The B4C/Mg composites fabricated by metal-assisted pressureless infiltration technique were used as experimental material, and the wear behavior and mechanism of this material were studied. A pin-on-disc apparatus was...The B4C/Mg composites fabricated by metal-assisted pressureless infiltration technique were used as experimental material, and the wear behavior and mechanism of this material were studied. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to evaluate the wear behavior where loads of 20, 40, 60 and 80 N, and a sliding velocity of 250 r/min were exerted. The results show that B4C/Mg composites possess superior wear resistance than pure Mg under various applied loads, and the content of Ti, as infiltration inducer, has an influence on the wear resistance of B4C/Mg composites. The dominant wear mechanism for pure Mg is abrasion, while that for B4C/Mg composites under low loads is adhesion and delamination. Under high loads, the wear mechanism of B4C/Mg composites can be attributed to thermal softening and melting or plastic deformation.展开更多
Solid-state nanopores with controllable pore size and morphology have huge application potential.However,it has been very challenging to process sub-10 nm silicon nanopore arrays with high efficiency and high quality ...Solid-state nanopores with controllable pore size and morphology have huge application potential.However,it has been very challenging to process sub-10 nm silicon nanopore arrays with high efficiency and high quality at low cost.In this study,a method combining metal-assisted chemical etching and machine learning is proposed to fabricate sub-10 nm nanopore arrays on silicon wafers with various dopant types and concentrations.Through a SVM algorithm,the relationship between the nanopore structures and the fabrication conditions,including the etching solution,etching time,dopant type,and concentration,was modeled and experimentally verified.Based on this,a processing parameter window for generating regular nanopore arrays on silicon wafers with variable doping types and concentrations was obtained.The proposed machine-learning-assisted etching method will provide a feasible and economical way to process high-quality silicon nanopores,nanostructures,and devices.展开更多
In this paper,we demonstrate the application of Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC)technique to rapid and selective crystallization of a small drug compound.i.e.acetaminophen....In this paper,we demonstrate the application of Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC)technique to rapid and selective crystallization of a small drug compound.i.e.acetaminophen.Subsequent characterization of the crystals by optical microscopy,powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD)and Raman spectroscopy showed quantitatively selective growth of different crystal forms at various experimental conditions.Acetaminophen crystals were grown predominantly as Form I(99%)on blank glass slides at room temperature.Form II crystals with 39%purity grown on SIFs using microwave energy.展开更多
Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC),is a new approach to crystallization of drug compounds,amino acids,DNA and proteins.In this work,we report our additional findings on the e...Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC),is a new approach to crystallization of drug compounds,amino acids,DNA and proteins.In this work,we report our additional findings on the effect of engineered surfaces and sample volume on the rapid crystallization of glycine.With the use of hydrophilic functionalized surfaces and the MA-MAEC technique,glycine crystals~1 mm in size were grown in 35 seconds with 100%selectivity for theα-form.The use of moderately hydrophobic surfaces resulted in the growth of glycine crystals only at room temperature.An increase in volume of initial glycine solution(5-100μL)resulted in an increase in crystal size without a significant increase in total crystallization time.Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that the glycine crystals grown on engineered surfaces were structurally identical to those grown using conventional evaporative crystallization.展开更多
Germanium(Ge)-air battery,a new type of semiconductor-air battery,has garnered increasing attention owing to its environmental friendliness,safety,and excellent dynamic performance.However,the flat Ge anode is prone t...Germanium(Ge)-air battery,a new type of semiconductor-air battery,has garnered increasing attention owing to its environmental friendliness,safety,and excellent dynamic performance.However,the flat Ge anode is prone to passivation,owing to GeO_(2) accumulation on its surface,resulting in premature discharge termination.In this study,various nano-Ge pyramid structures(GePS)were prepared using chemical etching(CE)and metal-assisted chemical etching(MACE)methods to enhance the specific surface area of the Ge anode,thereby facilitating the dissolution of the passivation layer.This study revealed that the MACE method significantly accelerated the etching rate of the Ge surface,producing exceptional GePS.Furthermore,Ge-air batteries employing Ge anodes prepared using MACE demonstrated an exceptional discharge life of up to 9240 h(385 days).The peak power density reached 3.03mW/cm^(2),representing improvements of more than 2 times and 1.8 times,respectively,compared with batteries using flat Ge anodes.This study presents a straightforward approach to enhance Ge anode performance,thereby expanding the potential applications of Ge-air batteries.展开更多
CoFe_2O_4 ferrite nanowire arrays are fabricated in porous silicon templates. The porous silicon templates are prepared via metal-assisted chemical etching with gold（Au） nanoparticles as the catalyst. Subsequently, ...CoFe_2O_4 ferrite nanowire arrays are fabricated in porous silicon templates. The porous silicon templates are prepared via metal-assisted chemical etching with gold（Au） nanoparticles as the catalyst. Subsequently, CoFe_2O_4 ferrite nanowires are successfully synthesized into porous silicon templates by the sol–gel method. The magnetic hysteresis loop of nanowire array shows an isotropic feature of magnetic properties. The coercivity and squareness ratio（M_r/M_s） of ensemble nanowires are found to be 630 Oe（1 Oe = 79.5775 A·m^（-1） and 0.4 respectively. However, the first-order reversal curve（FORC） is adopted to reveal the probability density function of local magnetostatic properties（i.e., interwire interaction field and coercivity）. The FORC diagram shows an obvious distribution feature for interaction field and coercivity. The local coercivity with a value of about 1000 Oe is found to have the highest probability.展开更多
Highly ordered silicon nanorod（Si NR） arrays with controllable geometry are fabricated via nanosphere lithography and metal-assisted chemical etching. It is demonstrated that the key to achieving a high-quality meta...Highly ordered silicon nanorod（Si NR） arrays with controllable geometry are fabricated via nanosphere lithography and metal-assisted chemical etching. It is demonstrated that the key to achieving a high-quality metal mask is to construct a non-close-packed template that can be removed with negligible damage to the mask. Hydrophobicity of Si NR arrays of different geometries is also studied. It is shown that the nanorod structures are effectively quasi-hydrophobic with a contact angle as high as 142°, which would be useful in self-cleaning nanorod-based device applications.展开更多
On-demand hydrogen generation is desired for fuel cells,energy storage,and clean energy applications.Silicon nanowires(SiNWs)and nanoparticles(SiNPs)have been reported to generate hydrogen by reacting with water,but t...On-demand hydrogen generation is desired for fuel cells,energy storage,and clean energy applications.Silicon nanowires(SiNWs)and nanoparticles(SiNPs)have been reported to generate hydrogen by reacting with water,but these processes usually require external assistance,such as light,electricity or catalysts.Herein,we demonstrate that a porous SiNWs array,which is fabricated via the metal-assisted anodic etching(MAAE)method,reacts with water under ambient and dark conditions without any energy inputs.The reaction between the SiNWs and water generates hydrogen at a rate that is about ten times faster than the reported rates of other Si nanostructures.Two possible sources of enhancement are discussed:SiNWs maintain their high specific surface area as they don’t agglomerate,and the intrinsic strain of the nanowires promotes the reactivity.Moreover,the porous SiNWs array is portable,reusable,and environmentally friendly,yielding a promising route to produce hydrogen in a distributed manner.展开更多
Porous silicon （PSi） prepared from Pt metal-assisted chemical etching （MACE） was demonstrated to possess higher hydrosi- lylation efficiency （-57%） than anodized PSi （-11%） by surface reaction with co-undeceny...Porous silicon （PSi） prepared from Pt metal-assisted chemical etching （MACE） was demonstrated to possess higher hydrosi- lylation efficiency （-57%） than anodized PSi （-11%） by surface reaction with co-undecenyl alcohol （UO）. Deconvolution of the SiHx （x = 1-3） stretching bands revealed the abundance of SiH2 species on MaCE PSi was 53%, -10% higher than on ano- dized samples, while both of Sill1 and Sill3 were -5% lower correspondently on MaCE PSi than on anodized samples. The surface SiHx abundances were suggested to account for the higher hydrosilylation efficiency on MaCE PSi. Optimization of Pt-assisted chemical etching parameters suggested a 7-15 nm thick Pt-coating and an etching time of 3-10 min for biochip ap- plications. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that an isotropic top meso-porous layer was beneficial for hydrosi- lylation and long-term durability under ambient conditions. To end, an example of histidine-tagged protein immobilization and microarray was illustrated. Combining the materials＇ property, surface chemistry, and micro-fabrication technology together, we envision that silicon based biochip applications have a prosperous future.展开更多
The effect of metal surfaces on the crystallization of lysozyme using the Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC)technique and a monomode microwave system is described.Our microwa...The effect of metal surfaces on the crystallization of lysozyme using the Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC)technique and a monomode microwave system is described.Our microwave system(is called the iCrystal system hereafter for brevity)is comprised of a 100 W variable power monomode microwave source,a monomode cavity,fiber optic temperature probes and digital cameras.Crystallization of lysozyme(a model protein)was conducted using the iCrystal system on four different types of circular crystallization plates with 21-well sample capacity(i.e.,crystallization plates):(i)blank:a continuous surface without a metal,(ii)silver nanoparticle films(SNFs):a discontinuous metal film,(iii)iron nano-columns:a semi-continuous metal film,and(iv)indium tin oxide(ITO):a continuous metal film.Lysozyme crystals grown on all crystallization plates were characterized by X-ray crystallography and found to be X-ray diffraction quality.The use of iron nano-columns afforded for the growth of largest number of lysozyme crystals with a narrow size distribution.ITO-modified crystallization plates were deemed to be best of all the crystallization plates based on the observations that lysozyme crystals were grown at the shortest time(370±36 minutes)with a narrow size distribution up to 460 m in size.展开更多
In this study, we report that height-controlled vertically etched silicon nano- column arrays （vSNAs） induce strong growth cone-to-substrate coupling and accelerate in vitro neurite development while preserving the ...In this study, we report that height-controlled vertically etched silicon nano- column arrays （vSNAs） induce strong growth cone-to-substrate coupling and accelerate in vitro neurite development while preserving the essential features of initial neurite formation. Large-scale preparation of vSNAs with flat head morphology enabled the generation of well-controlled topographical stimulation without cellular impalement. A systematic analysis on topography- induced variations on cellular morphology and cytoskeletal dynamics was conducted. In addition, neurite development on the grid-patterned vSNAs exhibited preferential adhesion to the nanostructured region and outgrowth directionality. The arrangement of cytoskeletal proteins and the expression of a focal adhesion complex indicated that a strong coupling existed between the underlying nanocolumns and growth cones. Furthermore, the height-controlled nanocolumn substrates differentially modulated neurite polarization and elongation. Our findings provide an important insight into neuron-nanotopography interactions and their role in cell adhesion and neurite development.展开更多
In this paper,we present the design of four different circular bioassay platforms,which are suitable for homogeneous microwave heating,using theoretical calculations(i.e.,COMSOLTM multiphysics software).Circular bioas...In this paper,we present the design of four different circular bioassay platforms,which are suitable for homogeneous microwave heating,using theoretical calculations(i.e.,COMSOLTM multiphysics software).Circular bioassay platforms are constructed from poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)for optical transparency between 400-800 nm,has multiple sample capacity(12,16,19 and 21 wells)and modified with silver nanoparticle films(SNFs)to be used in microwave-accelerated bioassays(MABs).In addition,a small monomode microwave cavity,which can be operated with an external microwave generator(100 W),for use with the bioassay platforms in MABs is also developed.Our design parameters for the circular bioassay platforms and monomode microwave cavity during microwave heating were:(i)temperature profiles,(ii)electric field distributions,(iii)location of the circular bioassay platforms inside the microwave cavity,and(iv)design and number of wells on the circular bioassay platforms.We have also carried out additional simulations to assess the use of circular bioassay platforms in a conventional kitchen microwave oven(e.g.,900 W).Our results show that the location of the circular bioassay platforms in the microwave cavity was predicted to have a significant effect on the homogeneous heating of these platforms.The 21-well circular bioassay platform design in our monomode microwave cavity was predicted to offer a homogeneous heating pattern,where inter-well temperature was observed to be in between 23.72-24.13°C and intra-well temperature difference was less than 0.21°C for 60 seconds of microwave heating,which was also verified experimentally.展开更多
基金Project(51271051)supported by the National Natural Sciecne Foundation of China
文摘The B4C/Mg composites fabricated by metal-assisted pressureless infiltration technique were used as experimental material, and the wear behavior and mechanism of this material were studied. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to evaluate the wear behavior where loads of 20, 40, 60 and 80 N, and a sliding velocity of 250 r/min were exerted. The results show that B4C/Mg composites possess superior wear resistance than pure Mg under various applied loads, and the content of Ti, as infiltration inducer, has an influence on the wear resistance of B4C/Mg composites. The dominant wear mechanism for pure Mg is abrasion, while that for B4C/Mg composites under low loads is adhesion and delamination. Under high loads, the wear mechanism of B4C/Mg composites can be attributed to thermal softening and melting or plastic deformation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant Nos.51975127,U20A6004]the Guangdong-Hong Kong Technology Coopeartion[Grant No.GHP/112/19GD]from Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission+1 种基金Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province[Grant No.2020A0505140008]the Fund of Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province[Grant No.2018B090906002]。
文摘Solid-state nanopores with controllable pore size and morphology have huge application potential.However,it has been very challenging to process sub-10 nm silicon nanopore arrays with high efficiency and high quality at low cost.In this study,a method combining metal-assisted chemical etching and machine learning is proposed to fabricate sub-10 nm nanopore arrays on silicon wafers with various dopant types and concentrations.Through a SVM algorithm,the relationship between the nanopore structures and the fabrication conditions,including the etching solution,etching time,dopant type,and concentration,was modeled and experimentally verified.Based on this,a processing parameter window for generating regular nanopore arrays on silicon wafers with variable doping types and concentrations was obtained.The proposed machine-learning-assisted etching method will provide a feasible and economical way to process high-quality silicon nanopores,nanostructures,and devices.
基金supported by Award Number 5-K25EB007565-05 from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.
文摘In this paper,we demonstrate the application of Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC)technique to rapid and selective crystallization of a small drug compound.i.e.acetaminophen.Subsequent characterization of the crystals by optical microscopy,powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD)and Raman spectroscopy showed quantitatively selective growth of different crystal forms at various experimental conditions.Acetaminophen crystals were grown predominantly as Form I(99%)on blank glass slides at room temperature.Form II crystals with 39%purity grown on SIFs using microwave energy.
基金supported by Award Number 5-K25EB007565-05 from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.
文摘Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC),is a new approach to crystallization of drug compounds,amino acids,DNA and proteins.In this work,we report our additional findings on the effect of engineered surfaces and sample volume on the rapid crystallization of glycine.With the use of hydrophilic functionalized surfaces and the MA-MAEC technique,glycine crystals~1 mm in size were grown in 35 seconds with 100%selectivity for theα-form.The use of moderately hydrophobic surfaces resulted in the growth of glycine crystals only at room temperature.An increase in volume of initial glycine solution(5-100μL)resulted in an increase in crystal size without a significant increase in total crystallization time.Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that the glycine crystals grown on engineered surfaces were structurally identical to those grown using conventional evaporative crystallization.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61904073)Spring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents(No.K202005007)+2 种基金Yunnan Talents Support Plan for Yong Talents(No.XDYC-QNRC-2022-0482)Yunnan Local Colleges Applied Basic Research Projects(No.202101BA070001-138)Frontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023.
文摘Germanium(Ge)-air battery,a new type of semiconductor-air battery,has garnered increasing attention owing to its environmental friendliness,safety,and excellent dynamic performance.However,the flat Ge anode is prone to passivation,owing to GeO_(2) accumulation on its surface,resulting in premature discharge termination.In this study,various nano-Ge pyramid structures(GePS)were prepared using chemical etching(CE)and metal-assisted chemical etching(MACE)methods to enhance the specific surface area of the Ge anode,thereby facilitating the dissolution of the passivation layer.This study revealed that the MACE method significantly accelerated the etching rate of the Ge surface,producing exceptional GePS.Furthermore,Ge-air batteries employing Ge anodes prepared using MACE demonstrated an exceptional discharge life of up to 9240 h(385 days).The peak power density reached 3.03mW/cm^(2),representing improvements of more than 2 times and 1.8 times,respectively,compared with batteries using flat Ge anodes.This study presents a straightforward approach to enhance Ge anode performance,thereby expanding the potential applications of Ge-air batteries.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61271039)the Scientific Projects of Sichuan Province,China(Grant No.2015HH0016)the Natural Science Foundations of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant Nos.LQ12E02001 and Y107255)
文摘CoFe_2O_4 ferrite nanowire arrays are fabricated in porous silicon templates. The porous silicon templates are prepared via metal-assisted chemical etching with gold（Au） nanoparticles as the catalyst. Subsequently, CoFe_2O_4 ferrite nanowires are successfully synthesized into porous silicon templates by the sol–gel method. The magnetic hysteresis loop of nanowire array shows an isotropic feature of magnetic properties. The coercivity and squareness ratio（M_r/M_s） of ensemble nanowires are found to be 630 Oe（1 Oe = 79.5775 A·m^（-1） and 0.4 respectively. However, the first-order reversal curve（FORC） is adopted to reveal the probability density function of local magnetostatic properties（i.e., interwire interaction field and coercivity）. The FORC diagram shows an obvious distribution feature for interaction field and coercivity. The local coercivity with a value of about 1000 Oe is found to have the highest probability.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51272246)the Scientific and Technological Research Foundation of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.12010202035)
文摘Highly ordered silicon nanorod（Si NR） arrays with controllable geometry are fabricated via nanosphere lithography and metal-assisted chemical etching. It is demonstrated that the key to achieving a high-quality metal mask is to construct a non-close-packed template that can be removed with negligible damage to the mask. Hydrophobicity of Si NR arrays of different geometries is also studied. It is shown that the nanorod structures are effectively quasi-hydrophobic with a contact angle as high as 142°, which would be useful in self-cleaning nanorod-based device applications.
基金The authors acknowledge the support of the California Energy Commission,Stanford Natural Gas Initiative,and Stanford Hydrogen Focus Group.Part of this work was performed at the Stanford Nano Shared Facilities(SNSF),supported by the National Science Foundation under award ECCS-1542152.
文摘On-demand hydrogen generation is desired for fuel cells,energy storage,and clean energy applications.Silicon nanowires(SiNWs)and nanoparticles(SiNPs)have been reported to generate hydrogen by reacting with water,but these processes usually require external assistance,such as light,electricity or catalysts.Herein,we demonstrate that a porous SiNWs array,which is fabricated via the metal-assisted anodic etching(MAAE)method,reacts with water under ambient and dark conditions without any energy inputs.The reaction between the SiNWs and water generates hydrogen at a rate that is about ten times faster than the reported rates of other Si nanostructures.Two possible sources of enhancement are discussed:SiNWs maintain their high specific surface area as they don’t agglomerate,and the intrinsic strain of the nanowires promotes the reactivity.Moreover,the porous SiNWs array is portable,reusable,and environmentally friendly,yielding a promising route to produce hydrogen in a distributed manner.
基金the financial support of the National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB922101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20827001,91027019,21021062)
文摘Porous silicon （PSi） prepared from Pt metal-assisted chemical etching （MACE） was demonstrated to possess higher hydrosi- lylation efficiency （-57%） than anodized PSi （-11%） by surface reaction with co-undecenyl alcohol （UO）. Deconvolution of the SiHx （x = 1-3） stretching bands revealed the abundance of SiH2 species on MaCE PSi was 53%, -10% higher than on ano- dized samples, while both of Sill1 and Sill3 were -5% lower correspondently on MaCE PSi than on anodized samples. The surface SiHx abundances were suggested to account for the higher hydrosilylation efficiency on MaCE PSi. Optimization of Pt-assisted chemical etching parameters suggested a 7-15 nm thick Pt-coating and an etching time of 3-10 min for biochip ap- plications. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that an isotropic top meso-porous layer was beneficial for hydrosi- lylation and long-term durability under ambient conditions. To end, an example of histidine-tagged protein immobilization and microarray was illustrated. Combining the materials＇ property, surface chemistry, and micro-fabrication technology together, we envision that silicon based biochip applications have a prosperous future.
基金supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R41TR001275support was provided ARL W911NF-12-2-0041(Seifu)and from NSF MRI-DMR-1337339(Seifu).
文摘The effect of metal surfaces on the crystallization of lysozyme using the Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization(MA-MAEC)technique and a monomode microwave system is described.Our microwave system(is called the iCrystal system hereafter for brevity)is comprised of a 100 W variable power monomode microwave source,a monomode cavity,fiber optic temperature probes and digital cameras.Crystallization of lysozyme(a model protein)was conducted using the iCrystal system on four different types of circular crystallization plates with 21-well sample capacity(i.e.,crystallization plates):(i)blank:a continuous surface without a metal,(ii)silver nanoparticle films(SNFs):a discontinuous metal film,(iii)iron nano-columns:a semi-continuous metal film,and(iv)indium tin oxide(ITO):a continuous metal film.Lysozyme crystals grown on all crystallization plates were characterized by X-ray crystallography and found to be X-ray diffraction quality.The use of iron nano-columns afforded for the growth of largest number of lysozyme crystals with a narrow size distribution.ITO-modified crystallization plates were deemed to be best of all the crystallization plates based on the observations that lysozyme crystals were grown at the shortest time(370±36 minutes)with a narrow size distribution up to 460 m in size.
文摘In this study, we report that height-controlled vertically etched silicon nano- column arrays （vSNAs） induce strong growth cone-to-substrate coupling and accelerate in vitro neurite development while preserving the essential features of initial neurite formation. Large-scale preparation of vSNAs with flat head morphology enabled the generation of well-controlled topographical stimulation without cellular impalement. A systematic analysis on topography- induced variations on cellular morphology and cytoskeletal dynamics was conducted. In addition, neurite development on the grid-patterned vSNAs exhibited preferential adhesion to the nanostructured region and outgrowth directionality. The arrangement of cytoskeletal proteins and the expression of a focal adhesion complex indicated that a strong coupling existed between the underlying nanocolumns and growth cones. Furthermore, the height-controlled nanocolumn substrates differentially modulated neurite polarization and elongation. Our findings provide an important insight into neuron-nanotopography interactions and their role in cell adhesion and neurite development.
基金supported by Maryland Innovation Initiative(Phase 1)Award from Technology Development Corporation.Additional partial support was supported by Award Number 5-K25EB007565-05 from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringThe content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering or the National Institutes of Health.Additional financial support was provided by the MARC U*STAR program(Grant No.5-T34GM007977-27).
文摘In this paper,we present the design of four different circular bioassay platforms,which are suitable for homogeneous microwave heating,using theoretical calculations(i.e.,COMSOLTM multiphysics software).Circular bioassay platforms are constructed from poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)for optical transparency between 400-800 nm,has multiple sample capacity(12,16,19 and 21 wells)and modified with silver nanoparticle films(SNFs)to be used in microwave-accelerated bioassays(MABs).In addition,a small monomode microwave cavity,which can be operated with an external microwave generator(100 W),for use with the bioassay platforms in MABs is also developed.Our design parameters for the circular bioassay platforms and monomode microwave cavity during microwave heating were:(i)temperature profiles,(ii)electric field distributions,(iii)location of the circular bioassay platforms inside the microwave cavity,and(iv)design and number of wells on the circular bioassay platforms.We have also carried out additional simulations to assess the use of circular bioassay platforms in a conventional kitchen microwave oven(e.g.,900 W).Our results show that the location of the circular bioassay platforms in the microwave cavity was predicted to have a significant effect on the homogeneous heating of these platforms.The 21-well circular bioassay platform design in our monomode microwave cavity was predicted to offer a homogeneous heating pattern,where inter-well temperature was observed to be in between 23.72-24.13°C and intra-well temperature difference was less than 0.21°C for 60 seconds of microwave heating,which was also verified experimentally.
