Discovery of spermatozoa during the 17^(th) century led to developing technologies for semen analysis in the early 1900s,and then,standard techniques were implemented during the 20^(th) century.Semen analysis has a pi...Discovery of spermatozoa during the 17^(th) century led to developing technologies for semen analysis in the early 1900s,and then,standard techniques were implemented during the 20^(th) century.Semen analysis has a pivotal role in the male infertility evaluation,and azoospermia is an important finding.Azoospermia is identified in 15%of infertile men.However,the accurate laboratory assessment of azoospermia poses certain technical challenges.Laboratories currently perform semen assessment with great variability;thus,a standard method should be used.Planning suitable management and determining the cause of infertility require a precise evaluation of azoospermia.This review aims to address the definition of azoospermia and highlight laboratory methods in the assessments of azoospermia.Basic methods such as centrifugation,repeat pellet analysis,and staining and advanced methods such as genetic testing and biomarkers have been discussed.These methods have helped in standardizing the protocol for accurate azoospermia assessments with less variability.展开更多
阐述了一种基于表面生成的多波束数据处理方法——CUBE(Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator)算法,用该方法可以对观测区域网格节点"真实"水深及相关误差进行估计。与从测量水深中选择出"最佳"数据的手...阐述了一种基于表面生成的多波束数据处理方法——CUBE(Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator)算法,用该方法可以对观测区域网格节点"真实"水深及相关误差进行估计。与从测量水深中选择出"最佳"数据的手工交互方式的多波束数据编辑手段不同,CUBE算法具有很强的抗差性和较高的效率,适合于实时多波束数据处理。对南海某测区多波束数据处理结果表明,在没有人工干预的情况下,利用CUBE算法去噪生成的海底DTM图与手工编辑生成的相当吻合。CUBE算法和手工编辑方法综合对比得出,CUBE算法能够很好地保留水深地形细节,在计算效率、误差评估、实时处理等方面比手工编辑方法具有较大的优势。展开更多
文摘Discovery of spermatozoa during the 17^(th) century led to developing technologies for semen analysis in the early 1900s,and then,standard techniques were implemented during the 20^(th) century.Semen analysis has a pivotal role in the male infertility evaluation,and azoospermia is an important finding.Azoospermia is identified in 15%of infertile men.However,the accurate laboratory assessment of azoospermia poses certain technical challenges.Laboratories currently perform semen assessment with great variability;thus,a standard method should be used.Planning suitable management and determining the cause of infertility require a precise evaluation of azoospermia.This review aims to address the definition of azoospermia and highlight laboratory methods in the assessments of azoospermia.Basic methods such as centrifugation,repeat pellet analysis,and staining and advanced methods such as genetic testing and biomarkers have been discussed.These methods have helped in standardizing the protocol for accurate azoospermia assessments with less variability.
文摘阐述了一种基于表面生成的多波束数据处理方法——CUBE(Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator)算法,用该方法可以对观测区域网格节点"真实"水深及相关误差进行估计。与从测量水深中选择出"最佳"数据的手工交互方式的多波束数据编辑手段不同,CUBE算法具有很强的抗差性和较高的效率,适合于实时多波束数据处理。对南海某测区多波束数据处理结果表明,在没有人工干预的情况下,利用CUBE算法去噪生成的海底DTM图与手工编辑生成的相当吻合。CUBE算法和手工编辑方法综合对比得出,CUBE算法能够很好地保留水深地形细节,在计算效率、误差评估、实时处理等方面比手工编辑方法具有较大的优势。
