Arbitration is a key non-litigation commercial mechanism for the resolution of disputes, and the quality and credibility of its awards depend largely on the competency of the arbitrators. However, the selection and ev...Arbitration is a key non-litigation commercial mechanism for the resolution of disputes, and the quality and credibility of its awards depend largely on the competency of the arbitrators. However, the selection and evaluation systems for arbitrators in China have long faced challenges such as the vague criteria for competency and an unclear professionalization path for arbitrators. To address these issues, this study is grounded in the context of actual Chinese arbitration practice and based on the competency iceberg model. Through a methodological approach encompassing literature reviews, behavioral event interviews, expert revisions, and questionnaire surveys, a Chinese Arbitrator Competency Scale was developed and validated in this study. Examination of the findings indicated that the scale needed to consist of five dimensions—communication and coordination, cognitive skills, ethical conduct, work motivation, and personality traits—and possess a total of 28 specific indicators. Confirmatory analysis of the factors demonstrates a good fit for the five-dimensional model, with each of the dimensions exhibiting high reliability and validity. This scale is innovative in integrating the competency elements with Chinese characteristics, such as commercial acumen, crosscultural mediation skills, and adaptability to the local rule of law. This research not only enriches the competency theory in regard to the field of human resource management but also provides a scientific framework of standards and measurement tools for the selection, training, and evaluation of arbitrators. It thus has significant practical value for enhancing the professionalism and international competitiveness of China's arbitration system.展开更多
Data center industries have been facing huge energy challenges due to escalating power consumption and associated carbon emissions.In the context of carbon neutrality,the integration of data centers with renewable ene...Data center industries have been facing huge energy challenges due to escalating power consumption and associated carbon emissions.In the context of carbon neutrality,the integration of data centers with renewable energy has become a prevailing trend.To advance the renewable energy integration in data centers,it is imperative to thoroughly explore the data centers’operational flexibility.Computing workloads and refrigeration systems are recognized as two promising flexible resources for power regulationwithin data centermicro-grids.This paper identifies and categorizes delay-tolerant computing workloads into three types(long-running non-interruptible,long-running interruptible,and short-running)and develops mathematical time-shifting models for each.Additionally,this paper examines the thermal dynamics of the computer room and derives a time-varying temperature model coupled to refrigeration power.Building on these models,this paper proposes a two-stage,multi-time scale optimization scheduling framework that jointly coordinates computing workloads time-shift in day-ahead scheduling and refrigeration power control in intra-day dispatch to mitigate renewable variability.A case study demonstrates that the framework effectively enhances the renewable-energy utilization,improves the operational economy of the data center microgrid,and mitigates the impact of renewable power uncertainty.The results highlight the potential of coordinated computing workloads and thermal system flexibility to support greener,more cost-effective data center operation.展开更多
Northeast China serves as an important crop production region.Accurately forecasting summer precipitation in Northeast China(NEC-PR)has been a challenge due to its wide range of time scales influenced by varying clima...Northeast China serves as an important crop production region.Accurately forecasting summer precipitation in Northeast China(NEC-PR)has been a challenge due to its wide range of time scales influenced by varying climatic conditions.This study presents a scale separation hybrid statistical model with recurrent neural network(SS-RNN)to predict the summer monthly NEC-PR.The SS-RNN model decomposes the multiple scales of the NEC-PR into several spatiotemporal intrinsic mode functions covering annual to decadal time scales.This strategy provides a way to derive appropriate predictors and establish predictive models for the primary spatial modes of the NEC-PR at various time scales.Our results demonstrate substantial improvements by the SS-RNN model in predicting the summer monthly NEC-PR as compared with dynamic models,particularly in predicting the spatial pattern of the NEC-PR.In this paper we take August,the month of the highest NEC-PR,to assess our model skill.Independent forecasts of the August NEC-PR over the period 2021–24 achieve significant spatial anomaly correlation coefficients,reaching a maximum value of 0.83.Additional verifications by station observations show that the model hits most station anomalies,achieving a mean predictive skill score of 90.展开更多
Thermal storage electric heating(TSEH),as a prevalent variable load resource,offers significant potential for enhancing system flexibility when aggregated into a cluster.To address the uncertainties of renewable energ...Thermal storage electric heating(TSEH),as a prevalent variable load resource,offers significant potential for enhancing system flexibility when aggregated into a cluster.To address the uncertainties of renewable energy and load forecasting in active distribution networks(ADN),this paper proposes a multi-timescale coordinated optimal dispatch strategy that incorporates TSEH clusters.It utilizes the thermal storage characteristics and short-term regulation capabilities of TSEH,along with the rapid and gradual response characteristics of resources in active distribution grids,to develop a coordinated optimization dispatch mechanism for day-ahead,intraday,and real-time stages.It provides a coordinated optimized dispatch technique across several timescales for active distribution grids,taking into account the integration of TSEH clusters.The proposed method is validated on a modified IEEE 33-node system.Simulation results demonstrate that the participation of TSEH in collaborative optimization significantly reduces the total system operating cost by 8.71%compared to the scenario without TSEH.This cost reduction is attributed to a 10.84%decrease in interaction costs with the main grid and a 47.41%reduction in network loss costs,validating effective peak shaving and valley filling.The multi-timescale framework further enhances economic efficiency,with overall operating costs progressively decreasing by 3.91%(intraday)and 4.59%(real-time),and interaction costs further reduced by 5.34%and 9.25%,respectively.Moreover,the approach enhances system stability by effectively suppressing node voltage fluctuations and ensuring all voltages remain within safe operating limits during real-time operation.Therefore,the proposed approach achieves rational coordination of diverse resources,significantly improving the economic efficiency and stability of ADNs.展开更多
Owing to intensified globalization and informatization,the structures of the urban scale hierarchy and urban networks between cities have become increasingly intertwined,resulting in different spatial effects.Therefor...Owing to intensified globalization and informatization,the structures of the urban scale hierarchy and urban networks between cities have become increasingly intertwined,resulting in different spatial effects.Therefore,this paper analyzes the spatial interaction between urban scale hierarchy and urban networks in China from 2019 to 2023,drawing on Baidu migration data and employing a spatial simultaneous equation model.The results reveal a significant positive spatial correlation between cities with higher hierarchy and those with greater network centrality.Within a static framework,we identify a positive interaction between urban scale hierarchy and urban network centrality,while their spatial cross-effects manifest as negative neighborhood interactions based on geographical distance and positive cross-scale interactions shaped by network connections.Within a dynamic framework,changes in urban scale hierarchy and urban networks are mutually reinforcing,thereby widening disparities within the urban hierarchy.Furthermore,an increase in a city’s network centrality had a dampening effect on the population growth of neighboring cities and network-connected cities.This study enhances understanding of the spatial organisation of urban systems and offers insights for coordinated regional development.展开更多
The(010)orientation ofβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a highly promising platform for next-generation lateral power electronics due to its superior theoretical transport properties.However,progress has been impeded by the unavailabi...The(010)orientation ofβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a highly promising platform for next-generation lateral power electronics due to its superior theoretical transport properties.However,progress has been impeded by the unavailability of large-area substrates,limiting studies to small-scale samples.Leveraging the recent emergence of 2-inch wafers,we report the first demonstration of homoepitaxial growth on a 2-inch,Fe-doped semi-insulating(010)β-Ga_(2)O_(3)substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD).A systematic,wafer-scale characterization reveals the successful growth of a highquality epitaxial film.High-resolution x-ray diffraction shows an excellent crystalline structure,with a rocking curve full-width ranging from 21.0 arcsec to 103.0 arcsec.Atomic force microscopy confirms an atomically smooth surface with a root-mean-square roughness below 1.53 nm,displaying a distinct step-flow growth mode across the wafer.Furthermore,mercury-probe capacitance-voltage mapping indicates a well-controlled carrier concentration of~2×10~(18)cm~(-3)with a RSD of 5.12%.This work provides the first comprehensive assessment of 2-inch(010)Ga_(2)O_(3)epitaxial wafers,validating a critical material platform for the development and future manufacturing of high-performance power devices.展开更多
目的:探讨Mini-CEX评价量表在胸外科临床示教中的应用价值。方法:在胸外科临床示教课程中,针对我校临床本科学生(382人),采用随机分组方法分为试验组和对照组。对照组190人,采用传统示教模式,试验组192人,采用Mini-CEX评价量表进行示教...目的:探讨Mini-CEX评价量表在胸外科临床示教中的应用价值。方法:在胸外科临床示教课程中,针对我校临床本科学生(382人),采用随机分组方法分为试验组和对照组。对照组190人,采用传统示教模式,试验组192人,采用Mini-CEX评价量表进行示教。对比两组学生期末成绩、课堂表现、教学满意度情况。结果:试验组期末成绩表现为优秀的学生明显多于对照组(80 vs 59,P<0.05),在课堂表现中,试验组学生课堂提问率明显高于对照组(37.5%vs 19.5%,P<0.05),试验组在各项教学满意度上,“非常满意”人数明显高于对照组(76 vs 45,P<0.05,124 vs 71,P<0.05,121 vs 99,P<0.05)。结论:在胸外科临床示教中,引入Mini-CEX评价量表有助于调动学生的积极性,培养学生的自主学习能力,促进达成教学目标。Mini-CEX评价量表是持续改进学生学习和促进学生发展的重要手段,值得推广应用。展开更多
基金Research on Problems and Countermeasures in Building the Capacity of the Grassroots International Chambers of Commerce in the Context of High-Quality Development (W2024H03841)a key research project of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in 2025。
文摘Arbitration is a key non-litigation commercial mechanism for the resolution of disputes, and the quality and credibility of its awards depend largely on the competency of the arbitrators. However, the selection and evaluation systems for arbitrators in China have long faced challenges such as the vague criteria for competency and an unclear professionalization path for arbitrators. To address these issues, this study is grounded in the context of actual Chinese arbitration practice and based on the competency iceberg model. Through a methodological approach encompassing literature reviews, behavioral event interviews, expert revisions, and questionnaire surveys, a Chinese Arbitrator Competency Scale was developed and validated in this study. Examination of the findings indicated that the scale needed to consist of five dimensions—communication and coordination, cognitive skills, ethical conduct, work motivation, and personality traits—and possess a total of 28 specific indicators. Confirmatory analysis of the factors demonstrates a good fit for the five-dimensional model, with each of the dimensions exhibiting high reliability and validity. This scale is innovative in integrating the competency elements with Chinese characteristics, such as commercial acumen, crosscultural mediation skills, and adaptability to the local rule of law. This research not only enriches the competency theory in regard to the field of human resource management but also provides a scientific framework of standards and measurement tools for the selection, training, and evaluation of arbitrators. It thus has significant practical value for enhancing the professionalism and international competitiveness of China's arbitration system.
基金supported by Science and Technology Standard Project of Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute(ER11301W,ER11811W).
文摘Data center industries have been facing huge energy challenges due to escalating power consumption and associated carbon emissions.In the context of carbon neutrality,the integration of data centers with renewable energy has become a prevailing trend.To advance the renewable energy integration in data centers,it is imperative to thoroughly explore the data centers’operational flexibility.Computing workloads and refrigeration systems are recognized as two promising flexible resources for power regulationwithin data centermicro-grids.This paper identifies and categorizes delay-tolerant computing workloads into three types(long-running non-interruptible,long-running interruptible,and short-running)and develops mathematical time-shifting models for each.Additionally,this paper examines the thermal dynamics of the computer room and derives a time-varying temperature model coupled to refrigeration power.Building on these models,this paper proposes a two-stage,multi-time scale optimization scheduling framework that jointly coordinates computing workloads time-shift in day-ahead scheduling and refrigeration power control in intra-day dispatch to mitigate renewable variability.A case study demonstrates that the framework effectively enhances the renewable-energy utilization,improves the operational economy of the data center microgrid,and mitigates the impact of renewable power uncertainty.The results highlight the potential of coordinated computing workloads and thermal system flexibility to support greener,more cost-effective data center operation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3002803)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFF0808402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42375169)。
文摘Northeast China serves as an important crop production region.Accurately forecasting summer precipitation in Northeast China(NEC-PR)has been a challenge due to its wide range of time scales influenced by varying climatic conditions.This study presents a scale separation hybrid statistical model with recurrent neural network(SS-RNN)to predict the summer monthly NEC-PR.The SS-RNN model decomposes the multiple scales of the NEC-PR into several spatiotemporal intrinsic mode functions covering annual to decadal time scales.This strategy provides a way to derive appropriate predictors and establish predictive models for the primary spatial modes of the NEC-PR at various time scales.Our results demonstrate substantial improvements by the SS-RNN model in predicting the summer monthly NEC-PR as compared with dynamic models,particularly in predicting the spatial pattern of the NEC-PR.In this paper we take August,the month of the highest NEC-PR,to assess our model skill.Independent forecasts of the August NEC-PR over the period 2021–24 achieve significant spatial anomaly correlation coefficients,reaching a maximum value of 0.83.Additional verifications by station observations show that the model hits most station anomalies,achieving a mean predictive skill score of 90.
基金supported by Integrated Distribution Network Planning and Operational Enhancement Using Flexibility Domains Under Deep Human-Vehicle-Charger-Road-Grid Coupling(U22B20105).
文摘Thermal storage electric heating(TSEH),as a prevalent variable load resource,offers significant potential for enhancing system flexibility when aggregated into a cluster.To address the uncertainties of renewable energy and load forecasting in active distribution networks(ADN),this paper proposes a multi-timescale coordinated optimal dispatch strategy that incorporates TSEH clusters.It utilizes the thermal storage characteristics and short-term regulation capabilities of TSEH,along with the rapid and gradual response characteristics of resources in active distribution grids,to develop a coordinated optimization dispatch mechanism for day-ahead,intraday,and real-time stages.It provides a coordinated optimized dispatch technique across several timescales for active distribution grids,taking into account the integration of TSEH clusters.The proposed method is validated on a modified IEEE 33-node system.Simulation results demonstrate that the participation of TSEH in collaborative optimization significantly reduces the total system operating cost by 8.71%compared to the scenario without TSEH.This cost reduction is attributed to a 10.84%decrease in interaction costs with the main grid and a 47.41%reduction in network loss costs,validating effective peak shaving and valley filling.The multi-timescale framework further enhances economic efficiency,with overall operating costs progressively decreasing by 3.91%(intraday)and 4.59%(real-time),and interaction costs further reduced by 5.34%and 9.25%,respectively.Moreover,the approach enhances system stability by effectively suppressing node voltage fluctuations and ensuring all voltages remain within safe operating limits during real-time operation.Therefore,the proposed approach achieves rational coordination of diverse resources,significantly improving the economic efficiency and stability of ADNs.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42371222,41971167)Fundamental Scientific Research Funds of Central China Normal University(No.CCNU24ZZ120)。
文摘Owing to intensified globalization and informatization,the structures of the urban scale hierarchy and urban networks between cities have become increasingly intertwined,resulting in different spatial effects.Therefore,this paper analyzes the spatial interaction between urban scale hierarchy and urban networks in China from 2019 to 2023,drawing on Baidu migration data and employing a spatial simultaneous equation model.The results reveal a significant positive spatial correlation between cities with higher hierarchy and those with greater network centrality.Within a static framework,we identify a positive interaction between urban scale hierarchy and urban network centrality,while their spatial cross-effects manifest as negative neighborhood interactions based on geographical distance and positive cross-scale interactions shaped by network connections.Within a dynamic framework,changes in urban scale hierarchy and urban networks are mutually reinforcing,thereby widening disparities within the urban hierarchy.Furthermore,an increase in a city’s network centrality had a dampening effect on the population growth of neighboring cities and network-connected cities.This study enhances understanding of the spatial organisation of urban systems and offers insights for coordinated regional development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U23A20358,62474170,61925110,62404214,and 62234007)the University of Science and Technology of China(USTC)Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(Grant No.WK2100000055)+2 种基金the Project of the 46t hResearch Institute of CETC(Grant No.WDZC202446007)the JieBang Headed Project of Changsha City Hunan Province(Grant No.kq2301006)the Opening Project and the Key Laboratory of Nano devices and Applications in Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and NanoBionics of CAS。
文摘The(010)orientation ofβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a highly promising platform for next-generation lateral power electronics due to its superior theoretical transport properties.However,progress has been impeded by the unavailability of large-area substrates,limiting studies to small-scale samples.Leveraging the recent emergence of 2-inch wafers,we report the first demonstration of homoepitaxial growth on a 2-inch,Fe-doped semi-insulating(010)β-Ga_(2)O_(3)substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD).A systematic,wafer-scale characterization reveals the successful growth of a highquality epitaxial film.High-resolution x-ray diffraction shows an excellent crystalline structure,with a rocking curve full-width ranging from 21.0 arcsec to 103.0 arcsec.Atomic force microscopy confirms an atomically smooth surface with a root-mean-square roughness below 1.53 nm,displaying a distinct step-flow growth mode across the wafer.Furthermore,mercury-probe capacitance-voltage mapping indicates a well-controlled carrier concentration of~2×10~(18)cm~(-3)with a RSD of 5.12%.This work provides the first comprehensive assessment of 2-inch(010)Ga_(2)O_(3)epitaxial wafers,validating a critical material platform for the development and future manufacturing of high-performance power devices.
文摘目的:探讨Mini-CEX评价量表在胸外科临床示教中的应用价值。方法:在胸外科临床示教课程中,针对我校临床本科学生(382人),采用随机分组方法分为试验组和对照组。对照组190人,采用传统示教模式,试验组192人,采用Mini-CEX评价量表进行示教。对比两组学生期末成绩、课堂表现、教学满意度情况。结果:试验组期末成绩表现为优秀的学生明显多于对照组(80 vs 59,P<0.05),在课堂表现中,试验组学生课堂提问率明显高于对照组(37.5%vs 19.5%,P<0.05),试验组在各项教学满意度上,“非常满意”人数明显高于对照组(76 vs 45,P<0.05,124 vs 71,P<0.05,121 vs 99,P<0.05)。结论:在胸外科临床示教中,引入Mini-CEX评价量表有助于调动学生的积极性,培养学生的自主学习能力,促进达成教学目标。Mini-CEX评价量表是持续改进学生学习和促进学生发展的重要手段,值得推广应用。
