comprehensive regional database for SSH publications. Taken together, the BOF-key forms a unique variant of the Norwegian model: while the system to a large extent relies on a commercial database, it avoids the problem of inadequate coverage of the SSH. Because the bibliometric parameters of the BOF-key are reused in other funding allocation schemes, their overall importance to the Flemish universities is substantial.
文摘Purpose: The main goal of this study is to outline and analyze the Danish adoption and translation of the Norwegian Publication Indicator. Design/methodology/approach: The study takes the form of a policy analysis mainly drawing on document analysis of policy papers, previously published studies and grey literature. Findings: The study highlights a number of crucial factors that relate both to the Danish process and to the final Danish result underscoring that the Danish BFI model is indeed a quite different system than its Norwegian counterpart. One consequence of these process-and design differences is the fact that the broader legitimacy of the Danish BFI today appears to be quite poor. Reasons for this include: unclear and shifting objectives throughout the process; limited willingness to take ownership of the model among stakeholders; lack of communication throughout the implementation process and an apparent underestimation of the challenges associated with the use of bibliometric indicators. Research limitation: The conclusions of the study are based on the authors’ interpretation of a long drawn and complex process with many different stakeholders involved. The format of this article does not allow for a detailed documentation of all elements, but further details can be provided upon request. Practical implications: The analysis may feed into current policy discussions on the future of the Danish BFI. Originality/value: Some elements of the present analysis have previously been published in Danish outlets, but this article represents the first publication on this issue targeting a broader international audience.
基金The Basic Scientific Research Operation Fee of the Third Institute of Oceanography,the Ministry of Natural Resources under contract No.2018006the project of the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration of the State Oceanic Administration under contract No.CHINARE2016-03-02the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under contract No.ZR2019BD054。
文摘The grain size distribution of bulk sediment samples was decomposed in a core to reconstruct paleoceanographic evolution over the past 60 ka in the northern Norwegian Sea.The results show that sediments consisted of 3–4 grain populations derived from the North Atlantic Current(NAC)and Barents Ice Sheet(BIS).The grain size data suggest three palaeoceanographic evolution stages:(1)an environment affected by BIS and NAC and changed with the interstadial/stadial transition in phase with the Greenland ice-core record at 60–31 ka BP,during which discharge of icebergs and the content of the coarsest population containing ice-rafted debris(IRD)in the sediments increased significantly during stadial,while the fine silt population containing volcanic glasses increased with the enhancement of NAC during the interstadial;(2)an extreme environment controlled by BIS at31–13 ka BP.BIS reached to its maximum at about 31 ka BP and the turbid plumes that formed at the leading edge of BIS contributed to a significant increase in the clayey population in sediments.Icebergs drained into the northern Norwegian Sea with periodical calving of the BIS at 31–19 ka BP.Subsequently,the ablation of the BIS discharged massive floods with clayey sediments and icebergs into the Norwegian Sea at 19–13 ka BP,resulting in a constant increase in clay and IRD in sediments;and(3)a marine environment similar to the present one under the strong influence of NAC following the complete melting of the BIS after 13 ka BP,NAC is the dominant transport agent and no IRD occurred in sediments.The fine silt populations containing volcanic glasses transported by NAC significantly increased.
基金supported by the Swedish Foundation for the Social Sciences and Humanities(Grant No.SGO14-1153:1)
文摘Purpose: The "Norwegian model" has become widely used for assessment and resource allocation purposes. This paper investigates why this model has becomes so widespread and influential. Approach: A theoretical background is outlined in which the reduction of "uncertainty" is highlighted as a key feature of performance measurement systems. These theories are then drawn upon when revisiting previous studies of the Norwegian model, its use, and reactions to it, in Sweden.Findings: The empirical examples, which concern more formal use on the level of universities as well as responses from individual researchers, shows how particular parts—especially the "publication indicator"—are employed in Swedish academia. The discussion posits that the attractiveness of the Norwegian model largely can be explained by its ability to reduce complexity and uncertainty, even in fields where traditional bibliometric measurement is less applicable. Research limitations: The findings presented should be regarded as examples that can be used for discussion, but one should be careful to interpret these as representative for broader sentiments and trends.Implications: The sheer popularity of the Norwegian model, leading to its application in contexts for which it was not designed, can be seen as a major challenge for the future.Originality: This paper offers a novel perspective on the Norwegian model by focusing on its general "appeal", rather than on its design, use or(mis)-use.
基金funded by the Scientific Research Foundation of the Third Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources(Grant no.2018006)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant no.ZR2019BD054)the project of the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration,State Oceanic Administration(Grant no.CHINARE 2016-03-02).
文摘Both planktonic and benthic foraminifera were identified in a sediment core collected from the northern Norwegian Sea to reconstruct the paleoceanographic evolution since the last glaciation.The assemblages and distribution patterns of dominant foraminiferal species with special habitat preferences indicated that three marine environments occurred in the northern Norwegian Sea since 62 ka BP:(1)an environment controlled by the circulation of the North Atlantic Current(NAC);(2)by polynya-related sinking of brines and upwelling of intermediate water surrounding the polynya;(3)by melt-water from Barents Sea Ice Sheet(BSIS).At 62-52.5 ka BP,a period with the highest summer insolation during the last glaciatial period,intensification of the NAC led to higher absolute abundances and higher diversity of foraminiferal faunas.The higher abundance of benthic species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi indicates bottom water conditions that were well-ventilated with an adequate food supply;however,higher abundances of polar planktonic foraminiferal species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)indicate that the near-surface temperatures were still low.During mid-late Marine Isotope Stage(MIS)3(52.5-29 ka BP),the marine environment of the northern Norwegian Sea alternately changed among the above mentioned three environments.At 29-17ka BP during the last glacial maximum,the dominant benthic species Bolivina arctica from the Arctic Ocean indicates an extreme cold bottom environment.The BSIS expanded to its maximum extent during this period,and vast polynya formed at the edge of the ice sheet.The sinking of brines from the formation of sea ice in the polynyas caused upwelling,indicated by the upwelling adapted planktonic species Globigerinita glutinata.At 17-10 ka BP,the northern Norwegian Sea was controlled by melt-water.With the ablation of BSIS,massive amounts of melt water discharged into the Norwegian Sea,resulting in strong water column stratification,poor ventilation,and an oligotrophic bottom condition,which ledto a drastic decline in the abundance and diversity of foraminifera.At 10-0 ka BP,the marine environment was transformed again by the control of the NAC,which continues to modern day.The abrupt decrease in relative abundance of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)indicates a rise in near-surface temperature with the strengthening of the NAC and without the influence of the BSIS.
文摘BACKGROUND Norwegian scabies(NS)is a serious parasitic skin condition.Although NS is one of the causes of erythroderma,it is frequently overlooked.Therefore,it is essential to raise awareness regarding NS presenting as erythroderma.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of NS that persisted for more than 3 years.After following nonstandard treatment,the patient’s rash worsened and gradually progressed into erythroderma.Finally,NS was diagnosed by skin microscopy and pathology.CONCLUSION When patients with pruritic dermatosis have high-risk factors such as prolonged bed rest and immunodeficiency,clinicians need to enhance their awareness of NS and ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment.
文摘Norway has a well-established legal system and advanced environmental science and technology in environmental protection.In 2007,the country introduced a tax on the emissions of NOx(nitrogen oxide)in order to control the emission,and it has achieved remarkable result in reducing NOx emission afterwards with the support of NOx Fund and realized the emission reduction target for 2020 under Gothenburg Protocol in 2016 in advance.The NOx Fund has achieved a balance between emission reduction and the development of new technology,which is worth learning from.
文摘Introduction: Several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both genders, it is consistently reported that females are more exposed to depression compared to males both in frequency and severity. Studies suggest that as many as 15 - 20 percent of adolescents in Norway exhibit depression or depression like symptoms. Furthermore, several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both genders, it is consistently reported that females are more exposed to depression compared to males both in frequency and severity. Methods: All data utilized in this study were extracted from the Norwegian Ungdata survey conducted in 2014 among adolescents in Norway. The sample consists of 46,374 observations. Conclusions: The finding of significant differences in prevalence of self-diagnosed depression symptoms among Norwegian adolescents, showed females are more exposed. Furthermore, as hypothesized, there is a strong and significant relation between hope and depression, where hope is proxied through expectations regarding the individuals’ future education, happiness and wealth. Based on these findings, we apply hope as an instrument for addressing depression symptoms. Results from this analysis indicate that males are significantly less optimistic for the future.
文摘It＇s all about determination and persistence against the odds, befieves Zhang Ke. ＂You can realize your dreams as long as you persist,＂ says the 11-year-old. ＂You see, if the youngest brother had run away like his elder brothers on that night, he would never have married the beautiful princess,＂ says the fifth-grader from Run＇an Public School in China＇s eastern Anhui Province.
文摘Luo Haocai, Vice-Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People＇s Political Consultative Conference （CPPCC） and President of China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS）, met with Professor Hans Petter Graver, Board Chairman of the Norwegian Center for Human Rights （NCHR）, University of Oslo on the afternoon of September 3. CSHRS Vice President and Secretary-general Dong Yunhu was present at the meeting.
文摘Multilingual corpora have well been recognised as a valuable resource in contrastive and translation studies.This article investigates the development and use of multilingual corpora with a focus on work done in Scandinavia with the purpose of showing how parallel corpora can be useful within different fields of language descriptions:lexis,grammar and discourse.It also presents a case study that demonstrates how a parallel corpus can be used in comparing two seemingly equivalent future-referring expressions cross-linguistically,namely the English 'be going to' and the Norwegian 'kommer til '('come to').
文摘Introduction Norwegian scabies is a rare and severe skin disorder caused by scabies mites.Severe public health problems resulted from Norwegian scabies outbreak,had been reported due to the highly contagious characteristics[1-2].Also,severe complications such as secondary bacterial infections,severe water and electrolytic disorders,which could lead to fetal outcome,were reported recently in severe Norwegian scabies cases[3].Early diagnose may prevent scabies outbreak and longtime adverse events.However,crusted scabies may be misdiagnosed due to its various and atypical skin lesions.Here,we shared our experience on diagnosis of a patient with Norwegian scabies,who was misdiagnosed as psoriasis and eczema and treated with long term of oral prednisone and methotrexate.
