International Environmental Agreements （IEAs） are a form of cooperation ratified by countries which can improve the management of shared environmental resources. The authors analyze the stability of International Ea...International Environmental Agreements （IEAs） are a form of cooperation ratified by countries which can improve the management of shared environmental resources. The authors analyze the stability of International Eavironmental Agreements in leadership model. In 2006, Diamantoudi ＆ Sartzetakis found that a stable coalition consists of either 2, 3, or 4 members if the number of countries is greater than 4. Their model is reconsidered. It is shown that the size of stable IEAs decreases from 3 to 2 when the total number of countries involved increases. However, a situation that can guarantee 4 to be the size of stable IEAs could not be found.展开更多
It is an undeniable fact that the success or the failure of any given society or community of human beings depends largely on who controls the affairs of that group.A leader without a clear vision and setting objectiv...It is an undeniable fact that the success or the failure of any given society or community of human beings depends largely on who controls the affairs of that group.A leader without a clear vision and setting objectives simply drags the group being led into turmoil,while a good leadership paves the way to upward movement of a group of human beings under such a leadership.Searching for a model of good leadership becomes then a serious need in any human society since success is desired by everybody.This study has therefore searched for a recommendable or model of good leadership in the light of Exodus 18:12-27 and African culture.The biblical text was studied as a narrative peace dealing with the change of leadership style by Moses,the ancient leader of the Israelites.He changed from the sole-actor style of leadership to a collaborative and democratic type due to the good advice given to him by Jethro,his father-in-law.This type,in which there was decentralisation of leadership authority,was found to be beneficial to all involved,because the work of the leader(Moses)was made lighter and the led got quicker services.African concepts of leadership were also studied,and it was found out that the African/Igbo democratic style is highly recommendable because it is caring;it has good“listening ears”and excludes dictatorship,without degenerating to the laissez-faire type of leadership.Of the various types of leadership styles examined,the democratic,collaborative type ranks first as recommendable.The Jesus-model of leadership as entailing love and service rather than exploitation,as well as the transparency model of leadership offered by St.Paul in the NT,present themselves as models of good leadership.A good leader serves the interest of the group under his/her charge and not his or her selfish and nepotistic interest.展开更多
Swarm Intelligence (SI) is a collective behavior that emerges from interaction between individuals in a group. Typical SI includes fish schooling, ant foraging, bird migration, and so on. A great deal of models have b...Swarm Intelligence (SI) is a collective behavior that emerges from interaction between individuals in a group. Typical SI includes fish schooling, ant foraging, bird migration, and so on. A great deal of models have been introduced to characterize the mechanism of SI. This article reviews several typical models and classifies them into four categories: self-driven particle models, with Boids model as the primary example;pheromone communication models, including the ant colony pheromone model which serves as the foundation for ant colony optimization;leadership decision models, utilizing the hierarchical dynamics model of pigeon flock as a prime instance;empirical research models, which employ the topological rule model of starling flock as a classic model. On this basis, each type of model is elaborated upon in terms of its typical model overview, applications, and model evaluation. More specifically, multi-agent swarm control, path optimization and obstacle avoidance, formation and consensus control, trajectory tracking in the dense crowd and social networks analysis are surveyed in the application of each category, respectively. Furthermore, the more precise and effective modeling techniques for leadership decision and empirical research models are described. Limitations and potential directions for further exploration in the study of SI are presented.展开更多
基金The research is supported by Centre interuniversitaire de RECHERCHE en economie quantitative (CIREQ).
文摘International Environmental Agreements （IEAs） are a form of cooperation ratified by countries which can improve the management of shared environmental resources. The authors analyze the stability of International Eavironmental Agreements in leadership model. In 2006, Diamantoudi ＆ Sartzetakis found that a stable coalition consists of either 2, 3, or 4 members if the number of countries is greater than 4. Their model is reconsidered. It is shown that the size of stable IEAs decreases from 3 to 2 when the total number of countries involved increases. However, a situation that can guarantee 4 to be the size of stable IEAs could not be found.
文摘It is an undeniable fact that the success or the failure of any given society or community of human beings depends largely on who controls the affairs of that group.A leader without a clear vision and setting objectives simply drags the group being led into turmoil,while a good leadership paves the way to upward movement of a group of human beings under such a leadership.Searching for a model of good leadership becomes then a serious need in any human society since success is desired by everybody.This study has therefore searched for a recommendable or model of good leadership in the light of Exodus 18:12-27 and African culture.The biblical text was studied as a narrative peace dealing with the change of leadership style by Moses,the ancient leader of the Israelites.He changed from the sole-actor style of leadership to a collaborative and democratic type due to the good advice given to him by Jethro,his father-in-law.This type,in which there was decentralisation of leadership authority,was found to be beneficial to all involved,because the work of the leader(Moses)was made lighter and the led got quicker services.African concepts of leadership were also studied,and it was found out that the African/Igbo democratic style is highly recommendable because it is caring;it has good“listening ears”and excludes dictatorship,without degenerating to the laissez-faire type of leadership.Of the various types of leadership styles examined,the democratic,collaborative type ranks first as recommendable.The Jesus-model of leadership as entailing love and service rather than exploitation,as well as the transparency model of leadership offered by St.Paul in the NT,present themselves as models of good leadership.A good leader serves the interest of the group under his/her charge and not his or her selfish and nepotistic interest.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61873017)the Academic Excellence Foundation of Beihang University for PhD Students,China.
文摘Swarm Intelligence (SI) is a collective behavior that emerges from interaction between individuals in a group. Typical SI includes fish schooling, ant foraging, bird migration, and so on. A great deal of models have been introduced to characterize the mechanism of SI. This article reviews several typical models and classifies them into four categories: self-driven particle models, with Boids model as the primary example;pheromone communication models, including the ant colony pheromone model which serves as the foundation for ant colony optimization;leadership decision models, utilizing the hierarchical dynamics model of pigeon flock as a prime instance;empirical research models, which employ the topological rule model of starling flock as a classic model. On this basis, each type of model is elaborated upon in terms of its typical model overview, applications, and model evaluation. More specifically, multi-agent swarm control, path optimization and obstacle avoidance, formation and consensus control, trajectory tracking in the dense crowd and social networks analysis are surveyed in the application of each category, respectively. Furthermore, the more precise and effective modeling techniques for leadership decision and empirical research models are described. Limitations and potential directions for further exploration in the study of SI are presented.
