The olfactory bulb(OB)is the first relay station in the olfactory system and functions as a crucial hub.It can represent odor information precisely and accurately in an ever-changing environment.As the only output neu...The olfactory bulb(OB)is the first relay station in the olfactory system and functions as a crucial hub.It can represent odor information precisely and accurately in an ever-changing environment.As the only output neurons in the OB,mitral/tufted cells encode information such as odor identity and concentration.Recently,the neural strategies and mechanisms underlying odor representation and encoding in the OB have been investigated extensively.Here we review the main progress on this topic.We first review the neurons and circuits involved in odor representation,including the different cell types in the OB and the neural circuits within and beyond the OB.We will then discuss how two different coding strategies—spatial coding and temporal coding—work in the rodent OB.Finally,we discuss potential future directions for this research topic.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive description of our current understanding of how odor information is represented and encoded by mitral/tufted cells in the OB.展开更多
Fiber photometry is a recently-developed method that indirectly measures neural activity by monitoring Ca^(2+)signals in genetically-identified neuronal populations.Although fiber photometry is widely used in neurosci...Fiber photometry is a recently-developed method that indirectly measures neural activity by monitoring Ca^(2+)signals in genetically-identified neuronal populations.Although fiber photometry is widely used in neuroscience research,the relationship between the recorded Ca^(2+)signals and direct electrophysiological measurements of neural activity remains elusive.Here,we simultaneously recorded odor-evoked Ca^(2+)and electrophysiological signals[single-unit spikes and local field potentials(LFPs)]from mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb of awake,head-fixed mice.Odors evoked responses in all types of signal but the response characteristics(e.g.,type of response and time course)differed.The Ca^(2+)signal was correlated most closely with power in theβ-band of the LFP.The Ca^(2+)signal performed slightly better at odor classification than high-γoscillations,worse than single-unit spikes,and similarly toβoscillations.These results provide new information to help researchers select an appropriate method for monitoring neural activity under specific conditions.展开更多
After a review of the tufting industry’s development, and a brief introduction to available systems for producing patterned tufted carpets, the principle of ICN (Individually Controlled Needle) and the related advanc...After a review of the tufting industry’s development, and a brief introduction to available systems for producing patterned tufted carpets, the principle of ICN (Individually Controlled Needle) and the related advanced tufting technology Col-ortec are presented. Finally, Colortec machine, Axminster weaving machine, and Wilton loom are compared. It is believed that the Cobble Colortec machine is a significant jump forward in the tufted carpets industry as it now allows access to all major carpet markets in a competitive fashion.展开更多
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease globally,with untreated severe cases demonstrating associations with elevated morbidity,mortality,and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.[1,2]While t...Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease globally,with untreated severe cases demonstrating associations with elevated morbidity,mortality,and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.[1,2]While transcatheter edge-toedge repair (TEER) has emerged as an alternative option for high surgical risk patients with severe MR,[3,4]severe MR of Carpentier class IIIa (characterized by restricted leaflet motion during both systole and diastole) has been considered a relative contraindication for TEER interventions due to stenosis risk and procedural complexity.[5,6]展开更多
Background:Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress is an important factor in the development of numerous cardiovascular disorders;nevertheless,the association between ER stress and mitral regurgitation(MR)remains inadequately...Background:Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress is an important factor in the development of numerous cardiovascular disorders;nevertheless,the association between ER stress and mitral regurgitation(MR)remains inadequately characterized.The molecular mechanism of pimobendan(PIMO)that contributes to the delay in congestive heart failure(CHF)in MR associated with apoptosis and fibrosis is still unclear.Our aim was to examine the impact of PIMO on ER stress,apoptosis,and fibrosis in a chronic MR rat model.Methods:MR was surgically induced in 10 Sprague–Dawley rats,with 5 serving as sham operation controls.At 8 weeks postsurgery,the MR animals were randomly allocated into two groups:MR and MR+PIMO groups.PIMO was administered twice daily through oral gavage for 4 weeks,whereas the sham and MR groups were administered similar quantities of drinking water.Echocardiography was conducted before the delivery of PIMO as a baseline measure and at the end of the study.At the end of the investigation,hearts were procured for histopathological and ER stress evaluations.Results:PIMO significantly maintained heart function and structural remodeling in the MR animals.PIMO significantly reduced MR-induced myocyte apoptosis(p=0.044)and fibrosis(p=0.002)by reducing the messenger RNA expression of genes associated with ER stress(GRP78[glucose-regulated protein 78],ATF4[activating transcription factor 4],and CHOP[C/ERP homologous protein])compared to the MR group(p<0.05,p<0.01,and p<0.001,respectively).Conclusion:PIMO demonstrated cardioprotective benefits on heart function,myocyte apoptosis,and fibrosis by regulating ER stress in an MR-induced CHF rat model.展开更多
The prevalence of mitral regurgitation(MR)is increasingly worldwide as a consequence of improved survival and ischemic heart disease.Severe MR is associated with worse prognosis,independent of left ventricular functio...The prevalence of mitral regurgitation(MR)is increasingly worldwide as a consequence of improved survival and ischemic heart disease.Severe MR is associated with worse prognosis,independent of left ventricular function and associated comorbidities.[1-3]Although surgical valve repair or replacement remains the standard treatment for patients with chronic MR,up to 50%of MR patients with symptomatic MR are not referred for surgery,mainly because of multiple comorbid conditions resulting in high surgical risk.[4]There is,therefore,a clear need for less invasive approaches for this patient group.展开更多
BACKGROUND Observational studies reported characteristics and outcomes of patients with secondary mitral valve regurgitation(MR)who underwent transcatheter edge-toedge repair of the mitral valve.No study investigated ...BACKGROUND Observational studies reported characteristics and outcomes of patients with secondary mitral valve regurgitation(MR)who underwent transcatheter edge-toedge repair of the mitral valve.No study investigated the temporal trend of patient characteristics and outcomes in comparison with the published randomized trials.AIM To investigate the temporal trend in baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with secondary MR who underwent transcatheter edge-to-edge repair of the mitral valve in the real world compared with those from the published landmark trials.METHODS A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE,EMBASE,and CENTRAL databases,and the identified observational studies were divided into two five-year recruitment periods.The first period included 36 studies that enrolled patients between 2008 and 2012,and the second period included 25 studies that recruited patients between 2013 and 2017-2018.Pooled variables of each five-year recruitment period were compared with those of the landmark trials.A random-effects model was used for statistical comparisons.RStudio and RevMan software were used for the analysis.RESULTS Overall,there were no major variations in the findings between the first and the second five-year recruitment periods.EVEREST program vs observational studies:Patients in the EVEREST program were more likely to have non-ischemic MR etiology[odds ratio(OR)=3.59,95%confidence interval(CI):2.92-4.42]and atrial fibrillation(OR=1.71,95%CI:1.42-2.06).They were less likely to receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers(OR=0.72,95%CI:0.58-0.90)and implantable cardiac device(OR=0.41,95%CI:0.33-0.49)as well as less likely to be symptomatic at hospital presentation without a difference in MR grade≤2+or mortality at 12-month follow-up.COAPT trial vs observational studies:COAPT patients were more likely to have prior myocardial infarction(OR=1.62,95%CI:1.27-2.06)and renal insufficiency(OR=2.66,95%CI:2.05-3.45).They were more likely to receive beta-blockers(OR=2.54,95%CI:1.68-3.85)and an implanted cardiac device(OR=2.20,95%CI:1.71-2.84).There was no difference in procedure success or mortality.MITRA-FR trial vs observational studies:MITRA-FR patients were less likely to have atrial fibrillation(OR=0.49,95%CI:0.34-0.69)and renal insufficiency(OR=0.18,95%CI:0.11-0.28)but more likely to have a history of myocardial infarction(OR=1.48,95%CI:1.06-2.05)and to receive diuretics(OR=19.81,95%CI:2.75-142.48)and implantable cardiac devices(OR=1.69,95%CI:1.21-2.37).At hospital presentation,they were less likely to be symptomatic(OR=0.25,95%CI:0.18-0.35)without a difference in MR grades 3+and 4+.There was no difference in terms of MR grade or mortality at 12-month follow-up.CONCLUSION Patients in the landmark studies may have favourable or unfavourable characteristics when compared to those in the observational studies,but this did not translate into different outcomes over time.展开更多
Background Predicting in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)is critical for improving clinical management.This study investigated the prognostic significance of mitral valve regurgi...Background Predicting in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)is critical for improving clinical management.This study investigated the prognostic significance of mitral valve regurgitant area(MVRA)as a predictor of in-hospital mortality.Methods A total of 813 elderly patients(age≥60 years)diag-nosed with DCM were included in this retrospective study,with admissions spanning from January 2010 to Decem-ber 2019.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between MVRA and in-hospital mortality.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and Kaplan-Meier survival analy-ses were employed to assess the predictive performance of MVRA and to compare cumulative survival rates be-tween groups,respectively.Results MVRA was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality in both univar-iate and multivariate analyses(HR:1.119,95%CI:1.028-1.218,P=0.009).ROC curve analysis demonstrated good prognostic performance for MVRA[area under curve(AUC):0.714].Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with high MVRA(HMVRA)had significantly worse in-hospital survival outcomes(log-rank χ2=12.628,P<0.001).Conclusions An increase in MVRA is significantly associated with higher in-hospital mortality in elderly DCM patients,with an MVRA exceeding 7 cm2 indicating a notably increased mortality rate.MVRA serves as a simple and effective parameter for risk assessment and treatment monitoring in DCM patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Research has revealed a relationship between atrial fi brillation(AF)and valvular heart disease;however,the causality remains largely unknown.This study explored whether a causal association between AF and ...BACKGROUND:Research has revealed a relationship between atrial fi brillation(AF)and valvular heart disease;however,the causality remains largely unknown.This study explored whether a causal association between AF and non-rheumatic aortic valve disease(AVD)and mitral valve disease(MVD)could be found.METHODS:A two-sample Mendelian randomization(TSMR)method was applied to determine the causal eff ect of AF on AVD,mitral regurgitation,and MVD.The inverse variance weighted(IVW)method was used as the primary analytical approach,and several complementary analyses were conducted.Outliers were detected using the Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier(MR-PRESSO)and radial Mendelian randomization(MR)methods.RESULTS:Genetically predicted AF was found to be causally associated with the risk of MVD(odds ratio[OR]=1.001;95%confi dence interval[CI]:1.000-1.001;P=1.33×10-6)and mitral regurgitation(OR=1.001;95%CI:1.000-1.002;P=0.009).However,no signifi cant causal associations between AF and AVD were detected(OR=1.000;95%CI:0.999-1.000;P=0.804).Causal eff ects were still detected,even after adjusting for potential risk factors or removing the identifi ed outliers.Reverse MR analyses revealed no signifi cant causal eff ect of valvular heart disease on AF.CONCLUSION:Our findings demonstrate a positive causal association between AF,MVD,and mitral regurgitation,but not AVD.Further research and an aggressive AF management strategy should be explored as potential measures for preventing MVD.展开更多
Group B Streptococcus(GBS;Streptococcus agalactiae)is a gram-positive coccus that colonizes the gastrointestinal and genital tracts in adults,as well as the upper respiratory tract in infants.While it has been thought...Group B Streptococcus(GBS;Streptococcus agalactiae)is a gram-positive coccus that colonizes the gastrointestinal and genital tracts in adults,as well as the upper respiratory tract in infants.While it has been thought that GBS only results in invasive disease in pregnant females and neonates,recent literature has suggested an increasing incidence of invasive GBS among non-pregnant individuals within the United States.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32271055 and 32070995)the Jiangsu Province Innovative and Entrepreneurial Team Program,and the Guangdong Medical University(No.GDMUB2022048),China.
文摘The olfactory bulb(OB)is the first relay station in the olfactory system and functions as a crucial hub.It can represent odor information precisely and accurately in an ever-changing environment.As the only output neurons in the OB,mitral/tufted cells encode information such as odor identity and concentration.Recently,the neural strategies and mechanisms underlying odor representation and encoding in the OB have been investigated extensively.Here we review the main progress on this topic.We first review the neurons and circuits involved in odor representation,including the different cell types in the OB and the neural circuits within and beyond the OB.We will then discuss how two different coding strategies—spatial coding and temporal coding—work in the rodent OB.Finally,we discuss potential future directions for this research topic.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive description of our current understanding of how odor information is represented and encoded by mitral/tufted cells in the OB.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872771,32070995,and 31900713)the National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education(Xuzhou Medical University).
文摘Fiber photometry is a recently-developed method that indirectly measures neural activity by monitoring Ca^(2+)signals in genetically-identified neuronal populations.Although fiber photometry is widely used in neuroscience research,the relationship between the recorded Ca^(2+)signals and direct electrophysiological measurements of neural activity remains elusive.Here,we simultaneously recorded odor-evoked Ca^(2+)and electrophysiological signals[single-unit spikes and local field potentials(LFPs)]from mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb of awake,head-fixed mice.Odors evoked responses in all types of signal but the response characteristics(e.g.,type of response and time course)differed.The Ca^(2+)signal was correlated most closely with power in theβ-band of the LFP.The Ca^(2+)signal performed slightly better at odor classification than high-γoscillations,worse than single-unit spikes,and similarly toβoscillations.These results provide new information to help researchers select an appropriate method for monitoring neural activity under specific conditions.
文摘After a review of the tufting industry’s development, and a brief introduction to available systems for producing patterned tufted carpets, the principle of ICN (Individually Controlled Needle) and the related advanced tufting technology Col-ortec are presented. Finally, Colortec machine, Axminster weaving machine, and Wilton loom are compared. It is believed that the Cobble Colortec machine is a significant jump forward in the tufted carpets industry as it now allows access to all major carpet markets in a competitive fashion.
基金supported by the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence from West China Hospital of Sichuan University(ZYGD23021&23HXFH009)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2025ZNSFSC1698)the Sichuan Provincial Cadre Health Research Program(ZH2024-103).
文摘Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease globally,with untreated severe cases demonstrating associations with elevated morbidity,mortality,and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.[1,2]While transcatheter edge-toedge repair (TEER) has emerged as an alternative option for high surgical risk patients with severe MR,[3,4]severe MR of Carpentier class IIIa (characterized by restricted leaflet motion during both systole and diastole) has been considered a relative contraindication for TEER interventions due to stenosis risk and procedural complexity.[5,6]
基金The 100th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University Fund for Doctoral Scholarshipthe National Budget to CULAC,Grant/Award Number:390252002+1 种基金the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund,Grant/Award Number:GCUGR1125641042Dthe Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund at Chulalongkorn University,Grant/Award Number:HEAF673100100。
文摘Background:Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress is an important factor in the development of numerous cardiovascular disorders;nevertheless,the association between ER stress and mitral regurgitation(MR)remains inadequately characterized.The molecular mechanism of pimobendan(PIMO)that contributes to the delay in congestive heart failure(CHF)in MR associated with apoptosis and fibrosis is still unclear.Our aim was to examine the impact of PIMO on ER stress,apoptosis,and fibrosis in a chronic MR rat model.Methods:MR was surgically induced in 10 Sprague–Dawley rats,with 5 serving as sham operation controls.At 8 weeks postsurgery,the MR animals were randomly allocated into two groups:MR and MR+PIMO groups.PIMO was administered twice daily through oral gavage for 4 weeks,whereas the sham and MR groups were administered similar quantities of drinking water.Echocardiography was conducted before the delivery of PIMO as a baseline measure and at the end of the study.At the end of the investigation,hearts were procured for histopathological and ER stress evaluations.Results:PIMO significantly maintained heart function and structural remodeling in the MR animals.PIMO significantly reduced MR-induced myocyte apoptosis(p=0.044)and fibrosis(p=0.002)by reducing the messenger RNA expression of genes associated with ER stress(GRP78[glucose-regulated protein 78],ATF4[activating transcription factor 4],and CHOP[C/ERP homologous protein])compared to the MR group(p<0.05,p<0.01,and p<0.001,respectively).Conclusion:PIMO demonstrated cardioprotective benefits on heart function,myocyte apoptosis,and fibrosis by regulating ER stress in an MR-induced CHF rat model.
基金supported by the Cultivation of Scientific Research Project of Changhai Hospital,Shanghai,China(No.2021JCMS20)Major Topics of the Health Commission of Jiangsu Province(ZD2021020).
文摘The prevalence of mitral regurgitation(MR)is increasingly worldwide as a consequence of improved survival and ischemic heart disease.Severe MR is associated with worse prognosis,independent of left ventricular function and associated comorbidities.[1-3]Although surgical valve repair or replacement remains the standard treatment for patients with chronic MR,up to 50%of MR patients with symptomatic MR are not referred for surgery,mainly because of multiple comorbid conditions resulting in high surgical risk.[4]There is,therefore,a clear need for less invasive approaches for this patient group.
文摘BACKGROUND Observational studies reported characteristics and outcomes of patients with secondary mitral valve regurgitation(MR)who underwent transcatheter edge-toedge repair of the mitral valve.No study investigated the temporal trend of patient characteristics and outcomes in comparison with the published randomized trials.AIM To investigate the temporal trend in baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with secondary MR who underwent transcatheter edge-to-edge repair of the mitral valve in the real world compared with those from the published landmark trials.METHODS A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE,EMBASE,and CENTRAL databases,and the identified observational studies were divided into two five-year recruitment periods.The first period included 36 studies that enrolled patients between 2008 and 2012,and the second period included 25 studies that recruited patients between 2013 and 2017-2018.Pooled variables of each five-year recruitment period were compared with those of the landmark trials.A random-effects model was used for statistical comparisons.RStudio and RevMan software were used for the analysis.RESULTS Overall,there were no major variations in the findings between the first and the second five-year recruitment periods.EVEREST program vs observational studies:Patients in the EVEREST program were more likely to have non-ischemic MR etiology[odds ratio(OR)=3.59,95%confidence interval(CI):2.92-4.42]and atrial fibrillation(OR=1.71,95%CI:1.42-2.06).They were less likely to receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers(OR=0.72,95%CI:0.58-0.90)and implantable cardiac device(OR=0.41,95%CI:0.33-0.49)as well as less likely to be symptomatic at hospital presentation without a difference in MR grade≤2+or mortality at 12-month follow-up.COAPT trial vs observational studies:COAPT patients were more likely to have prior myocardial infarction(OR=1.62,95%CI:1.27-2.06)and renal insufficiency(OR=2.66,95%CI:2.05-3.45).They were more likely to receive beta-blockers(OR=2.54,95%CI:1.68-3.85)and an implanted cardiac device(OR=2.20,95%CI:1.71-2.84).There was no difference in procedure success or mortality.MITRA-FR trial vs observational studies:MITRA-FR patients were less likely to have atrial fibrillation(OR=0.49,95%CI:0.34-0.69)and renal insufficiency(OR=0.18,95%CI:0.11-0.28)but more likely to have a history of myocardial infarction(OR=1.48,95%CI:1.06-2.05)and to receive diuretics(OR=19.81,95%CI:2.75-142.48)and implantable cardiac devices(OR=1.69,95%CI:1.21-2.37).At hospital presentation,they were less likely to be symptomatic(OR=0.25,95%CI:0.18-0.35)without a difference in MR grades 3+and 4+.There was no difference in terms of MR grade or mortality at 12-month follow-up.CONCLUSION Patients in the landmark studies may have favourable or unfavourable characteristics when compared to those in the observational studies,but this did not translate into different outcomes over time.
基金supported by the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2023ZD0504600)the National Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2023B1515020082)。
文摘Background Predicting in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)is critical for improving clinical management.This study investigated the prognostic significance of mitral valve regurgitant area(MVRA)as a predictor of in-hospital mortality.Methods A total of 813 elderly patients(age≥60 years)diag-nosed with DCM were included in this retrospective study,with admissions spanning from January 2010 to Decem-ber 2019.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between MVRA and in-hospital mortality.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and Kaplan-Meier survival analy-ses were employed to assess the predictive performance of MVRA and to compare cumulative survival rates be-tween groups,respectively.Results MVRA was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality in both univar-iate and multivariate analyses(HR:1.119,95%CI:1.028-1.218,P=0.009).ROC curve analysis demonstrated good prognostic performance for MVRA[area under curve(AUC):0.714].Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with high MVRA(HMVRA)had significantly worse in-hospital survival outcomes(log-rank χ2=12.628,P<0.001).Conclusions An increase in MVRA is significantly associated with higher in-hospital mortality in elderly DCM patients,with an MVRA exceeding 7 cm2 indicating a notably increased mortality rate.MVRA serves as a simple and effective parameter for risk assessment and treatment monitoring in DCM patients.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3606500)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LR22H020001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82470428).
文摘BACKGROUND:Research has revealed a relationship between atrial fi brillation(AF)and valvular heart disease;however,the causality remains largely unknown.This study explored whether a causal association between AF and non-rheumatic aortic valve disease(AVD)and mitral valve disease(MVD)could be found.METHODS:A two-sample Mendelian randomization(TSMR)method was applied to determine the causal eff ect of AF on AVD,mitral regurgitation,and MVD.The inverse variance weighted(IVW)method was used as the primary analytical approach,and several complementary analyses were conducted.Outliers were detected using the Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier(MR-PRESSO)and radial Mendelian randomization(MR)methods.RESULTS:Genetically predicted AF was found to be causally associated with the risk of MVD(odds ratio[OR]=1.001;95%confi dence interval[CI]:1.000-1.001;P=1.33×10-6)and mitral regurgitation(OR=1.001;95%CI:1.000-1.002;P=0.009).However,no signifi cant causal associations between AF and AVD were detected(OR=1.000;95%CI:0.999-1.000;P=0.804).Causal eff ects were still detected,even after adjusting for potential risk factors or removing the identifi ed outliers.Reverse MR analyses revealed no signifi cant causal eff ect of valvular heart disease on AF.CONCLUSION:Our findings demonstrate a positive causal association between AF,MVD,and mitral regurgitation,but not AVD.Further research and an aggressive AF management strategy should be explored as potential measures for preventing MVD.
文摘Group B Streptococcus(GBS;Streptococcus agalactiae)is a gram-positive coccus that colonizes the gastrointestinal and genital tracts in adults,as well as the upper respiratory tract in infants.While it has been thought that GBS only results in invasive disease in pregnant females and neonates,recent literature has suggested an increasing incidence of invasive GBS among non-pregnant individuals within the United States.
