Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of foliar extracts of Rhizophora mucronnata(R. mucronata) against pathogens belonging to human origin and to identify the compound hitherto unprecedented in nature by G...Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of foliar extracts of Rhizophora mucronnata(R. mucronata) against pathogens belonging to human origin and to identify the compound hitherto unprecedented in nature by GC-MS analysis.Methods:Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of ethanol,petroleum ether,acetone,methanol and ethyl acetate.The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test organisms using agar well diffusion technique were carried out.Ethyl acetate extract exhibited promising antimicrobial activity and hence minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was performed for the same.Column chromatography was done for partial purification of crude extract and fractions were analyzed by GC-MS.Results:A column chromatographic fractionation of the extracts and further UV visible and GS-MS analysis suggested the active principle compound were a mixture of squalene(19.19%),n-Hexadecanoic acid(6.59%),phytol(4.74%).2-cyclohexane-l- one, 4-hydroxy-3,5,(4.20%) and oleic acid(2.88%).Conclusions:The results are good enough to serve to transform the practice of research in this sub field across a range of different benefit streams that include drug development.By and large this type of structure analyses are most important as aids to more rational decision taking in safety models versus effectiveness.In general,structural data provide prima facie support for drug hypothesis.展开更多
Four new oxypregnane-oligoglycosides, mucronatosides A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), together with one known stephanoside E (5) were isolated from the stems of Stephanotis mucronata (Blanco) Merr.. Their chemical st...Four new oxypregnane-oligoglycosides, mucronatosides A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), together with one known stephanoside E (5) were isolated from the stems of Stephanotis mucronata (Blanco) Merr.. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of chemical and extensive spectroscopic methods including one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR.展开更多
Background: Daphne Mucronata extract has a decreasing effect on the size of breast adenocarcinoma in rats. So in this study, the effect of Daphne Mucronata purified diterpene were investigated on co culture of human m...Background: Daphne Mucronata extract has a decreasing effect on the size of breast adenocarcinoma in rats. So in this study, the effect of Daphne Mucronata purified diterpene were investigated on co culture of human monocytes and two human leukemia cell lines (K562, CCRF-CEM). Materials and Methods: Each cell line mono-layer culture, in log phase growth, was treated with 10 to 160 μL of the extract (1 g/ml leave powder) and purified compound (0.94 nM). For a comparative study, Taxol (5 to 40 μM) was used in the presence and absence of LPS. Human monocytes were isolated by adhesion method. TNF-α in cultured media were measured by sensitive biotin-streptoavidin ELISA method. Results: Fifty percent of growth inhibition was shown by 160 μL (1:100 dilution, 0.5 g of the powdered leaves/ml) of the extract and 0.94 nM of the purified component, and there was more inhibition in K562 cells (P < 0.05). Four fold increases in growth inhibition was shown in co culture of isolated human monocytes and leukemia cell lines. There was a direct relationship between monocytes TNF-α secretion and growth inhibition degree. Conclusion: Daphne Mucronata extract and its purified diterpene through increasing monocytes TNF-α releasing, potentially inhibit Leukemia cell line.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory property and possible involvement of opioid receptors of ethyl acetate extract from aerial parts of Daphne mucronata(D. mucronata) in mice by formalin test...Objective: To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory property and possible involvement of opioid receptors of ethyl acetate extract from aerial parts of Daphne mucronata(D. mucronata) in mice by formalin test.Methods: Single doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight of ethyl acetate extract of D. mucronata were intraperitoneally administered to the mice 30 min before analgesic test. The anti-nociceptive effect of preparations was evaluated based on the formalin in mice.Results: The results indicated that the extract(2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) increased the pain threshold of mice and induced analgesia in both phases of formalin test. Like morphine sulfate(5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the extract also showed more effective analgesic effect on the late phase of formalin test. Pre-treatment of animals with naloxone(5.0 mg/kg i.p.)did not inhibit the effects of the extract.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that D. mucronata contains potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds which support its traditional use. Moreover, it seems that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract is mediated by non-opioid mechanisms. Further pharmacological studies are required to determine whether the analgesic mechanisms are actually responsible for such properties.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To aim at preliminary phytochemical screening of Daphne mucronata and evaluate its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.METHODS:Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted for the crude extracts us...OBJECTIVE:To aim at preliminary phytochemical screening of Daphne mucronata and evaluate its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.METHODS:Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted for the crude extracts using standard methods.Antioxidant properties of crude methanolic extracts,n-hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of leaves,roots and bark were evaluated following standard procedures.The antibacterial activities were checked against Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii),Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),Morganella morganii(M.morganii)and vancomycin resistant S.aureus(VRSA).RESULTS:Carbohydrates,saponins,steroids,phenols/tannins,flavonoids and glycosides were present in different parts of Daphne mucronata.The extracts showed good antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 157.82-361.61μg/m L.Methanolic extracts of roots showed good activity against A.baumannii(86.95%),E.coli(85.18%)and S.aureus(84.61%).Methanolic extracts of bark were active against A.bumanni(65.21%),M.morganii(65.21%)and E.coli(62.96%).Methanolic extracts of leaves showed good activity against A.bumanni(78.26%),E.coli(77.78%),P.aeruginosa(74.07%),S.aureus(73.07%),M.morganii(69.56%),VRSA(68%)and Proteus vulgaris(60%).The n-hexane fraction of roots was effective against A.bumanni(78.26%).Chlorofom fraction of roots showed moderate activity against A.bumanni(60.86%)and S.aureus(61.53%).Ethyl acetate fraction of roots showed moderate activity against A.bumanii(69.56%),E.coli(62.96%)and S.aureus(69.23%).CONCLUSION:This study illustrates that Daphne mucronata possesses good antioxidant and antibacterial properties.The plant could be further exploited as potential natural antioxidant and as a new source of antimicrobials for treatment of various infections.展开更多
In Africa, rural people depend heavily, if not exclusively, on medicinal plants and indigenous healthcare knowledge to meet their medical needs. Over 80000 flowering plant species are used medicinally worldwide. Among...In Africa, rural people depend heavily, if not exclusively, on medicinal plants and indigenous healthcare knowledge to meet their medical needs. Over 80000 flowering plant species are used medicinally worldwide. Amongst them are the underutilized Ziziphus species in the Rhamnaceae family. In terms of abundance and economic value, Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana are currently the most important, especially in China and India where they are cultivated and exploited for medicinal use and their edible fruits. We examined a related common species widely distributed in Africa, Z. mucronata, whose economic value has not, as yet, been explored. Local people in various African countries use its different parts to cure a large number of diseases, many of which are similar to those treated with Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana. Several studies have shown that Z. mucronata has cyclopeptide alkaloids, i.e., mucronines F, G and H, with antibacterial properties. Conservation strategies to sustain and maximize the benefits of Z. mucronata to people are proposed.展开更多
Forty-three trees (23 Rhizophora mucronata and 20 Avicennia marina) were studied for the establishment of allometric relationships between the aboveground biomass “y” and the following dendrometric variables “x”: ...Forty-three trees (23 Rhizophora mucronata and 20 Avicennia marina) were studied for the establishment of allometric relationships between the aboveground biomass “y” and the following dendrometric variables “x”: diameter at breast height DBH, (DBH)2 product Ht (where Ht is the total height), and the basal circumference Cb of the trees. The Log y = A Log [(DBH)2·Ht] + B equation gives a fairly satisfactory regression coefficient (R2 > 0.9) for the woody compartments. For A. marina, it is the equation Log y = A Log Cb + B that is the best correlated for the estimation of less woody compartments (R2 = 0.826 to 0.847). As for R. mucronata, these are much more related to DBH. For trees of 8 - 10 m height, the aboveground biomass of the delta is higher (171 t·ha-1 for R. mucronata) than that of Puerto Rico, but quite comparable to that of Australia (110 t·ha-1 for A. marina). The first tools for estimating aboveground biomass are given for these two characteristic species of the Indo-Pacific Region and East Africa. Because of the low values of the regression coefficients for some allometric relationships obtained, precautions should be taken in case of extrapolation.展开更多
Disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of five endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove （Rhizopora mucronata） on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9144 and Escherichia c...Disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of five endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove （Rhizopora mucronata） on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9144 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Fungi were isolated from leaf, stem and root of R. mucronata. Potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth were used for fungi purification and fermentation. Fungal metabolites were extracted with methanol （1 ： 1 v/v） for 24 h before vacuum evaporated to yield the crude extracts. Antimicrobial activity test was done according to the Kirby-Bauer test. The inhibition zone around each disc was considered to measure antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi. Only three endophytic fungi showed inhibition activity on S. aureus ATCC 9144 and two endophytic fungi showed inhibition on E. coil ATCC 8739. The results suggested that the extracts have a high potential for enteric diseases treatment caused by foodbome pathogen.展开更多
Two new C-21 steroidal glycosides, mucronatosides M（1） and N（2）, were isolated from the stems of Stephanotis mucronata, together with one known compound stephanoside M（3）. On the basis of chemical evidence and e...Two new C-21 steroidal glycosides, mucronatosides M（1） and N（2）, were isolated from the stems of Stephanotis mucronata, together with one known compound stephanoside M（3）. On the basis of chemical evidence and extensive spectroscopic methods, including one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR, the structures of the two new compounds were identified as 12-O-tigloyl-20-O-N-methylanthraniloyl sarcoslin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→4）-6- deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-（→4）-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-（1→4）-β-D-cymaropyranoside （1）, and 12-O- cinnamoyl-20-O-nicotinoyl（ 2OS）-pregn-6-ene-3 β,5α,8βm12 β,14β,17β,20-heptanol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→4）-6- deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-（1→4）-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-（1→4）-β-D-cymaropyranoside （2）.展开更多
The species composition and characteristics of mangrove flora in the world were reviewed and discussed. The results suggested that the world's mangrove plants have 84 species (including 12 varieties) in 24 genera ...The species composition and characteristics of mangrove flora in the world were reviewed and discussed. The results suggested that the world's mangrove plants have 84 species (including 12 varieties) in 24 genera and 16 families. Of which, true mangrove plants have 70 species (including 12 varieties) in 16 genera and 11 families, and semi-mangrove plants 14 species in eight genera and five families. The Eastern Group has 74 species (including 12 varieties) in 18 genera and 14 families, characterized by the genera Aegiceras, Osbornia, Aegialitis, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Scyphiphora and Nypa etc. The Western Group has only 10 species in six genera and five families, characterized by the endemic one-species family, Pelliceraceae, and the genus Laguncularia. The mangrove flora of China is composed of 26 species (including one variety) in 15 genera and 12 families, four of which are endemic. Hainan is most rich in mangrove species, making up about 96.2% of the Chinese total; Guangdong ranks second, making up about 42.3%. It has been demonstrated that Rhizophora stylosa was mistaken for R. mucronata in Taiwan by previous authors.展开更多
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of foliar extracts of Rhizophora mucronnata(R. mucronata) against pathogens belonging to human origin and to identify the compound hitherto unprecedented in nature by GC-MS analysis.Methods:Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of ethanol,petroleum ether,acetone,methanol and ethyl acetate.The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test organisms using agar well diffusion technique were carried out.Ethyl acetate extract exhibited promising antimicrobial activity and hence minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was performed for the same.Column chromatography was done for partial purification of crude extract and fractions were analyzed by GC-MS.Results:A column chromatographic fractionation of the extracts and further UV visible and GS-MS analysis suggested the active principle compound were a mixture of squalene(19.19%),n-Hexadecanoic acid(6.59%),phytol(4.74%).2-cyclohexane-l- one, 4-hydroxy-3,5,(4.20%) and oleic acid(2.88%).Conclusions:The results are good enough to serve to transform the practice of research in this sub field across a range of different benefit streams that include drug development.By and large this type of structure analyses are most important as aids to more rational decision taking in safety models versus effectiveness.In general,structural data provide prima facie support for drug hypothesis.
文摘Four new oxypregnane-oligoglycosides, mucronatosides A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), together with one known stephanoside E (5) were isolated from the stems of Stephanotis mucronata (Blanco) Merr.. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of chemical and extensive spectroscopic methods including one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR.
文摘Background: Daphne Mucronata extract has a decreasing effect on the size of breast adenocarcinoma in rats. So in this study, the effect of Daphne Mucronata purified diterpene were investigated on co culture of human monocytes and two human leukemia cell lines (K562, CCRF-CEM). Materials and Methods: Each cell line mono-layer culture, in log phase growth, was treated with 10 to 160 μL of the extract (1 g/ml leave powder) and purified compound (0.94 nM). For a comparative study, Taxol (5 to 40 μM) was used in the presence and absence of LPS. Human monocytes were isolated by adhesion method. TNF-α in cultured media were measured by sensitive biotin-streptoavidin ELISA method. Results: Fifty percent of growth inhibition was shown by 160 μL (1:100 dilution, 0.5 g of the powdered leaves/ml) of the extract and 0.94 nM of the purified component, and there was more inhibition in K562 cells (P < 0.05). Four fold increases in growth inhibition was shown in co culture of isolated human monocytes and leukemia cell lines. There was a direct relationship between monocytes TNF-α secretion and growth inhibition degree. Conclusion: Daphne Mucronata extract and its purified diterpene through increasing monocytes TNF-α releasing, potentially inhibit Leukemia cell line.
基金supported by a Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS) Grant
文摘Objective: To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory property and possible involvement of opioid receptors of ethyl acetate extract from aerial parts of Daphne mucronata(D. mucronata) in mice by formalin test.Methods: Single doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight of ethyl acetate extract of D. mucronata were intraperitoneally administered to the mice 30 min before analgesic test. The anti-nociceptive effect of preparations was evaluated based on the formalin in mice.Results: The results indicated that the extract(2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) increased the pain threshold of mice and induced analgesia in both phases of formalin test. Like morphine sulfate(5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the extract also showed more effective analgesic effect on the late phase of formalin test. Pre-treatment of animals with naloxone(5.0 mg/kg i.p.)did not inhibit the effects of the extract.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that D. mucronata contains potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds which support its traditional use. Moreover, it seems that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract is mediated by non-opioid mechanisms. Further pharmacological studies are required to determine whether the analgesic mechanisms are actually responsible for such properties.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To aim at preliminary phytochemical screening of Daphne mucronata and evaluate its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.METHODS:Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted for the crude extracts using standard methods.Antioxidant properties of crude methanolic extracts,n-hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of leaves,roots and bark were evaluated following standard procedures.The antibacterial activities were checked against Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii),Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),Morganella morganii(M.morganii)and vancomycin resistant S.aureus(VRSA).RESULTS:Carbohydrates,saponins,steroids,phenols/tannins,flavonoids and glycosides were present in different parts of Daphne mucronata.The extracts showed good antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 157.82-361.61μg/m L.Methanolic extracts of roots showed good activity against A.baumannii(86.95%),E.coli(85.18%)and S.aureus(84.61%).Methanolic extracts of bark were active against A.bumanni(65.21%),M.morganii(65.21%)and E.coli(62.96%).Methanolic extracts of leaves showed good activity against A.bumanni(78.26%),E.coli(77.78%),P.aeruginosa(74.07%),S.aureus(73.07%),M.morganii(69.56%),VRSA(68%)and Proteus vulgaris(60%).The n-hexane fraction of roots was effective against A.bumanni(78.26%).Chlorofom fraction of roots showed moderate activity against A.bumanni(60.86%)and S.aureus(61.53%).Ethyl acetate fraction of roots showed moderate activity against A.bumanii(69.56%),E.coli(62.96%)and S.aureus(69.23%).CONCLUSION:This study illustrates that Daphne mucronata possesses good antioxidant and antibacterial properties.The plant could be further exploited as potential natural antioxidant and as a new source of antimicrobials for treatment of various infections.
文摘In Africa, rural people depend heavily, if not exclusively, on medicinal plants and indigenous healthcare knowledge to meet their medical needs. Over 80000 flowering plant species are used medicinally worldwide. Amongst them are the underutilized Ziziphus species in the Rhamnaceae family. In terms of abundance and economic value, Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana are currently the most important, especially in China and India where they are cultivated and exploited for medicinal use and their edible fruits. We examined a related common species widely distributed in Africa, Z. mucronata, whose economic value has not, as yet, been explored. Local people in various African countries use its different parts to cure a large number of diseases, many of which are similar to those treated with Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana. Several studies have shown that Z. mucronata has cyclopeptide alkaloids, i.e., mucronines F, G and H, with antibacterial properties. Conservation strategies to sustain and maximize the benefits of Z. mucronata to people are proposed.
文摘Forty-three trees (23 Rhizophora mucronata and 20 Avicennia marina) were studied for the establishment of allometric relationships between the aboveground biomass “y” and the following dendrometric variables “x”: diameter at breast height DBH, (DBH)2 product Ht (where Ht is the total height), and the basal circumference Cb of the trees. The Log y = A Log [(DBH)2·Ht] + B equation gives a fairly satisfactory regression coefficient (R2 > 0.9) for the woody compartments. For A. marina, it is the equation Log y = A Log Cb + B that is the best correlated for the estimation of less woody compartments (R2 = 0.826 to 0.847). As for R. mucronata, these are much more related to DBH. For trees of 8 - 10 m height, the aboveground biomass of the delta is higher (171 t·ha-1 for R. mucronata) than that of Puerto Rico, but quite comparable to that of Australia (110 t·ha-1 for A. marina). The first tools for estimating aboveground biomass are given for these two characteristic species of the Indo-Pacific Region and East Africa. Because of the low values of the regression coefficients for some allometric relationships obtained, precautions should be taken in case of extrapolation.
文摘Disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of five endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove （Rhizopora mucronata） on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9144 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Fungi were isolated from leaf, stem and root of R. mucronata. Potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth were used for fungi purification and fermentation. Fungal metabolites were extracted with methanol （1 ： 1 v/v） for 24 h before vacuum evaporated to yield the crude extracts. Antimicrobial activity test was done according to the Kirby-Bauer test. The inhibition zone around each disc was considered to measure antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi. Only three endophytic fungi showed inhibition activity on S. aureus ATCC 9144 and two endophytic fungi showed inhibition on E. coil ATCC 8739. The results suggested that the extracts have a high potential for enteric diseases treatment caused by foodbome pathogen.
文摘Two new C-21 steroidal glycosides, mucronatosides M（1） and N（2）, were isolated from the stems of Stephanotis mucronata, together with one known compound stephanoside M（3）. On the basis of chemical evidence and extensive spectroscopic methods, including one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR, the structures of the two new compounds were identified as 12-O-tigloyl-20-O-N-methylanthraniloyl sarcoslin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→4）-6- deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-（→4）-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-（1→4）-β-D-cymaropyranoside （1）, and 12-O- cinnamoyl-20-O-nicotinoyl（ 2OS）-pregn-6-ene-3 β,5α,8βm12 β,14β,17β,20-heptanol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→4）-6- deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-（1→4）-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-（1→4）-β-D-cymaropyranoside （2）.
文摘The species composition and characteristics of mangrove flora in the world were reviewed and discussed. The results suggested that the world's mangrove plants have 84 species (including 12 varieties) in 24 genera and 16 families. Of which, true mangrove plants have 70 species (including 12 varieties) in 16 genera and 11 families, and semi-mangrove plants 14 species in eight genera and five families. The Eastern Group has 74 species (including 12 varieties) in 18 genera and 14 families, characterized by the genera Aegiceras, Osbornia, Aegialitis, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Scyphiphora and Nypa etc. The Western Group has only 10 species in six genera and five families, characterized by the endemic one-species family, Pelliceraceae, and the genus Laguncularia. The mangrove flora of China is composed of 26 species (including one variety) in 15 genera and 12 families, four of which are endemic. Hainan is most rich in mangrove species, making up about 96.2% of the Chinese total; Guangdong ranks second, making up about 42.3%. It has been demonstrated that Rhizophora stylosa was mistaken for R. mucronata in Taiwan by previous authors.
