In this paper, 3 mm 6061 aluminum alloy sheets were welded by laser MIG hybrid welding. Based on the experiment, the best welding parameters were determined to ensure the penetration welding. The detailed microstructu...In this paper, 3 mm 6061 aluminum alloy sheets were welded by laser MIG hybrid welding. Based on the experiment, the best welding parameters were determined to ensure the penetration welding. The detailed microstructure,tensile and fatigue fracture morphology and surface fatigue damage of the welded joints were analyzed by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). The results show that there are two main kinds of precipitates, one is the long Si rich precipitates at the grain boundaries, the other is the intragranular Cu rich precipitates. The tensile test results show that the tensile strength of the joint is 224 MPa, which is only 70.2% of the base metal. Through the analysis of tensile fracture, there are great differences in the formation of tensile dimple. In the tensile-tensile fatigue test with a stress rate of 0.1, the conditional fatigue limits of base metal and welded joint are 101.9 MPa and 54.4 MPa, respectively. By comparing the fatigue fracture of the welded joints under different stress amplitudes, it was found that the main factor leading to the fracture of the joint is porosity. Through further analysis of the pore defects, it was found that there are transgranular and intergranular propagation ways of microcracks in the pores, and the mixed propagation way was also found.展开更多
The effect of fiber laser on MIG arc was investigated with 8 mm 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy as base material.The arc shape,droplet transfer form and electrical signal in the process of MIG welding and laser-M...The effect of fiber laser on MIG arc was investigated with 8 mm 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy as base material.The arc shape,droplet transfer form and electrical signal in the process of MIG welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding were analyzed.The stability of the hybrid welding process was evaluated by standard deviation analysis.The results show that with the increase of laser power,a large number of laser-induced plasma enters the arc column area,providing more conductive channels,which makes the heat of MIG arc more concentrated and the short circuit transition disappear.Due to the continuous effect of laser,the keyhole becomes a continuous electron emission source,and a stable cathode spot will be formed near the keyhole,which enhances the stability of MIG arc at the base current state.By using the method of standard deviation analysis,the voltage standard deviation of single MIG welding arc and laser-MIG hybrid arc within 4 seconds was calculated.The standard deviation of single MIG arc voltage was 1.05,and the standard deviation of MIG arc voltage in laser-MIG hybrid welding was 0.71–0.86,so the hybrid welding process was more stable.展开更多
Composites are widely applied to the manufacturing of aircraft in aviation. Forming of large-scale composite component in aircraft requires the corresponding mold with precise size. The laser-MIG hybrid welding has a ...Composites are widely applied to the manufacturing of aircraft in aviation. Forming of large-scale composite component in aircraft requires the corresponding mold with precise size. The laser-MIG hybrid welding has a significant advantage in the manufacturing of Invar mold for aircraft composites. This paper mainly introduces the application of the laser-MIG hybrid welding,and the distribution of thermal field and flow field on the Invar alloy laser-MIG hybrid three-layer welding is analyzed and discussed specifically.展开更多
LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment.Welding is carried out by using the CO_(2)laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in fiat position.The experimental results indicate that the inh...LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment.Welding is carried out by using the CO_(2)laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in fiat position.The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO_(2)laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding.Because of the preheating action of CO_(2)laser to electrode and base material,the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process.When laser power is increased to a certain degree,the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole.Furthermore,through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process,the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.展开更多
The technology of laser-MIG hybrid welding is hotspot in welding researched field at present.It can improve the velocity of the welding,reduce the distortion of the welding,optimize the structure of the welding joint ...The technology of laser-MIG hybrid welding is hotspot in welding researched field at present.It can improve the velocity of the welding,reduce the distortion of the welding,optimize the structure of the welding joint and etc..The 5052 aluminum alloy of the 10mm thick was welded by the laser-MIG hybrid welding.The structure,the alloy elements profile and the mechanical property of the welded joint are researched by the optical microscope,SEM,sclerometer and etc..The results showed:The medium thick Al alloy was welded in high speed by the laser-MIG hybrid welding.The appearance of the welding joint is well.The weld joint and the weld interface are fine.The intenerate region in the welding joint is small.The tensile strength in welding joint has achieved 94.4%of that in base metal.展开更多
Laser-MIG hybrid welding experiments of 7 mm thick Invar alloy are carried out.The macro appearance of joints is observed and the influence of arc energy on the cross-section morphology is analyzed.The distribution of...Laser-MIG hybrid welding experiments of 7 mm thick Invar alloy are carried out.The macro appearance of joints is observed and the influence of arc energy on the cross-section morphology is analyzed.The distribution of temperature field is simulated to explain the relationship between heat effect and microstructure.Besides,the average grain size of weld under different arc energies is quantitatively studied.The results indicate that welded joints with uniformity and good formation are obtained.The weld width and the weld seam area increase and the depth to width ratio decreases with the increase of arc heat input.The transition of columnar crystals to equiaxed crystals is observed from the fusion line to the weld center.It is found that the higher the arc energy,the coarser the columnar crystal.展开更多
A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary iaser-MlG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter...A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary iaser-MlG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter, moreover, typical phenomena of MIG welding, such as filler droplets impinging weld pool, electromagnetic force in the weld pool, and typical phenomena of laser beam welding, such as recoil pressure, Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption, Fresnel absorption were all considered in the model. The laser beam and arc couple effect were introduced into this model by the plasma width during hybrid welding. The role of recoil pressure in the weld formation was discussed. Transient weld pool shape and complicated liquid metal velocity distribution from two kinds weld pool to an unified weld pool were calculated. The simulated weld bead geometry with consideration recoil pressure was in good agreement with experimental measurement.展开更多
Laser-MIG hybrid welding process was dealt with 6 mm thick 5083Hl16 Al-Mg alloy plate in butt-joint configuration. Weld formation principle during hybrid welding was explained. The joint properties and microstructure ...Laser-MIG hybrid welding process was dealt with 6 mm thick 5083Hl16 Al-Mg alloy plate in butt-joint configuration. Weld formation principle during hybrid welding was explained. The joint properties and microstructure characteristics of welded joints were analyzed by tensile tests, fractographs observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Higher heat input could obtain better mechanical properties, and tensile strength and elongation reached 97.2%, 81% of the base metal, respectively. Fracture position traasited from fusion line to weld center in the higher heat input, and fracture location were only in the center of welded joints for the heat input relatively small.展开更多
Purpose–This study aims to solve the problem of weld quality inspection,for the aluminum alloy profile welding structure of high-speed train body has complex internal shape and thin plate thickness(2–4 mm),the conve...Purpose–This study aims to solve the problem of weld quality inspection,for the aluminum alloy profile welding structure of high-speed train body has complex internal shape and thin plate thickness(2–4 mm),the conventional nondestructive testing method of weld quality is difficult to implement.Design/methodology/approach–In order to solve this problem,the ultrasonic creeping wave detection technology was proposed.The impact of the profile structure on the creeping wave detection was studied by designing profile structural test blocks and artificial simulation defect test blocks.The detection technology was used to test the actual welded test blocks,and compared with the results of X-ray test and destructive test(tensile test)to verify the accuracy of the ultrasonic creeping wave test results.Findings–It is indicated that that X-ray has better effect on the inspection of porosities and incomplete penetration defects.However,due to special detection method and protection,the detection speed is slow,which cannot meet the requirements of field inspection of the welding structure of aluminum alloy thin-walled profile for high-speed train body.It can be used as an auxiliary detection method for a small number of sampling inspection.The ultrasonic creeping wave can be used to detect the incomplete penetration welds with the equivalent of 0.25 mm or more,the results of creeping wave detection correspond well with the actual incomplete penetration defects.Originality/value–The results show that creeping wave detection results correspond well with the actual non-penetration defects and can be used for welding quality inspection of aluminum alloy thin-wall profile composite welding joints.It is recommended to use the echo amplitude of the 10 mm 30.2 mm 30.5 mm notch as the criterion for weld qualification.展开更多
In this study,the test subjects included the aluminum alloys 2A14 and 5A06,as well as the welding wires ER2319 and ER5356,single laser welding,laser welding with filler wire,laser metal inert gas(laser-MIG)hybrid weld...In this study,the test subjects included the aluminum alloys 2A14 and 5A06,as well as the welding wires ER2319 and ER5356,single laser welding,laser welding with filler wire,laser metal inert gas(laser-MIG)hybrid welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding with filler wire were carried out respectively to research the influence of aluminum alloy base material and welding wire on weld forming charac-teristics.The results show that:under the same test conditions,the penetration of the base material 5A06 is greater than that of 2A14,the maximum is about 51.3%,and the penetration filling ER5356 is greater than that of ER2319,the maximum is about 32.2%;for 2A14 alu-minum alloy,the penetration is basically unchanged after filling with ER5356,and there is a relatively large decrease after filling ER2319,the maximum is about 21.2%;for 5A06 aluminum alloy,the penetration decreases after filling both kinds of welding wire,the penetration achieved with filler wire ER2319 is lower than that of ER5356.At the same time,through the process of laser absorption in different metal materials,it was found that the differences in material composition led to different laser absorption rates,resulting in different energy utiliza-tion,which is an important reason for the correlation between aluminum alloy materials and laser-MIG hybrid welding with filler wire.展开更多
基金Project(51971129) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(19ZR1421200) supported by the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation,China。
文摘In this paper, 3 mm 6061 aluminum alloy sheets were welded by laser MIG hybrid welding. Based on the experiment, the best welding parameters were determined to ensure the penetration welding. The detailed microstructure,tensile and fatigue fracture morphology and surface fatigue damage of the welded joints were analyzed by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). The results show that there are two main kinds of precipitates, one is the long Si rich precipitates at the grain boundaries, the other is the intragranular Cu rich precipitates. The tensile test results show that the tensile strength of the joint is 224 MPa, which is only 70.2% of the base metal. Through the analysis of tensile fracture, there are great differences in the formation of tensile dimple. In the tensile-tensile fatigue test with a stress rate of 0.1, the conditional fatigue limits of base metal and welded joint are 101.9 MPa and 54.4 MPa, respectively. By comparing the fatigue fracture of the welded joints under different stress amplitudes, it was found that the main factor leading to the fracture of the joint is porosity. Through further analysis of the pore defects, it was found that there are transgranular and intergranular propagation ways of microcracks in the pores, and the mixed propagation way was also found.
基金supported by Science and Technology Programs of Inner Mongolia(2020GG0301).
文摘The effect of fiber laser on MIG arc was investigated with 8 mm 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy as base material.The arc shape,droplet transfer form and electrical signal in the process of MIG welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding were analyzed.The stability of the hybrid welding process was evaluated by standard deviation analysis.The results show that with the increase of laser power,a large number of laser-induced plasma enters the arc column area,providing more conductive channels,which makes the heat of MIG arc more concentrated and the short circuit transition disappear.Due to the continuous effect of laser,the keyhole becomes a continuous electron emission source,and a stable cathode spot will be formed near the keyhole,which enhances the stability of MIG arc at the base current state.By using the method of standard deviation analysis,the voltage standard deviation of single MIG welding arc and laser-MIG hybrid arc within 4 seconds was calculated.The standard deviation of single MIG arc voltage was 1.05,and the standard deviation of MIG arc voltage in laser-MIG hybrid welding was 0.71–0.86,so the hybrid welding process was more stable.
基金supported by Shanghai Municipal Commission of Economy and Informatization(Grant No.15XI-1-15)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.PAPD)
文摘Composites are widely applied to the manufacturing of aircraft in aviation. Forming of large-scale composite component in aircraft requires the corresponding mold with precise size. The laser-MIG hybrid welding has a significant advantage in the manufacturing of Invar mold for aircraft composites. This paper mainly introduces the application of the laser-MIG hybrid welding,and the distribution of thermal field and flow field on the Invar alloy laser-MIG hybrid three-layer welding is analyzed and discussed specifically.
文摘LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment.Welding is carried out by using the CO_(2)laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in fiat position.The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO_(2)laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding.Because of the preheating action of CO_(2)laser to electrode and base material,the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process.When laser power is increased to a certain degree,the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole.Furthermore,through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process,the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.
文摘The technology of laser-MIG hybrid welding is hotspot in welding researched field at present.It can improve the velocity of the welding,reduce the distortion of the welding,optimize the structure of the welding joint and etc..The 5052 aluminum alloy of the 10mm thick was welded by the laser-MIG hybrid welding.The structure,the alloy elements profile and the mechanical property of the welded joint are researched by the optical microscope,SEM,sclerometer and etc..The results showed:The medium thick Al alloy was welded in high speed by the laser-MIG hybrid welding.The appearance of the welding joint is well.The weld joint and the weld interface are fine.The intenerate region in the welding joint is small.The tensile strength in welding joint has achieved 94.4%of that in base metal.
文摘Laser-MIG hybrid welding experiments of 7 mm thick Invar alloy are carried out.The macro appearance of joints is observed and the influence of arc energy on the cross-section morphology is analyzed.The distribution of temperature field is simulated to explain the relationship between heat effect and microstructure.Besides,the average grain size of weld under different arc energies is quantitatively studied.The results indicate that welded joints with uniformity and good formation are obtained.The weld width and the weld seam area increase and the depth to width ratio decreases with the increase of arc heat input.The transition of columnar crystals to equiaxed crystals is observed from the fusion line to the weld center.It is found that the higher the arc energy,the coarser the columnar crystal.
文摘A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary iaser-MlG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter, moreover, typical phenomena of MIG welding, such as filler droplets impinging weld pool, electromagnetic force in the weld pool, and typical phenomena of laser beam welding, such as recoil pressure, Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption, Fresnel absorption were all considered in the model. The laser beam and arc couple effect were introduced into this model by the plasma width during hybrid welding. The role of recoil pressure in the weld formation was discussed. Transient weld pool shape and complicated liquid metal velocity distribution from two kinds weld pool to an unified weld pool were calculated. The simulated weld bead geometry with consideration recoil pressure was in good agreement with experimental measurement.
文摘Laser-MIG hybrid welding process was dealt with 6 mm thick 5083Hl16 Al-Mg alloy plate in butt-joint configuration. Weld formation principle during hybrid welding was explained. The joint properties and microstructure characteristics of welded joints were analyzed by tensile tests, fractographs observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Higher heat input could obtain better mechanical properties, and tensile strength and elongation reached 97.2%, 81% of the base metal, respectively. Fracture position traasited from fusion line to weld center in the higher heat input, and fracture location were only in the center of welded joints for the heat input relatively small.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705470).
文摘Purpose–This study aims to solve the problem of weld quality inspection,for the aluminum alloy profile welding structure of high-speed train body has complex internal shape and thin plate thickness(2–4 mm),the conventional nondestructive testing method of weld quality is difficult to implement.Design/methodology/approach–In order to solve this problem,the ultrasonic creeping wave detection technology was proposed.The impact of the profile structure on the creeping wave detection was studied by designing profile structural test blocks and artificial simulation defect test blocks.The detection technology was used to test the actual welded test blocks,and compared with the results of X-ray test and destructive test(tensile test)to verify the accuracy of the ultrasonic creeping wave test results.Findings–It is indicated that that X-ray has better effect on the inspection of porosities and incomplete penetration defects.However,due to special detection method and protection,the detection speed is slow,which cannot meet the requirements of field inspection of the welding structure of aluminum alloy thin-walled profile for high-speed train body.It can be used as an auxiliary detection method for a small number of sampling inspection.The ultrasonic creeping wave can be used to detect the incomplete penetration welds with the equivalent of 0.25 mm or more,the results of creeping wave detection correspond well with the actual incomplete penetration defects.Originality/value–The results show that creeping wave detection results correspond well with the actual non-penetration defects and can be used for welding quality inspection of aluminum alloy thin-wall profile composite welding joints.It is recommended to use the echo amplitude of the 10 mm 30.2 mm 30.5 mm notch as the criterion for weld qualification.
基金supported by the Henan Science and Technology Plan Joint Fund Project(Key Project)(203ZP20230007).
文摘In this study,the test subjects included the aluminum alloys 2A14 and 5A06,as well as the welding wires ER2319 and ER5356,single laser welding,laser welding with filler wire,laser metal inert gas(laser-MIG)hybrid welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding with filler wire were carried out respectively to research the influence of aluminum alloy base material and welding wire on weld forming charac-teristics.The results show that:under the same test conditions,the penetration of the base material 5A06 is greater than that of 2A14,the maximum is about 51.3%,and the penetration filling ER5356 is greater than that of ER2319,the maximum is about 32.2%;for 2A14 alu-minum alloy,the penetration is basically unchanged after filling with ER5356,and there is a relatively large decrease after filling ER2319,the maximum is about 21.2%;for 5A06 aluminum alloy,the penetration decreases after filling both kinds of welding wire,the penetration achieved with filler wire ER2319 is lower than that of ER5356.At the same time,through the process of laser absorption in different metal materials,it was found that the differences in material composition led to different laser absorption rates,resulting in different energy utiliza-tion,which is an important reason for the correlation between aluminum alloy materials and laser-MIG hybrid welding with filler wire.
