This study,integrating both domestic and international literatures as well as field research findings,presents a comprehensive review of the geographical distribution,ecological and physiological characteristics of Ac...This study,integrating both domestic and international literatures as well as field research findings,presents a comprehensive review of the geographical distribution,ecological and physiological characteristics of Acanthus ebracteatus.It further delves into the factors leading to its endangered status and proposes corresponding protection strategies.The mian reasons for the endangered of A.ebracteatus are as follows:illegal harvesting of whole plants,habitat destruction,reproductive obstacles,and competition or interference from invasive or noxious plant species.To address these threats,a series of conservation strategies are proposed.Firstly,in-depth research on the artificial propagation techniques of A.ebracteatus should be conducted to surmount reproductive barriers.Secondly,habitat restoration initiatives need to be carried out to create a suitable ecological setting.Thirdly,in-situ protections should be enhanced while the implementing ex-situ conservation measures.Meanwhile,continuous monitoring of A.ebracteatus seedlings should be conducted to strengthen subsequent management and conservation efforts.Finally,it is recommended to rationally explore and utilize the medicinal properties of A.ebracteatus.展开更多
Both natural and human-induced disturbances affect the normal functioning and services of mangrove ecosystems.To address the consequences of intense human and climatic disturbances on sedimentation and carbon burial,s...Both natural and human-induced disturbances affect the normal functioning and services of mangrove ecosystems.To address the consequences of intense human and climatic disturbances on sedimentation and carbon burial,sediment cores from the last remaining mangrove Kandelia obovata forest and an adjacent mudflat in the densely populated and typhoon-prone Zhujiang(Pearl)River estuary of China,were analyzed using methods including^(210)Pb dating andδ^(13)C analysis.Results indicate that after damming in the 1950s,during 1960-1980,the natural establishment of K.obovata forests initiated the insitu sedimentation.As these forests matured during 1980-1990,they significantly boosted siltation in the region on mudflat.During 1990-2015,the invasion of Spartina alterniflora and land reclamation for aquaculture caused infiltration of coarse sediments and the impacts of typhoons were recorded within the K.obovata forest,while no clear typhoon record was observed on the mudflat.Since 2015,reforestation efforts with S.apetala that began in 1999 have reversed the effects of earlier deforestation.Over time,mangroves established a rapid autochthonous carbon burial that grew as the forests age,potentially surpassing the influx of allochthonous carbon due to deforestation.The reforestation also immediately improved carbon burial on the mudflat,which stabilized after a decade due to the rapid growth and high biomass of S.apetala.Overall,the K.obovata forest demonstrated a stronger sedimentation and carbon burial capabilities than the mudflat,with a surplus of 35.2 Mg C/hm^(2)in soil organic carbon stock and 1.0 Mg C/(hm^(2)·a)in burial rate.Organic matter dissolved in soil was mainly humus-like components,and mangrove inputs likely increased the degree of humification.This study offered direct evidence regarding the impact of multiple disturbances on local and regional sedimentation and carbon burial,and future management strategies.展开更多
Monsoons frequently sweep over the blue waves of the South China Sea,and mangrove respiration empowers the heartbeats of the two marine civilizations of China and Indonesia.In 1950,the seeds of China-Indonesia friends...Monsoons frequently sweep over the blue waves of the South China Sea,and mangrove respiration empowers the heartbeats of the two marine civilizations of China and Indonesia.In 1950,the seeds of China-Indonesia friendship sprouted in the monsoons on the Strait of Malacca.Today,echoing the Belt and Road Initiative,the ecological green corridor jointly built by the two countries is weaving a vibrant tapestry of life along the equator.On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia,the“Revitalization of Mangroves”China-Indonesia Dialogue on Sustainable Development took place in Jakarta,Indonesia,on May 19.The event was co-hosted by China International Communications Group(CICG),China Energy Investment Corporation(CHN Energy),and Indonesia’s State Electricity Company(PT PLN).展开更多
Calophyllum inophyllum is a tropical plant that could have useful medicinal properties for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.The present study extracted the flower,fruit,leaf,twig,and bark of the plant by macer...Calophyllum inophyllum is a tropical plant that could have useful medicinal properties for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.The present study extracted the flower,fruit,leaf,twig,and bark of the plant by maceration in different organic solvents.The correlation between bioactive compounds and their biological activities was investigated,with emphasis on their therapeutic relevance through in silico pharmacokinetic predictions using SwissADME.Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine the total phenolic,flavonoid,and saponin contents of the extracts.Spectral analysis of the extracts revealed–OH,C=O,C=C,and C–H functional groups.The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by colorimetric DPPH and ABTS assays.Antibacterial activity was also determined,along with cytotoxicity and anticancer potential.The plant part and solvent used for extraction affected the active compounds collected.Methanolic bark extract presented the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents,whereas hexane bark extract presented the highest saponin content.These results correlated with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extracts.The strong correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents indicated that phenolic compounds were the dominant contributors to antioxidant activity.Methanolic bark extract showed significant DPPH scavenging activity(IC_(50)=0.004 mg/mL)while hexane bark extract produced the largest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(17.96±0.00 mm).The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration(<0.098 mg/mL)was shown against Bacillus cereus by 11 out of the 15 extracts.Selective cytotoxicity was observed against cancer cells,especially lung cancer cells.In silico ADME analysis of a previously reported flower extract showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties for compounds such as eugenol and caryophyllene oxide.High gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier permeability suggested good oral bioavailability and central nervous system potential.Most extracted compounds met Lipinski’s Rule with minimal cytochrome P450 inhibition,indicating good drug-likeness.These findings highlight the promise of C.inophyllum as a source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents with therapeutic potential.展开更多
Mangrove ecosystems along Vietnam’s coastline face significant degradation due to human activities,despite their crucial role in coastal protection against natural hazards.This study aims to assess the spatial and te...Mangrove ecosystems along Vietnam’s coastline face significant degradation due to human activities,despite their crucial role in coastal protection against natural hazards.This study aims to assess the spatial and temporal changes in mangrove coverage along Vietnam’s southern coast by integrating remote sensing techniques with hydrodynamic model simulations.The research methodology combines the Collect Earth tool analysis of Spot-4 and Planet satellite imagery(2000–2020)with Mike 21-HD two-dimensional(2D)hydrodynamic modeling to evaluate mangrove coverage changes by simulating shoreline erosion.Results analysis reveals that a significant increase of 109.83 ha in mangrove area within Vinh Chau Town of Soc Trang Province during the period 2010–2020,predominantly in the eastern region.Hydrodynamic simulations demonstrate that the coastal zone is primarily influenced by the interaction of nearshore currents,East Sea tides,and seasonal monsoon wave patterns.The model results effectively capture the complex interactions between these hydrodynamic factors and mangrove distribution.These findings not only validate the effectiveness of combining remote sensing and hydrodynamic modeling for mangrove assessment but also provide crucial insights for sustainable coastal ecosystem management.The study’s integrated approach offers a robust framework for monitoring mangrove dynamics and developing evidence-based conservation strategies,highlighting the importance of maintaining these vital ecosystems for coastal protection.展开更多
Land cover changes significantly affect mangrove forests,driven by both anthropogenic activities and natural processes.The Banlaem mangrove in Nakhon Si Thammarat,Thailand,supports numerous mangrove plantation project...Land cover changes significantly affect mangrove forests,driven by both anthropogenic activities and natural processes.The Banlaem mangrove in Nakhon Si Thammarat,Thailand,supports numerous mangrove plantation projects but lacks comprehensive assessments and monitoring related to land cover changes.This study aimed to(1)investigate land cover changes in the Banlaem mangrove from 1995 to 2023,and(2)generate a predictive model for future land cover changes.For land cover assessment,satellite imagery from multiple sources,including Sentinel-2(Level 2A)and Landsat(Collection 2 Level 2),was utilized to examine and classify changes in mangrove cover within the Banlaem mangrove forest from 1995 to 2023,using supervised classification with the maximum likelihood algorithm.Various regression models were analysed to develop a predictive model based on area size and time.The mangrove area in the Banlaem mangrove forest steadily grew throughout the study period,with the total area increasing from 56.16 ha in 1995 to 527.55 ha in 2023.This study represents the first analysis of changes in the Banlaem mangrove cover.Throughout the tested models,they reveal an unclear pattern of mangrove expansion,yet they indicate a high rate of expansion in the Banlaem mangrove forest.In addition,these results are expected to encourage greater community involvement in the monitoring and management of the Banlaem mangrove.We recommend establishing a community monitoring network to engage local residents in tracking changes in mangrove cover,supported by training and resources.展开更多
The contamination and accumulation of microplastics(MPs)in mangrove ecosystems have become an increasing concern due to their potential ecological risks.This study investigated and analyzed the abundance of MPs in sed...The contamination and accumulation of microplastics(MPs)in mangrove ecosystems have become an increasing concern due to their potential ecological risks.This study investigated and analyzed the abundance of MPs in sediments,water,and benthos of mangrove areas(MA)and adjacent non-vegetated areas(NA)in Qinglan Bay.Results showed that the abundance of MPs in MA was significantly higher than in adjacent NA[sediment:(4.39±2.20)items/50 g dry weight(dw)vs.(4.10±2.71)items/50 g dw;water:(11.79±7.61)items/L vs.(10.61±5.93)items/L;benthos:(4.94±5.27)items/individual vs.(3.5±0.71)items/individual].The primary components identified in sediments and benthos were rayon and cellulose,while polyethylene(PE)and polypropylene(PP)dominated in water.Smaller MPs(<1000μm)accounted for 44%,43%,and 61%of the MPs in sediments,water,and benthos,respectively,indicating that smaller MPs are more likely to be ingested or captured by benthic organisms.Additionally,MPsenrichment was calculated in benthos[enrichment index(EI)=1.41],water(EI=1.11),and sediments(EI=1.09),confirming that the unique ecological environment of the MA leads to different distribution and accumulation characteristics of MPs compared to the NA.The ecological risk assessment revealed low MPs pollution levels in sediments and water,but higher risks were observed for polychaetes and bivalves.展开更多
This study is proposed by Kien Giang University to the Ministry of Education and Training with the aim investigate species abundant in the Mekong Delta to develop land in Vietnam.Western Mekong Delta(WMD)alluvium sedi...This study is proposed by Kien Giang University to the Ministry of Education and Training with the aim investigate species abundant in the Mekong Delta to develop land in Vietnam.Western Mekong Delta(WMD)alluvium sediments flows from upstream China to Vietnam.This sediments accumulated gradually elevation the new land.The coastal where mangrove forests with a rich ecosystem of plants and animals.Over time,these forests change,with different plant species succeeding each other.Biodiversity of tree species,and abundance communities,measured growth of the forest in this region.In 2023,a comprehensive survey was conducted.Investigate the situation of woody plant species in mangrove forests in sub-regions.The methods investigate is indentified the number of survey plots have done depend on the density of the forest,Base on the width of the forest range,the number of survey plots in sub region set up from 10 to 15 plots.In total,68 plots have done established,plot is 100 square meters.Found the number of species in each ecological region and growth situation.The results of study are provided scientifically based information of the tree species composition,distribution,and community structures;this result had 16 species from 11 plant families is determined.Among these species have 6 dominant species.Main discovery is found two species grow on the best on new land were Avicennia officinalis and Avicennia alba can develope on the original new land.These adapted species can exploit food and medicinal herbs in biodiversity distribution abundance of these species.It can help Vietnam by mearsures using the species Aviecennia be discovered will promote sea reclamation faster instead of letting the natural law of sea reclamation follow.Conclusion there are 7 species in high land,11 species medium land,8 species low land 6 species lowest land,of which 2 species found that can planting in this area in target for land reclamation in this area.展开更多
The environmental impact of microplastic pollution has triggered the alarm of public for over 20 years.The South China Sea,situated as a marginal sea in the tropical region,is surrounded by unique blue-carbon ecosyste...The environmental impact of microplastic pollution has triggered the alarm of public for over 20 years.The South China Sea,situated as a marginal sea in the tropical region,is surrounded by unique blue-carbon ecosystems and densely populated provinces that produce a substantial amount of industrial plastic waste.Understanding the source-sink relationship and distribution of microplastics in rivers,nearshores,and estuaries is crucial for safeguarding the ecological integrity of estuarine environments.In this review,a comprehensive review of recent researches on the distribution and source-sink relationships of microplastics in rivers and nearshore and offshore regions in the South China Sea have been discussed.Due to atmospheric deposition and precipitation,microplastics exhibit spatial heterogeneity in terms of abundance and distribution in areas surrounding the South China Sea.The major pollution sources include river inputs,industrial wastewater discharge,aquaculture activities,and shipping operations.Anthropogenic and other biological factors such as fish ingestion and vegetation entrapment also affect the distribution and transport of microplastics.To quantify the abundance and distribution of microplastics and elucidate their transport mechanisms,it is recommended to strengthen the detection and management of microplastics in the South China Sea region,standardize sampling methods and units,establish shared databases,and explore effective governance pathways.展开更多
Remote sensing and web-based platforms have emerged as vital tools in the effective monitoring of mangrove ecosystems, which are crucial for coastal protection, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. Utilizing satell...Remote sensing and web-based platforms have emerged as vital tools in the effective monitoring of mangrove ecosystems, which are crucial for coastal protection, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. Utilizing satellite imagery and aerial data, remote sensing allows researchers to assess the health and extent of mangrove forests over large areas and time periods, providing insights into changes due to environmental stressors like climate change, urbanization, and deforestation. Coupled with web-based platforms, this technology facilitates real-time data sharing and collaborative research efforts among scientists, policymakers, and conservationists. Thus, there is a need to grow this research interest among experts working in this kind of ecosystem. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review on the effective role of remote sensing and web-based platform in monitoring mangrove ecosystem. The research paper utilized the thematic approach to extract specific information to use in the discussion which helped realize the efficiency of digital monitoring for the environment. Web-based platforms and remote sensing represent a powerful tool for environmental monitoring, particularly in the context of forest ecosystems. They facilitate the accessibility of vital data, promote collaboration among stakeholders, support evidence-based policymaking, and engage communities in conservation efforts. As experts confront the urgent challenges posed by climate change and environmental degradation, leveraging technology through web-based platforms is essential for fostering a sustainable future for the forests of the world.展开更多
The coastal zone ecological restoration project has successfully restored a cumulative shoreline length of 76 km in Fanhe Harbor and Kaozhou Bay ecological restoration shoreline (mangrove forest) located in Huidong Co...The coastal zone ecological restoration project has successfully restored a cumulative shoreline length of 76 km in Fanhe Harbor and Kaozhou Bay ecological restoration shoreline (mangrove forest) located in Huidong County, Huizhou City. Additionally, 5 619.5 m of artificial shoreline has been developed as part of the ecological restoration efforts. Various methods, including UAV remote sensing, orthophoto acquisition, and analysis using ArcGIS software, were employed to assess the length, width, coverage, and other relevant indicators of the newly established ecologically restored shoreline. The findings indicate that the average width, coverage, and ecosystem stability of mangrove forests in the restored area satisfy the criteria for the acceptance of ecological shoreline restoration. Furthermore, a relatively stable ecosystem has been established for over two years. This study offers a scientific foundation for the ecological restoration of mangrove forests and holds considerable significance for the conservation and utilization of mangrove forest resources.展开更多
Mangrove ecosystems are celebrated as powerful carbon sinks,absorbing and storing atmospheric CO_(2) more efficiently than most terrestrial forests.However,they also release methane-a greenhouse gas far more potent th...Mangrove ecosystems are celebrated as powerful carbon sinks,absorbing and storing atmospheric CO_(2) more efficiently than most terrestrial forests.However,they also release methane-a greenhouse gas far more potent than carbon dioxide.A study published in Nature Geoscience(doi:10.1038/s41561-025-01848-4)on November 14 reveals that mangrove tree stems represent a previously overlooked pathway of methane emissions,partially reducing the climate benefits of these coastal ecosystems.展开更多
The intertidal zone of mangroves has a significant impact on the ecological environment by serving as a crucial habitat for a wide range of organisms.When assessing heavy metal contamination in sediments within this z...The intertidal zone of mangroves has a significant impact on the ecological environment by serving as a crucial habitat for a wide range of organisms.When assessing heavy metal contamination in sediments within this zone,it is essential to establish a regional geochemical baseline that accounts for natural variations.In this study,regional geochemical baselines of heavy metals were established based on core sediment samples collected from Dongzhai Harbor in November 2015.Linear regression analysis was employed to examine the correlations between heavy metals and potential normalized elements.Subsequently,the sediment quality and intensity of pollutant input in the sediments of a mangrove intertidal zone were evaluated with enrichment factor(EF)and excessive influx of heavy metals.The EF values for Cr,Cd,Pb,Zn,and Ni in the study area were all below 1.5,indicating minimal levels of contamination;however,minor Cu contamination was observed in the high tidal flat area due to potential terrestrial inputs.These findings suggest that the overall environmental quality about heavy metals was good within the intertidal zone of mangroves.Moreover,as for the excess fluxes of heavy metals in intertidal sediments,there was consistency between influence and intervention of human activities on sedimentary environment during the selected period when examining variation trends.展开更多
Mangrove ecosystems support biodiversity,protect coastal areas,and provide sustainable livelihoods.However,they face significant threats from deforestation and unsustainable land use practices.This study examines the ...Mangrove ecosystems support biodiversity,protect coastal areas,and provide sustainable livelihoods.However,they face significant threats from deforestation and unsustainable land use practices.This study examines the viability of the payments for ecosystem services(PES)programs in promoting sustainable mangrove tourism in Tongke-Tongke Village,Sinjai District,South SulawesiProvince,Indonesia.We collected data through household surveys,semi-structured stakeholder interviews,and tourist questionnaires to evaluate the economic value of mangrove tourism and tourists’willingness to pay(WTP)for conservation.Analytical methods included quantitative descriptive analysis,thematic analysis,travel cost analysis,and contingent valuationmethod.The results indicatedstrong community support,with 70.00% of respondents acknowledging sustainable mangrove tourism’s economic,environmental,and cultural benefits.Economic estimates revealedthat mangrove tourism generated 943.00 USD/(hm^(2)·a),while tourists’WTP for conservation rangedfrom 0.21 to 0.56 USD/(person×month),contributing approximately 11.39 USD/(hm^(2)·a).Despite challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,socioeconomic disparities,and land privatization,this study advocates for integrating the PES programs,enhancing governance frameworks,and fostering local community engagement to ensure equitable benefit distribution and maximize the potential of mangrove tourism.These strategies aim to bolster conservation efforts,improve local livelihoods,and strengthen the resilience of mangroveecosystems.展开更多
Mangrove forests are critical ecosystems for carbon sequestration,effectively capturing atmospheric carbon and permanently storing soil organic carbon(SOC)in coastal wetlands.Recent restoration and afforestation initi...Mangrove forests are critical ecosystems for carbon sequestration,effectively capturing atmospheric carbon and permanently storing soil organic carbon(SOC)in coastal wetlands.Recent restoration and afforestation initiatives have been undertaken to mitigate the rising atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations along tropical ocean coasts worldwide.The expansion of mangrove forests has garnered significant attention for elucidating their contributions to the permanent storage of carbon in both surface and subsoil layers.In this study,we investigated a recently expanding mangrove forest in the Beilun River Estuary of Guangxi Province,focusing on the abundance and sources of organic carbon(OC)in surface sediments.We also analyzed sediment grain size distribution,SOC,total nitrogen(TN)content,and stable carbon isotope composition(δ^(13)C).Additionally,we determined the molar ratio of SOC to nitrogen(C/N).The SOC content ranged from 0.25%to 6.58%,the C/N ratio varied from 9.85 to 17.73,δ^(13)C values spanned from-29.58‰to-24.93‰,andδ^(15)N values ranged from 3.10‰to 7.36‰.A strong correlation was observed between SOC and TN content.However,particle size did not significantly influence these relationships.In terms of SOC sources in the sediments,contributions from mangrove,terrestrial,and marine sources accounted for 37.1%to 99.5%,0.5%to 47.4%,and 0%to 17.6%,respectively.The findings of this study provide essential insights for evaluating and managing carbon sinks within the mangrove ecosystems of the Beibu Gulf region,contributing to more effective carbon management strategies in coastal areas.展开更多
The species composition and characteristics of mangrove flora in the world were reviewed and discussed. The results suggested that the world's mangrove plants have 84 species (including 12 varieties) in 24 genera ...The species composition and characteristics of mangrove flora in the world were reviewed and discussed. The results suggested that the world's mangrove plants have 84 species (including 12 varieties) in 24 genera and 16 families. Of which, true mangrove plants have 70 species (including 12 varieties) in 16 genera and 11 families, and semi-mangrove plants 14 species in eight genera and five families. The Eastern Group has 74 species (including 12 varieties) in 18 genera and 14 families, characterized by the genera Aegiceras, Osbornia, Aegialitis, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Scyphiphora and Nypa etc. The Western Group has only 10 species in six genera and five families, characterized by the endemic one-species family, Pelliceraceae, and the genus Laguncularia. The mangrove flora of China is composed of 26 species (including one variety) in 15 genera and 12 families, four of which are endemic. Hainan is most rich in mangrove species, making up about 96.2% of the Chinese total; Guangdong ranks second, making up about 42.3%. It has been demonstrated that Rhizophora stylosa was mistaken for R. mucronata in Taiwan by previous authors.展开更多
An unusual diterpenoid excoagallochaol A （1）, together with epi-β-amyrin （2）, epitaraxerol （3）, epi-a-amyrin （4）, epilupeol （5）, betulin （6）, betulinic acid （7）, lupenone （8）, betulone （9）, betuloni...An unusual diterpenoid excoagallochaol A （1）, together with epi-β-amyrin （2）, epitaraxerol （3）, epi-a-amyrin （4）, epilupeol （5）, betulin （6）, betulinic acid （7）, lupenone （8）, betulone （9）, betulonic acid （10）, （9Z,12Z,15Z）-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecatrienoate （11）, and （9Z,12Z）-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecadienoate （12）were isolated from the stems of Excoecaria agallocha L. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute stereochemistry of 1 was assigned using Mosher method. Compounds 4, 8, 10-12 were isolated from the genus Excoecaria for the first time.展开更多
The characteristics of macrofauna communities in three mangrove assemblages [Avicennia marina＋Acgiceras corniculatum （MC）community, A.corniculatum （C） community and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza＋A.corniculatum （GC） co...The characteristics of macrofauna communities in three mangrove assemblages [Avicennia marina＋Acgiceras corniculatum （MC）community, A.corniculatum （C） community and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza＋A.corniculatum （GC） community] were studied in Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserves during 2005 and 2006. Of the three mangrove assemblages, the macrofauna species number, density, biomass, Richness index and Shannon-Wiener index were the highest, and the Simpson dominance index was medial at MC community. However the Pielou Evenness index of MC community was slightly lower than that at C community. At C community, the number of macrofauna species obviously reduced, especially infaunal, caving and adhering life forms, and the biomass and density were the lowest. Because of the even distribution of individuals of different species, the Simpson dominance index was the lowest and the evenness index was the highest. Although the Richness index at C community was slightly lower than that at MC community, the Shannon-Wiener index was near to that at MC community. At GC community, the number of macrofauna species, especially infaunal and caving life forms, continued to decrease comparing C community, but the biomass and density increased slightly. As the distribution of individuals of different species was uneven, the Simpson dominance index was the highest and the Pielou Evenness index was the lowest. Furthermore, the Richness index dropped to the lowest. The Shannon-Wiener index also dropped accordingly to the lowest. The dominant life forms of MC were infaunal and caving, while those of C and GC community were both caving. The ratio of the GS/GSB of macrofauna communities in the three mangrove assemblages were 0.48, 0.63 and 0.80, respectively. The community structures at the same mangrove assemblages were all quite similar, with those at GC community being most similar. However, there were obvious differences among the community structures at the three different mangrove assemblages. These results implied that the different mangrove assemblages had different affects on the macrofauna communities and shed light on the macrofauna adaptation capability to specific habitats.展开更多
Leizhou Peninsula, located at southem end of mailand China, has 9 284.3 ha mangrove distributed more than 100 sites along its inlets and open coastlines. This paper presents the surveys on mangrove area in Leizhou Pen...Leizhou Peninsula, located at southem end of mailand China, has 9 284.3 ha mangrove distributed more than 100 sites along its inlets and open coastlines. This paper presents the surveys on mangrove area in Leizhou Peninsula during 2000 and 2008, especially the survey in the eight major mangrove areas in 2002. The flora recorded in mangrove systems includes 69 large algea species, 13 native true mangrove species, nine native semi-mangrove species, and another seven intoduced true mangrove species with Sonneratia apetala as the quickest growing exotic mangrove species dominatant in the mangrove plantations, and more than 100 land flora species, consisting of 17 main mangrove associations. The plant biodiversity habitats remained mainly small patches and diverse, and were becoming worse under the intensive disturbance of human acitivities and coastal pollutions, which decreased the value of mangrove coasts as the important sites for flying-by migrating birds in Leizhou Peninsula. The effective mangrove conservation measures should be implemented.展开更多
基金Supported by Special Innovation Projects for Regular Institutions of Higher Education in Guangdong Province(2023KTSCX071)Zhanjiang Science and Technology Bureau Project(2023A01018)Colonel-level Project(LY2207).
文摘This study,integrating both domestic and international literatures as well as field research findings,presents a comprehensive review of the geographical distribution,ecological and physiological characteristics of Acanthus ebracteatus.It further delves into the factors leading to its endangered status and proposes corresponding protection strategies.The mian reasons for the endangered of A.ebracteatus are as follows:illegal harvesting of whole plants,habitat destruction,reproductive obstacles,and competition or interference from invasive or noxious plant species.To address these threats,a series of conservation strategies are proposed.Firstly,in-depth research on the artificial propagation techniques of A.ebracteatus should be conducted to surmount reproductive barriers.Secondly,habitat restoration initiatives need to be carried out to create a suitable ecological setting.Thirdly,in-situ protections should be enhanced while the implementing ex-situ conservation measures.Meanwhile,continuous monitoring of A.ebracteatus seedlings should be conducted to strengthen subsequent management and conservation efforts.Finally,it is recommended to rationally explore and utilize the medicinal properties of A.ebracteatus.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U21A6001)the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation Youth Enhancement Program(No.2024A1515030206)the China Meteorological Administration Climate Change Special Program(No.QBZ202301)。
文摘Both natural and human-induced disturbances affect the normal functioning and services of mangrove ecosystems.To address the consequences of intense human and climatic disturbances on sedimentation and carbon burial,sediment cores from the last remaining mangrove Kandelia obovata forest and an adjacent mudflat in the densely populated and typhoon-prone Zhujiang(Pearl)River estuary of China,were analyzed using methods including^(210)Pb dating andδ^(13)C analysis.Results indicate that after damming in the 1950s,during 1960-1980,the natural establishment of K.obovata forests initiated the insitu sedimentation.As these forests matured during 1980-1990,they significantly boosted siltation in the region on mudflat.During 1990-2015,the invasion of Spartina alterniflora and land reclamation for aquaculture caused infiltration of coarse sediments and the impacts of typhoons were recorded within the K.obovata forest,while no clear typhoon record was observed on the mudflat.Since 2015,reforestation efforts with S.apetala that began in 1999 have reversed the effects of earlier deforestation.Over time,mangroves established a rapid autochthonous carbon burial that grew as the forests age,potentially surpassing the influx of allochthonous carbon due to deforestation.The reforestation also immediately improved carbon burial on the mudflat,which stabilized after a decade due to the rapid growth and high biomass of S.apetala.Overall,the K.obovata forest demonstrated a stronger sedimentation and carbon burial capabilities than the mudflat,with a surplus of 35.2 Mg C/hm^(2)in soil organic carbon stock and 1.0 Mg C/(hm^(2)·a)in burial rate.Organic matter dissolved in soil was mainly humus-like components,and mangrove inputs likely increased the degree of humification.This study offered direct evidence regarding the impact of multiple disturbances on local and regional sedimentation and carbon burial,and future management strategies.
文摘Monsoons frequently sweep over the blue waves of the South China Sea,and mangrove respiration empowers the heartbeats of the two marine civilizations of China and Indonesia.In 1950,the seeds of China-Indonesia friendship sprouted in the monsoons on the Strait of Malacca.Today,echoing the Belt and Road Initiative,the ecological green corridor jointly built by the two countries is weaving a vibrant tapestry of life along the equator.On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia,the“Revitalization of Mangroves”China-Indonesia Dialogue on Sustainable Development took place in Jakarta,Indonesia,on May 19.The event was co-hosted by China International Communications Group(CICG),China Energy Investment Corporation(CHN Energy),and Indonesia’s State Electricity Company(PT PLN).
基金supported by the Faculty of Science and Fisheries Technology,Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya,Trang campus.
文摘Calophyllum inophyllum is a tropical plant that could have useful medicinal properties for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.The present study extracted the flower,fruit,leaf,twig,and bark of the plant by maceration in different organic solvents.The correlation between bioactive compounds and their biological activities was investigated,with emphasis on their therapeutic relevance through in silico pharmacokinetic predictions using SwissADME.Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine the total phenolic,flavonoid,and saponin contents of the extracts.Spectral analysis of the extracts revealed–OH,C=O,C=C,and C–H functional groups.The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by colorimetric DPPH and ABTS assays.Antibacterial activity was also determined,along with cytotoxicity and anticancer potential.The plant part and solvent used for extraction affected the active compounds collected.Methanolic bark extract presented the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents,whereas hexane bark extract presented the highest saponin content.These results correlated with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extracts.The strong correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents indicated that phenolic compounds were the dominant contributors to antioxidant activity.Methanolic bark extract showed significant DPPH scavenging activity(IC_(50)=0.004 mg/mL)while hexane bark extract produced the largest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(17.96±0.00 mm).The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration(<0.098 mg/mL)was shown against Bacillus cereus by 11 out of the 15 extracts.Selective cytotoxicity was observed against cancer cells,especially lung cancer cells.In silico ADME analysis of a previously reported flower extract showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties for compounds such as eugenol and caryophyllene oxide.High gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier permeability suggested good oral bioavailability and central nervous system potential.Most extracted compounds met Lipinski’s Rule with minimal cytochrome P450 inhibition,indicating good drug-likeness.These findings highlight the promise of C.inophyllum as a source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents with therapeutic potential.
基金supported by Environmental Protection Project 2023-2024,with the Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center(Southern Branch)as the lead Institution.
文摘Mangrove ecosystems along Vietnam’s coastline face significant degradation due to human activities,despite their crucial role in coastal protection against natural hazards.This study aims to assess the spatial and temporal changes in mangrove coverage along Vietnam’s southern coast by integrating remote sensing techniques with hydrodynamic model simulations.The research methodology combines the Collect Earth tool analysis of Spot-4 and Planet satellite imagery(2000–2020)with Mike 21-HD two-dimensional(2D)hydrodynamic modeling to evaluate mangrove coverage changes by simulating shoreline erosion.Results analysis reveals that a significant increase of 109.83 ha in mangrove area within Vinh Chau Town of Soc Trang Province during the period 2010–2020,predominantly in the eastern region.Hydrodynamic simulations demonstrate that the coastal zone is primarily influenced by the interaction of nearshore currents,East Sea tides,and seasonal monsoon wave patterns.The model results effectively capture the complex interactions between these hydrodynamic factors and mangrove distribution.These findings not only validate the effectiveness of combining remote sensing and hydrodynamic modeling for mangrove assessment but also provide crucial insights for sustainable coastal ecosystem management.The study’s integrated approach offers a robust framework for monitoring mangrove dynamics and developing evidence-based conservation strategies,highlighting the importance of maintaining these vital ecosystems for coastal protection.
文摘Land cover changes significantly affect mangrove forests,driven by both anthropogenic activities and natural processes.The Banlaem mangrove in Nakhon Si Thammarat,Thailand,supports numerous mangrove plantation projects but lacks comprehensive assessments and monitoring related to land cover changes.This study aimed to(1)investigate land cover changes in the Banlaem mangrove from 1995 to 2023,and(2)generate a predictive model for future land cover changes.For land cover assessment,satellite imagery from multiple sources,including Sentinel-2(Level 2A)and Landsat(Collection 2 Level 2),was utilized to examine and classify changes in mangrove cover within the Banlaem mangrove forest from 1995 to 2023,using supervised classification with the maximum likelihood algorithm.Various regression models were analysed to develop a predictive model based on area size and time.The mangrove area in the Banlaem mangrove forest steadily grew throughout the study period,with the total area increasing from 56.16 ha in 1995 to 527.55 ha in 2023.This study represents the first analysis of changes in the Banlaem mangrove cover.Throughout the tested models,they reveal an unclear pattern of mangrove expansion,yet they indicate a high rate of expansion in the Banlaem mangrove forest.In addition,these results are expected to encourage greater community involvement in the monitoring and management of the Banlaem mangrove.We recommend establishing a community monitoring network to engage local residents in tracking changes in mangrove cover,supported by training and resources.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41806130 and 42407149the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China under contract No.2024M750629+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under contract No.2018A0303130063the Marine Ecological Survey and Evaluation in Guangdong Province under contract No.0877-23GZTP01F179the Project of the Marine Geological Survey Program of China Geological Survey under contract Nos DD20230460,DD20242792,DD20211394,and DD20190308.
文摘The contamination and accumulation of microplastics(MPs)in mangrove ecosystems have become an increasing concern due to their potential ecological risks.This study investigated and analyzed the abundance of MPs in sediments,water,and benthos of mangrove areas(MA)and adjacent non-vegetated areas(NA)in Qinglan Bay.Results showed that the abundance of MPs in MA was significantly higher than in adjacent NA[sediment:(4.39±2.20)items/50 g dry weight(dw)vs.(4.10±2.71)items/50 g dw;water:(11.79±7.61)items/L vs.(10.61±5.93)items/L;benthos:(4.94±5.27)items/individual vs.(3.5±0.71)items/individual].The primary components identified in sediments and benthos were rayon and cellulose,while polyethylene(PE)and polypropylene(PP)dominated in water.Smaller MPs(<1000μm)accounted for 44%,43%,and 61%of the MPs in sediments,water,and benthos,respectively,indicating that smaller MPs are more likely to be ingested or captured by benthic organisms.Additionally,MPsenrichment was calculated in benthos[enrichment index(EI)=1.41],water(EI=1.11),and sediments(EI=1.09),confirming that the unique ecological environment of the MA leads to different distribution and accumulation characteristics of MPs compared to the NA.The ecological risk assessment revealed low MPs pollution levels in sediments and water,but higher risks were observed for polychaetes and bivalves.
文摘This study is proposed by Kien Giang University to the Ministry of Education and Training with the aim investigate species abundant in the Mekong Delta to develop land in Vietnam.Western Mekong Delta(WMD)alluvium sediments flows from upstream China to Vietnam.This sediments accumulated gradually elevation the new land.The coastal where mangrove forests with a rich ecosystem of plants and animals.Over time,these forests change,with different plant species succeeding each other.Biodiversity of tree species,and abundance communities,measured growth of the forest in this region.In 2023,a comprehensive survey was conducted.Investigate the situation of woody plant species in mangrove forests in sub-regions.The methods investigate is indentified the number of survey plots have done depend on the density of the forest,Base on the width of the forest range,the number of survey plots in sub region set up from 10 to 15 plots.In total,68 plots have done established,plot is 100 square meters.Found the number of species in each ecological region and growth situation.The results of study are provided scientifically based information of the tree species composition,distribution,and community structures;this result had 16 species from 11 plant families is determined.Among these species have 6 dominant species.Main discovery is found two species grow on the best on new land were Avicennia officinalis and Avicennia alba can develope on the original new land.These adapted species can exploit food and medicinal herbs in biodiversity distribution abundance of these species.It can help Vietnam by mearsures using the species Aviecennia be discovered will promote sea reclamation faster instead of letting the natural law of sea reclamation follow.Conclusion there are 7 species in high land,11 species medium land,8 species low land 6 species lowest land,of which 2 species found that can planting in this area in target for land reclamation in this area.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077143)the Young Top-notch Talent Cultivation Program of Hubei Province,Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of the Hubei Provincial Department of Education(HPDE)(No.T2020016)the Training Fund Program for Scientific Research of Hubei University of Arts and Science(No.2020KYPYTD005)。
文摘The environmental impact of microplastic pollution has triggered the alarm of public for over 20 years.The South China Sea,situated as a marginal sea in the tropical region,is surrounded by unique blue-carbon ecosystems and densely populated provinces that produce a substantial amount of industrial plastic waste.Understanding the source-sink relationship and distribution of microplastics in rivers,nearshores,and estuaries is crucial for safeguarding the ecological integrity of estuarine environments.In this review,a comprehensive review of recent researches on the distribution and source-sink relationships of microplastics in rivers and nearshore and offshore regions in the South China Sea have been discussed.Due to atmospheric deposition and precipitation,microplastics exhibit spatial heterogeneity in terms of abundance and distribution in areas surrounding the South China Sea.The major pollution sources include river inputs,industrial wastewater discharge,aquaculture activities,and shipping operations.Anthropogenic and other biological factors such as fish ingestion and vegetation entrapment also affect the distribution and transport of microplastics.To quantify the abundance and distribution of microplastics and elucidate their transport mechanisms,it is recommended to strengthen the detection and management of microplastics in the South China Sea region,standardize sampling methods and units,establish shared databases,and explore effective governance pathways.
文摘Remote sensing and web-based platforms have emerged as vital tools in the effective monitoring of mangrove ecosystems, which are crucial for coastal protection, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. Utilizing satellite imagery and aerial data, remote sensing allows researchers to assess the health and extent of mangrove forests over large areas and time periods, providing insights into changes due to environmental stressors like climate change, urbanization, and deforestation. Coupled with web-based platforms, this technology facilitates real-time data sharing and collaborative research efforts among scientists, policymakers, and conservationists. Thus, there is a need to grow this research interest among experts working in this kind of ecosystem. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review on the effective role of remote sensing and web-based platform in monitoring mangrove ecosystem. The research paper utilized the thematic approach to extract specific information to use in the discussion which helped realize the efficiency of digital monitoring for the environment. Web-based platforms and remote sensing represent a powerful tool for environmental monitoring, particularly in the context of forest ecosystems. They facilitate the accessibility of vital data, promote collaboration among stakeholders, support evidence-based policymaking, and engage communities in conservation efforts. As experts confront the urgent challenges posed by climate change and environmental degradation, leveraging technology through web-based platforms is essential for fostering a sustainable future for the forests of the world.
文摘The coastal zone ecological restoration project has successfully restored a cumulative shoreline length of 76 km in Fanhe Harbor and Kaozhou Bay ecological restoration shoreline (mangrove forest) located in Huidong County, Huizhou City. Additionally, 5 619.5 m of artificial shoreline has been developed as part of the ecological restoration efforts. Various methods, including UAV remote sensing, orthophoto acquisition, and analysis using ArcGIS software, were employed to assess the length, width, coverage, and other relevant indicators of the newly established ecologically restored shoreline. The findings indicate that the average width, coverage, and ecosystem stability of mangrove forests in the restored area satisfy the criteria for the acceptance of ecological shoreline restoration. Furthermore, a relatively stable ecosystem has been established for over two years. This study offers a scientific foundation for the ecological restoration of mangrove forests and holds considerable significance for the conservation and utilization of mangrove forest resources.
文摘Mangrove ecosystems are celebrated as powerful carbon sinks,absorbing and storing atmospheric CO_(2) more efficiently than most terrestrial forests.However,they also release methane-a greenhouse gas far more potent than carbon dioxide.A study published in Nature Geoscience(doi:10.1038/s41561-025-01848-4)on November 14 reveals that mangrove tree stems represent a previously overlooked pathway of methane emissions,partially reducing the climate benefits of these coastal ecosystems.
基金Supported by the Project of Investigation on the Background and Quality of Representative Intertidal Sediments in China and Compilation of Atlas,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(No.2014FY210600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41807247)。
文摘The intertidal zone of mangroves has a significant impact on the ecological environment by serving as a crucial habitat for a wide range of organisms.When assessing heavy metal contamination in sediments within this zone,it is essential to establish a regional geochemical baseline that accounts for natural variations.In this study,regional geochemical baselines of heavy metals were established based on core sediment samples collected from Dongzhai Harbor in November 2015.Linear regression analysis was employed to examine the correlations between heavy metals and potential normalized elements.Subsequently,the sediment quality and intensity of pollutant input in the sediments of a mangrove intertidal zone were evaluated with enrichment factor(EF)and excessive influx of heavy metals.The EF values for Cr,Cd,Pb,Zn,and Ni in the study area were all below 1.5,indicating minimal levels of contamination;however,minor Cu contamination was observed in the high tidal flat area due to potential terrestrial inputs.These findings suggest that the overall environmental quality about heavy metals was good within the intertidal zone of mangroves.Moreover,as for the excess fluxes of heavy metals in intertidal sediments,there was consistency between influence and intervention of human activities on sedimentary environment during the selected period when examining variation trends.
基金the State University of Makassar for their financial backing of this study(SP DIPA-023.17.2.677523/2021 Revision 01).
文摘Mangrove ecosystems support biodiversity,protect coastal areas,and provide sustainable livelihoods.However,they face significant threats from deforestation and unsustainable land use practices.This study examines the viability of the payments for ecosystem services(PES)programs in promoting sustainable mangrove tourism in Tongke-Tongke Village,Sinjai District,South SulawesiProvince,Indonesia.We collected data through household surveys,semi-structured stakeholder interviews,and tourist questionnaires to evaluate the economic value of mangrove tourism and tourists’willingness to pay(WTP)for conservation.Analytical methods included quantitative descriptive analysis,thematic analysis,travel cost analysis,and contingent valuationmethod.The results indicatedstrong community support,with 70.00% of respondents acknowledging sustainable mangrove tourism’s economic,environmental,and cultural benefits.Economic estimates revealedthat mangrove tourism generated 943.00 USD/(hm^(2)·a),while tourists’WTP for conservation rangedfrom 0.21 to 0.56 USD/(person×month),contributing approximately 11.39 USD/(hm^(2)·a).Despite challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,socioeconomic disparities,and land privatization,this study advocates for integrating the PES programs,enhancing governance frameworks,and fostering local community engagement to ensure equitable benefit distribution and maximize the potential of mangrove tourism.These strategies aim to bolster conservation efforts,improve local livelihoods,and strengthen the resilience of mangroveecosystems.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42476043the Guangxi Key Research and Development Project under contract No.AB21076016+2 种基金the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of Qinzhou under contract No.202116623the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi under contract No.2021GXNSFAA075013the China College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project under contract No.S202411607002。
文摘Mangrove forests are critical ecosystems for carbon sequestration,effectively capturing atmospheric carbon and permanently storing soil organic carbon(SOC)in coastal wetlands.Recent restoration and afforestation initiatives have been undertaken to mitigate the rising atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations along tropical ocean coasts worldwide.The expansion of mangrove forests has garnered significant attention for elucidating their contributions to the permanent storage of carbon in both surface and subsoil layers.In this study,we investigated a recently expanding mangrove forest in the Beilun River Estuary of Guangxi Province,focusing on the abundance and sources of organic carbon(OC)in surface sediments.We also analyzed sediment grain size distribution,SOC,total nitrogen(TN)content,and stable carbon isotope composition(δ^(13)C).Additionally,we determined the molar ratio of SOC to nitrogen(C/N).The SOC content ranged from 0.25%to 6.58%,the C/N ratio varied from 9.85 to 17.73,δ^(13)C values spanned from-29.58‰to-24.93‰,andδ^(15)N values ranged from 3.10‰to 7.36‰.A strong correlation was observed between SOC and TN content.However,particle size did not significantly influence these relationships.In terms of SOC sources in the sediments,contributions from mangrove,terrestrial,and marine sources accounted for 37.1%to 99.5%,0.5%to 47.4%,and 0%to 17.6%,respectively.The findings of this study provide essential insights for evaluating and managing carbon sinks within the mangrove ecosystems of the Beibu Gulf region,contributing to more effective carbon management strategies in coastal areas.
文摘The species composition and characteristics of mangrove flora in the world were reviewed and discussed. The results suggested that the world's mangrove plants have 84 species (including 12 varieties) in 24 genera and 16 families. Of which, true mangrove plants have 70 species (including 12 varieties) in 16 genera and 11 families, and semi-mangrove plants 14 species in eight genera and five families. The Eastern Group has 74 species (including 12 varieties) in 18 genera and 14 families, characterized by the genera Aegiceras, Osbornia, Aegialitis, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Scyphiphora and Nypa etc. The Western Group has only 10 species in six genera and five families, characterized by the endemic one-species family, Pelliceraceae, and the genus Laguncularia. The mangrove flora of China is composed of 26 species (including one variety) in 15 genera and 12 families, four of which are endemic. Hainan is most rich in mangrove species, making up about 96.2% of the Chinese total; Guangdong ranks second, making up about 42.3%. It has been demonstrated that Rhizophora stylosa was mistaken for R. mucronata in Taiwan by previous authors.
文摘An unusual diterpenoid excoagallochaol A （1）, together with epi-β-amyrin （2）, epitaraxerol （3）, epi-a-amyrin （4）, epilupeol （5）, betulin （6）, betulinic acid （7）, lupenone （8）, betulone （9）, betulonic acid （10）, （9Z,12Z,15Z）-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecatrienoate （11）, and （9Z,12Z）-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecadienoate （12）were isolated from the stems of Excoecaria agallocha L. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute stereochemistry of 1 was assigned using Mosher method. Compounds 4, 8, 10-12 were isolated from the genus Excoecaria for the first time.
文摘The characteristics of macrofauna communities in three mangrove assemblages [Avicennia marina＋Acgiceras corniculatum （MC）community, A.corniculatum （C） community and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza＋A.corniculatum （GC） community] were studied in Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserves during 2005 and 2006. Of the three mangrove assemblages, the macrofauna species number, density, biomass, Richness index and Shannon-Wiener index were the highest, and the Simpson dominance index was medial at MC community. However the Pielou Evenness index of MC community was slightly lower than that at C community. At C community, the number of macrofauna species obviously reduced, especially infaunal, caving and adhering life forms, and the biomass and density were the lowest. Because of the even distribution of individuals of different species, the Simpson dominance index was the lowest and the evenness index was the highest. Although the Richness index at C community was slightly lower than that at MC community, the Shannon-Wiener index was near to that at MC community. At GC community, the number of macrofauna species, especially infaunal and caving life forms, continued to decrease comparing C community, but the biomass and density increased slightly. As the distribution of individuals of different species was uneven, the Simpson dominance index was the highest and the Pielou Evenness index was the lowest. Furthermore, the Richness index dropped to the lowest. The Shannon-Wiener index also dropped accordingly to the lowest. The dominant life forms of MC were infaunal and caving, while those of C and GC community were both caving. The ratio of the GS/GSB of macrofauna communities in the three mangrove assemblages were 0.48, 0.63 and 0.80, respectively. The community structures at the same mangrove assemblages were all quite similar, with those at GC community being most similar. However, there were obvious differences among the community structures at the three different mangrove assemblages. These results implied that the different mangrove assemblages had different affects on the macrofauna communities and shed light on the macrofauna adaptation capability to specific habitats.
文摘Leizhou Peninsula, located at southem end of mailand China, has 9 284.3 ha mangrove distributed more than 100 sites along its inlets and open coastlines. This paper presents the surveys on mangrove area in Leizhou Peninsula during 2000 and 2008, especially the survey in the eight major mangrove areas in 2002. The flora recorded in mangrove systems includes 69 large algea species, 13 native true mangrove species, nine native semi-mangrove species, and another seven intoduced true mangrove species with Sonneratia apetala as the quickest growing exotic mangrove species dominatant in the mangrove plantations, and more than 100 land flora species, consisting of 17 main mangrove associations. The plant biodiversity habitats remained mainly small patches and diverse, and were becoming worse under the intensive disturbance of human acitivities and coastal pollutions, which decreased the value of mangrove coasts as the important sites for flying-by migrating birds in Leizhou Peninsula. The effective mangrove conservation measures should be implemented.
