Yellow mealworm larvae(YML;Tenebrio molitor) are considered as a valuable insect species for animal feed due to their high nutritional values and ability to grow under different substrates and rearing conditions. Adva...Yellow mealworm larvae(YML;Tenebrio molitor) are considered as a valuable insect species for animal feed due to their high nutritional values and ability to grow under different substrates and rearing conditions. Advances in the understanding of entomophagy and animal nutrition over the past decades have propelled research areas toward testing multiple aspects of YML to exploit them better as animal feed sources. This review aims to summarize various approaches that could be exploited to maximize the nutritional values of YML as an animal feed ingredient. In addition, YML has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial or bioactive agent to improve animal health and immune function in production animals. The dynamics of the nutritional profile of YML can be influenced by multiple factors and should be taken into account when attempting to optimize the nutrient contents of YML as an animal feed ingredient. Specifically, the use of novel land-based and aquatic feeding resources, probiotics, and the exploitation of larval gut microbiomes as novel strategies can assist to maximize the nutritional potential of YML. Selection of relevant feed supplies, optimization of ambient conditions, the introduction of novel genetic selection procedures, and implementation of effective post-harvest processing may be required in the future to commercialize mealworm production. Furthermore, the use of appropriate agricultural practices and technological improvements within the mealworm production sector should be aimed at achieving both economic and environmental sustainability. The issues highlighted in this review could pave the way for future approaches to improve the nutritional value of YML.展开更多
The impacts of substituting dietary soybean meal(SBM)with yellow mealworm meal(YMM)were investigated during a 56-day feeding trial on growth,antioxidant capacity,immunity,intestinal morphology,and intestinal microbiot...The impacts of substituting dietary soybean meal(SBM)with yellow mealworm meal(YMM)were investigated during a 56-day feeding trial on growth,antioxidant capacity,immunity,intestinal morphology,and intestinal microbiota of grass carp.A total of 750 grass carp were divided into 5 groups(3 replications per group and 50 fish per replication)with different levels of YMM:SBM(control group),H25,H50,H75,and H100,for 8 weeks.The results showed that dietary YMM significantly increased final body weight(FW),weight gain(WG),and protein efficiency ratio(PER)in H25 group(P<0.05);however,complete substitution showed the opposite trend(P<0.05 for FW and WG).The liver antioxidant capacity was improved,manifested by enhanced superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPx)activities,glutathione(GSH)content and up-regulated antioxidant-related genes mediated by the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in the H25 group(P<0.05).However,in the H100 group oxidative stress occurred in parallel with impairment of hepatic function.Intestinal inflammation was aggravated in the H100 group as evidenced by the up-regulated pro-inflammatory gene expression mediated by the NF-κB pathway(P<0.05).Additionally,the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes for the grass carp was significantly reduced and accompanied with intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in the H100 group(P<0.05).In summary,replacement of SBM with 25%YMM showed positive influences on growth,antioxidant capacity,immunity,and intestinal health.Conversely,complete replacement of SBM with YMM triggered oxidative stress,caused liver function disorder,and impaired intestinal health in grass carp.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of yellow mealworm meal(YM)replacing soybean meal(SBM)at different proportions(0%,15%,30%and 45%,referred as YM0,YM15,YM30 and YM45,respectively)on the flesh quality of Nile tilapia...This study investigated the effects of yellow mealworm meal(YM)replacing soybean meal(SBM)at different proportions(0%,15%,30%and 45%,referred as YM0,YM15,YM30 and YM45,respectively)on the flesh quality of Nile tilapia.A total of 360 fish(70.0±0.12 g)were randomly divided into 4 groups(3 tanks per group).Fish were fed the experimental diet twice daily for 10 wk.The results showed that muscle protein content significantly decreased in YM30 and YM45,while the lipid content significantly decreased in YM45(P<0.05).The essential amino acids and flavor amino acids of the muscle were not affected by the YM substitution,while saturated fatty acid content decreased in YM30 and YM45 compared with YM0(P<0.05).Fillets in YM45 had higher hardness,gumminess,and a higher proportion of thin myofibers(≤100μm,P<0.05)than those in other groups.Further analysis revealed that apoptosis and atrophy related genes were up-regulated,while the muscle antioxidant capacity decreased significantly in YM45(P<0.05),which may be related to the high acid value in YM45 diet.Our findings indicated that YM could replace up to 30%SBM without substantially altering the flesh quality.When the replacement ratio increased to 45%,the flesh quality would change.Special attention should be paid to avoid feed rancidity which may affect the flesh quality of fish.展开更多
In order to find viable alternative protein sources for aquaculture,we evaluated the effect of partial or complete replacement of dietary soybean meal with yellow mealworm(TM)on the flesh quality of grass carp.In this...In order to find viable alternative protein sources for aquaculture,we evaluated the effect of partial or complete replacement of dietary soybean meal with yellow mealworm(TM)on the flesh quality of grass carp.In this study,180 grass carp(511.85±0.25 g)were fed 3 experimental diets in which 0%(CN),30%(YM30)and 100%(YM100)dietary soybean meal was replaced by TM for 90 d.The results showed that growth performance,biological parameters and serum antioxidant capacity of grass carp were not affected by dietary TM(P>0.05).Both muscle and whole body crude protein were obviously promoted with the increase of dietary TM(P<0.05),and the concentration of heavy metal in muscle was not influenced(P>0.05),indicating that food safety was not influenced by TM.Dietary TM improved muscle textural characteristics by elevating adhesiveness,springiness and chewiness in YM100(P<0.05).In addition,the muscle tenderness was significantly increased by declining the shear force(P<0.05).The muscle fiber density in YM30&YM100 and length of dark bands and sarcomeres in YM100 were obviously increased(P<0.05).The expression of myf5,myog and myhc exhibited a significant upward trend with the increase of dietary TM(P<0.05),which promoted fiber density,length of sarcomere and texture of grass carp muscle.According to the results of metabolomics,the arachidonate(ARA)and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)were notably elevated in YM30 and YM100,which indicated that the improvement of flesh quality of grass carp may contribute to the dietary TM influence on muscle lipid metabolism,especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids.In conclusion,TM can completely replace dietary soybean meal and improve the nutritional value of grass carp.展开更多
Refrigerator insulation replacement results in discarding a large amount of waste refrigerator polyurethane(WRPU).Insect larvae like mealworms have been used to biodegrade pristine plastics.However,knowledge about mea...Refrigerator insulation replacement results in discarding a large amount of waste refrigerator polyurethane(WRPU).Insect larvae like mealworms have been used to biodegrade pristine plastics.However,knowledge about mealworms degrading WRPU is scarce.This study presents an in-depth investigation of the degradation of WRPU by mealworms using the micro-morphology,composition,and functional groups of WRPU and the egested frass characteristics.It was found that the WRPU debris in frass was scoured,implying that WRPU was ingested and degraded by mealworms.The carbon content of WRPU-based frass was lower than that of WRPU,indicating that mealworms utilized WRPU as a carbon source.The urethane groups in WRPU were broken,and benzene rings’C=C and C–H bonds in the isocyanate disappeared after being ingested by mealworms.Thermal gravimetric-differential thermal gravimetry analysis showed that the weight loss temperature of WRPU-based frass was 300°C lower than that of WRPU,indicating that the thermal stability of WRPU deteriorated after being ingested.The carbon balance analysis confirmed that carbon in the ingested WRPU released as CO_(2) increased from 18.84%to 29.80%,suggesting that WRPU was partially mineralized.The carbon in the mealworm biomass ingesting WRPU decreased.The possible reason is that WRPU does not supply sufficient nutrients for mealworm growth,and the impurities and odor present in WRPU affect the appetite of the mealworms.The microbial community analysis indicated that WRPU exerts a considerable effect on the gut microorganism of mealworms.These findings confirm that mealworms degrade WRPU.展开更多
The yellow mealworms(Tenebrio molitor L.)were reared by different ratios of tea powder and wheat bran powder mixtures,and weighted every day during the whole 10 days rearing.The content of tea polyphenols,total catech...The yellow mealworms(Tenebrio molitor L.)were reared by different ratios of tea powder and wheat bran powder mixtures,and weighted every day during the whole 10 days rearing.The content of tea polyphenols,total catechins,catechin(C),epicatechins(EC),epigallocatechins(EGC),epicatechin gallates(ECG),epigallocatechin gallates(EGCG),and nutrition components such as protein and fatty acid in the yellow mealworms were determined after 10 days rearing.The yellow mealworms can put on weight and grow well when the proportion of tea powder belows 80%,while 100%tea powder rearing has no signifi cantly reduced the weight of yellow mealworms.The content of tea polyphenols,total catechins,C,EC,EGC,ECG,and EGCG all enhance signifi cantly along with the increase ratio of the tea powder.The protein content increase more signifi cantly at 50%and 80%ratios treatments than the other treatments.Tea powder added rearing reduces the content of saturated fatty acid,and has a complex effect on the content of unsaturated fatty acid.Comprehensive analysis of the components determined show that 50%ratio is the best for yellow mealworm rearing.展开更多
Background Insect meals have been identified as innovative and sustainable feedstuffs that could be used in ruminant nutrition.However,current research on the effects that their processing may have on rumen digestibil...Background Insect meals have been identified as innovative and sustainable feedstuffs that could be used in ruminant nutrition.However,current research on the effects that their processing may have on rumen digestibility and fatty acid(FA)biohydrogenation is scant.This trial aims to investigate the effects(i)of drying temperature of fullfat Hermetia illucens(HI)and Tenebrio molitor(TM)meals,and(ii)of residual ether extract(EE)content of defatted HI and TM meals,on their fermentation characteristics and FA of rumen digesta after 24-h in vitro rumen incubation.Methods The tested full-fat meals included four HI and four TM meals obtained applying drying temperatures ranging from 30℃ to 70℃,while the tested defatted meals consisted of five HI and two TM meals containing a residual EE content ranging from 4.7 to 19.7 g EE/100 g dry matter(DM).The applied statistical models(GLM ANOVA)tested the effects of insect species,drying temperature(full-fat meals)or EE content(defatted meals),and their interaction.Results Drying temperature had minor effects on in vitro ruminal digestibility and FA profile of rumen digesta.Irrespective of insect species,increasing the drying temperature led to a reduction of in vitro degradation of proteins from insect meals,as outlined by the significant decrease in ammonia production(-0.009 mmol/g DM and-0.126 g/100 g total N for each additional 1℃).Irrespective of insect species,defatting increased total gas,volatile fatty acids(VFA)and CH_(4) productions,and the proportions of total saturated and branched-chain FA in rumen digesta(+0.038 mmol/g DM,+0.063 mmol/g DM,+12.9μmol/g DM,+0.18 g/100 g FA,and+0.19 g/100 g FA for each reduced 1 g EE/100 g DM,respectively),and reduced the proportion of total PUFA(-0.12 g/100 g FA).Conclusions The applied drying temperatures of full-fat insect meals are too low to exert impactful effects on rumen digestibility and FA biohydrogenation.Fat lowered fermentation activity,probably because of an inhibitory effect on rumen microbiota.The increased ruminal digestibility of defatted insect meals suggests that they can be more suitable to be used in ruminant nutrition than full-fat ones.展开更多
基金supported by research grants from Regionalt Forskningsfond (RFF) Trondelag (In FeedProject number: 309859),where Nord University is the project leading institution,and Gullimunn AS and Mære Landbruksskole are project partnerssupported by the CEER project (Project number: 2021/10345) funded by the Norwegian Agency for International Cooperation and Quality Enhancement in Higher Education (HK-dir) under the Norwegian Partnership Program for Global Academic Cooperation (NORPART ) with support from the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research (MER)。
文摘Yellow mealworm larvae(YML;Tenebrio molitor) are considered as a valuable insect species for animal feed due to their high nutritional values and ability to grow under different substrates and rearing conditions. Advances in the understanding of entomophagy and animal nutrition over the past decades have propelled research areas toward testing multiple aspects of YML to exploit them better as animal feed sources. This review aims to summarize various approaches that could be exploited to maximize the nutritional values of YML as an animal feed ingredient. In addition, YML has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial or bioactive agent to improve animal health and immune function in production animals. The dynamics of the nutritional profile of YML can be influenced by multiple factors and should be taken into account when attempting to optimize the nutrient contents of YML as an animal feed ingredient. Specifically, the use of novel land-based and aquatic feeding resources, probiotics, and the exploitation of larval gut microbiomes as novel strategies can assist to maximize the nutritional potential of YML. Selection of relevant feed supplies, optimization of ambient conditions, the introduction of novel genetic selection procedures, and implementation of effective post-harvest processing may be required in the future to commercialize mealworm production. Furthermore, the use of appropriate agricultural practices and technological improvements within the mealworm production sector should be aimed at achieving both economic and environmental sustainability. The issues highlighted in this review could pave the way for future approaches to improve the nutritional value of YML.
基金funded by New Protein Source and High Efficiency Feed for Aquaculture Animals(Grant No.2019YFD0900200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32172985)Major Scientifc and Technological Projects of Hunan(Grant No.2024QK3001).
文摘The impacts of substituting dietary soybean meal(SBM)with yellow mealworm meal(YMM)were investigated during a 56-day feeding trial on growth,antioxidant capacity,immunity,intestinal morphology,and intestinal microbiota of grass carp.A total of 750 grass carp were divided into 5 groups(3 replications per group and 50 fish per replication)with different levels of YMM:SBM(control group),H25,H50,H75,and H100,for 8 weeks.The results showed that dietary YMM significantly increased final body weight(FW),weight gain(WG),and protein efficiency ratio(PER)in H25 group(P<0.05);however,complete substitution showed the opposite trend(P<0.05 for FW and WG).The liver antioxidant capacity was improved,manifested by enhanced superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPx)activities,glutathione(GSH)content and up-regulated antioxidant-related genes mediated by the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in the H25 group(P<0.05).However,in the H100 group oxidative stress occurred in parallel with impairment of hepatic function.Intestinal inflammation was aggravated in the H100 group as evidenced by the up-regulated pro-inflammatory gene expression mediated by the NF-κB pathway(P<0.05).Additionally,the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes for the grass carp was significantly reduced and accompanied with intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in the H100 group(P<0.05).In summary,replacement of SBM with 25%YMM showed positive influences on growth,antioxidant capacity,immunity,and intestinal health.Conversely,complete replacement of SBM with YMM triggered oxidative stress,caused liver function disorder,and impaired intestinal health in grass carp.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD0900200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972798).
文摘This study investigated the effects of yellow mealworm meal(YM)replacing soybean meal(SBM)at different proportions(0%,15%,30%and 45%,referred as YM0,YM15,YM30 and YM45,respectively)on the flesh quality of Nile tilapia.A total of 360 fish(70.0±0.12 g)were randomly divided into 4 groups(3 tanks per group).Fish were fed the experimental diet twice daily for 10 wk.The results showed that muscle protein content significantly decreased in YM30 and YM45,while the lipid content significantly decreased in YM45(P<0.05).The essential amino acids and flavor amino acids of the muscle were not affected by the YM substitution,while saturated fatty acid content decreased in YM30 and YM45 compared with YM0(P<0.05).Fillets in YM45 had higher hardness,gumminess,and a higher proportion of thin myofibers(≤100μm,P<0.05)than those in other groups.Further analysis revealed that apoptosis and atrophy related genes were up-regulated,while the muscle antioxidant capacity decreased significantly in YM45(P<0.05),which may be related to the high acid value in YM45 diet.Our findings indicated that YM could replace up to 30%SBM without substantially altering the flesh quality.When the replacement ratio increased to 45%,the flesh quality would change.Special attention should be paid to avoid feed rancidity which may affect the flesh quality of fish.
基金This research was financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD0900200).
文摘In order to find viable alternative protein sources for aquaculture,we evaluated the effect of partial or complete replacement of dietary soybean meal with yellow mealworm(TM)on the flesh quality of grass carp.In this study,180 grass carp(511.85±0.25 g)were fed 3 experimental diets in which 0%(CN),30%(YM30)and 100%(YM100)dietary soybean meal was replaced by TM for 90 d.The results showed that growth performance,biological parameters and serum antioxidant capacity of grass carp were not affected by dietary TM(P>0.05).Both muscle and whole body crude protein were obviously promoted with the increase of dietary TM(P<0.05),and the concentration of heavy metal in muscle was not influenced(P>0.05),indicating that food safety was not influenced by TM.Dietary TM improved muscle textural characteristics by elevating adhesiveness,springiness and chewiness in YM100(P<0.05).In addition,the muscle tenderness was significantly increased by declining the shear force(P<0.05).The muscle fiber density in YM30&YM100 and length of dark bands and sarcomeres in YM100 were obviously increased(P<0.05).The expression of myf5,myog and myhc exhibited a significant upward trend with the increase of dietary TM(P<0.05),which promoted fiber density,length of sarcomere and texture of grass carp muscle.According to the results of metabolomics,the arachidonate(ARA)and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)were notably elevated in YM30 and YM100,which indicated that the improvement of flesh quality of grass carp may contribute to the dietary TM influence on muscle lipid metabolism,especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids.In conclusion,TM can completely replace dietary soybean meal and improve the nutritional value of grass carp.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2019YFC0408204,2018YFC1903201,and 2018YFC0213605)the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology(China)(No.19DZ1204702)+1 种基金the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(No.52070126)the Joint Projects of Shanghai University grant(China)202142.
文摘Refrigerator insulation replacement results in discarding a large amount of waste refrigerator polyurethane(WRPU).Insect larvae like mealworms have been used to biodegrade pristine plastics.However,knowledge about mealworms degrading WRPU is scarce.This study presents an in-depth investigation of the degradation of WRPU by mealworms using the micro-morphology,composition,and functional groups of WRPU and the egested frass characteristics.It was found that the WRPU debris in frass was scoured,implying that WRPU was ingested and degraded by mealworms.The carbon content of WRPU-based frass was lower than that of WRPU,indicating that mealworms utilized WRPU as a carbon source.The urethane groups in WRPU were broken,and benzene rings’C=C and C–H bonds in the isocyanate disappeared after being ingested by mealworms.Thermal gravimetric-differential thermal gravimetry analysis showed that the weight loss temperature of WRPU-based frass was 300°C lower than that of WRPU,indicating that the thermal stability of WRPU deteriorated after being ingested.The carbon balance analysis confirmed that carbon in the ingested WRPU released as CO_(2) increased from 18.84%to 29.80%,suggesting that WRPU was partially mineralized.The carbon in the mealworm biomass ingesting WRPU decreased.The possible reason is that WRPU does not supply sufficient nutrients for mealworm growth,and the impurities and odor present in WRPU affect the appetite of the mealworms.The microbial community analysis indicated that WRPU exerts a considerable effect on the gut microorganism of mealworms.These findings confirm that mealworms degrade WRPU.
基金This work was financially supported from the Major Projects of the National New Varieties of Genetically Modified Organisms(2014ZX08010-003,2016ZX08010-003).
文摘The yellow mealworms(Tenebrio molitor L.)were reared by different ratios of tea powder and wheat bran powder mixtures,and weighted every day during the whole 10 days rearing.The content of tea polyphenols,total catechins,catechin(C),epicatechins(EC),epigallocatechins(EGC),epicatechin gallates(ECG),epigallocatechin gallates(EGCG),and nutrition components such as protein and fatty acid in the yellow mealworms were determined after 10 days rearing.The yellow mealworms can put on weight and grow well when the proportion of tea powder belows 80%,while 100%tea powder rearing has no signifi cantly reduced the weight of yellow mealworms.The content of tea polyphenols,total catechins,C,EC,EGC,ECG,and EGCG all enhance signifi cantly along with the increase ratio of the tea powder.The protein content increase more signifi cantly at 50%and 80%ratios treatments than the other treatments.Tea powder added rearing reduces the content of saturated fatty acid,and has a complex effect on the content of unsaturated fatty acid.Comprehensive analysis of the components determined show that 50%ratio is the best for yellow mealworm rearing.
基金partially granted by the Hi-Ga project,which is part of the programme of the Green ERA-Hub that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No.101056828self-financed by the DINAMIC team of the UMR Herbivores(INRAE,VetAgro Sup,Saint-Genès-Champanelle,France)。
文摘Background Insect meals have been identified as innovative and sustainable feedstuffs that could be used in ruminant nutrition.However,current research on the effects that their processing may have on rumen digestibility and fatty acid(FA)biohydrogenation is scant.This trial aims to investigate the effects(i)of drying temperature of fullfat Hermetia illucens(HI)and Tenebrio molitor(TM)meals,and(ii)of residual ether extract(EE)content of defatted HI and TM meals,on their fermentation characteristics and FA of rumen digesta after 24-h in vitro rumen incubation.Methods The tested full-fat meals included four HI and four TM meals obtained applying drying temperatures ranging from 30℃ to 70℃,while the tested defatted meals consisted of five HI and two TM meals containing a residual EE content ranging from 4.7 to 19.7 g EE/100 g dry matter(DM).The applied statistical models(GLM ANOVA)tested the effects of insect species,drying temperature(full-fat meals)or EE content(defatted meals),and their interaction.Results Drying temperature had minor effects on in vitro ruminal digestibility and FA profile of rumen digesta.Irrespective of insect species,increasing the drying temperature led to a reduction of in vitro degradation of proteins from insect meals,as outlined by the significant decrease in ammonia production(-0.009 mmol/g DM and-0.126 g/100 g total N for each additional 1℃).Irrespective of insect species,defatting increased total gas,volatile fatty acids(VFA)and CH_(4) productions,and the proportions of total saturated and branched-chain FA in rumen digesta(+0.038 mmol/g DM,+0.063 mmol/g DM,+12.9μmol/g DM,+0.18 g/100 g FA,and+0.19 g/100 g FA for each reduced 1 g EE/100 g DM,respectively),and reduced the proportion of total PUFA(-0.12 g/100 g FA).Conclusions The applied drying temperatures of full-fat insect meals are too low to exert impactful effects on rumen digestibility and FA biohydrogenation.Fat lowered fermentation activity,probably because of an inhibitory effect on rumen microbiota.The increased ruminal digestibility of defatted insect meals suggests that they can be more suitable to be used in ruminant nutrition than full-fat ones.
