This article details a public acupuncture demonstration that took place on May 9,1972,in San Francisco,California.It was conducted by two traditional Chinese medicine doctors Pien Bae Chi(卞伯岐)and Leung Kok Yuen(梁...This article details a public acupuncture demonstration that took place on May 9,1972,in San Francisco,California.It was conducted by two traditional Chinese medicine doctors Pien Bae Chi(卞伯岐)and Leung Kok Yuen(梁觉玄),and was observed by 500 American medical doctors.This was an important public acupuncture demonstration in the early history of acupunccture in the United States(US).It directly promoted the passage of the first acupuncture bill by California government and had a significant impact on the legalization of acupuncture in California.展开更多
Standard cell placement algorithms have been at the forefront of academic research concerning the physical design stages of VLSI design flows. The penultimate step of a standard cell placement procedure is legalizatio...Standard cell placement algorithms have been at the forefront of academic research concerning the physical design stages of VLSI design flows. The penultimate step of a standard cell placement procedure is legalization. In this step the manufacturability of the design is directly settled, and the quality of the solution, in terms of wirelength, congestion, timing and power consumption is indirectly defined. Since the heavy lifting regarding processing is performed by global placers, fast legalization solutions are protruded in state-of-the-art design flows. In this paper we propose and evaluate a legalization scheme that surpasses in execution speed two of the most widely used legalizers, without not only corrupting the quality of the final solution in terms of interconnection wirelength but improving it in the process.展开更多
Since its founding in 1952,the ChinaCouncil for the Promotion ofInternational Trade(CCPIT) has beenengaged,as a commercial chamber,in issuingand certifying/legalizing foreign-relateddocuments.Over the past forty years...Since its founding in 1952,the ChinaCouncil for the Promotion ofInternational Trade(CCPIT) has beenengaged,as a commercial chamber,in issuingand certifying/legalizing foreign-relateddocuments.Over the past forty years,theCCPIT has gained a high internationalreputation for its fairness and authority inissuing and certifying/legalizing documentsused in export and import,such as documentsfor customs clearance,the settlement ofexchange and licensing,and certificates oforigin,certificates of contractual liabilitiesand certificates of force majeure.展开更多
A market economy requires the individual rights of citizens be protected, and that the exercising of those rights be regulated, whose realization depends on the legalization of human rights protection On the one hand...A market economy requires the individual rights of citizens be protected, and that the exercising of those rights be regulated, whose realization depends on the legalization of human rights protection On the one hand, individual rights must be protected by law On the other hand, a law-based society needs to be built so the boundaries of individual rights are clear, the exercising of those rights are regulated, conflicts between rights can be resolved through the courts, and the personal infringement of others’ rights and the overall interests of the society is prohibited by law During the 40 years of China’s ref orm and opening-up in China, the promotion of the legal protection of human rights mainly lies in three aspects: first, the important role of the rule of law plays in protecting human rights has been clarified; second, the four steps of the rule of law(scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, judicial justice and observance of the law by all Chinese citizens) have been strengthened to safeguard human rights fully and effectively; third, the Chinese human rights system under the rule of law has gradually been aligned with international norms.展开更多
It＇s necessary to legalize political participation in contemporary China because of its value in protecting human rights in terms of function and value. That is, the legalization of political participation aims to pr...It＇s necessary to legalize political participation in contemporary China because of its value in protecting human rights in terms of function and value. That is, the legalization of political participation aims to promote human rights protec- tion. What＇s more, the legalization of political participation in contemporary China and the maturity of the pro- motion of interest coordination and the rule of law, also show the great development of democracy and politi- cal stability in China.展开更多
In early June, Thailand officially decriminalized the growing of marijuana and its consumption for medical and legal purposes, a first for Asia which has been known for the strictest anti-drug laws in the world. The g...In early June, Thailand officially decriminalized the growing of marijuana and its consumption for medical and legal purposes, a first for Asia which has been known for the strictest anti-drug laws in the world. The government hopes the move will help boost the economy,but health and social concerns have already emerged in the region.展开更多
This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical...This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical-legal analysis of key legislation,policies,and judicial interpretations,the research demonstrates how colonial border regulations-primarily designed for imperial control-have been selectively preserved,modified,or replaced to serve post-independence imperatives.Findings reveal that 62%of colonial border management mechanisms persisted verbatim in post-colonial legislation,while regional variations created overlapping“legal border zones”with differential adaptation rates.The study identifies a significant shift from administrative boundaries toward securitized frontiers,with a 217%increase in religious and ethnic identifiers in post-1947 border legislation.This legal evolution reflects broader tensions between decolonization aspirations and inherited governance structures,creating what Cons(2016)terms“sensitive spaces”where exceptional legal regimes continue to operate.The research contributes to understanding how post-colonial states navigate the paradox of maintaining sovereignty through legal instruments originally designed for imperial control,with implications for borderland populations who experience persistent“legal liminality”despite constitutional protections.展开更多
As legal cases grow in complexity and volume worldwide,integrating machine learning and artificial intelligence into judicial systems has become a pivotal research focus.This study introduces a comprehensive framework...As legal cases grow in complexity and volume worldwide,integrating machine learning and artificial intelligence into judicial systems has become a pivotal research focus.This study introduces a comprehensive framework for verdict recommendation that synergizes rule-based methods with deep learning techniques specifically tailored to the legal domain.The proposed framework comprises three core modules:legal feature extraction,semantic similarity assessment,and verdict recommendation.For legal feature extraction,a rule-based approach leverages Black’s Law Dictionary and WordNet Synsets to construct feature vectors from judicial texts.Semantic similarity between cases is evaluated using a hybrid method that combines rule-based logic with an LSTM model,analyzing the feature vectors of query cases against a legal knowledge base.Verdicts are then recommended through a rule-based retrieval system,enhanced by predefined legal statutes and regulations.By merging rule-based methodologies with deep learning,this framework addresses the interpretability challenges often associated with contemporary AImodels,thereby enhancing both transparency and generalizability across diverse legal contexts.The system was rigorously tested using a legal corpus of 43,000 case laws across six categories:Criminal,Revenue,Service,Corporate,Constitutional,and Civil law,ensuring its adaptability across a wide range of judicial scenarios.Performance evaluation showed that the feature extraction module achieved an average accuracy of 91.6%with an F-Score of 95%.The semantic similarity module,tested using Manhattan,Euclidean,and Cosine distance metrics,achieved 88%accuracy and a 93%F-Score for short queries(Manhattan),89%accuracy and a 93.7%F-Score for medium-length queries(Euclidean),and 87%accuracy with a 92.5%F-Score for longer queries(Cosine).The verdict recommendation module outperformed existing methods,achieving 90%accuracy and a 93.75%F-Score.This study highlights the potential of hybrid AI frameworks to improve judicial decision-making and streamline legal processes,offering a robust,interpretable,and adaptable solution for the evolving demands of modern legal systems.展开更多
Physical restraint is one of the most controversial methods in managing aggressive behaviors and maintaining patients' safety. This manuscript purposed to convince stockholders and policymakers of the negative imp...Physical restraint is one of the most controversial methods in managing aggressive behaviors and maintaining patients' safety. This manuscript purposed to convince stockholders and policymakers of the negative impact of physical restraint on patients' psychological and physical health. The current authors review the ethical and legal underpinnings of the opponents' and proponents' views. On one hand, there is a clear violation of the main principles of the code of ethics. Autonomy and justice;as the patients are tied against their will and without obtaining their consent, non-maleficent;as physical restraints are reported in many cases of physical and psychological traumas, thus many agencies prohibited the use of physical restraints as a safety method to be replaced with other deescalating techniques. On the other hand, physical restraints are a precious method in controlling aggressive behaviors and maintaining patients' safety, which is the selective beneficence in providing patient care. Also, most of the same agencies who prohibited the use of restraints, agreed the use of physical restraint as the last resor t.Summary statement What is already known about this topic?· Currently, physical restraint is used as the first accessible method to manage patients' behaviors, without considering the negative aura that surrounds the way of treatment. The usage of physical restraint has gone beyond the purpose of maintaining patient safety and managing aggressive behaviors to be a punishment method.· The Ethical and Legal context of using physical restraints is still vague and needs more clarification.What does this paper add?· This manuscript illustrates the Ethical and Legal points of view of the opponents and proponents of using physical restraints.· The current manuscript clearly justifies the authors' point of view to oppose physical restraints usage and how physical restraints violate the core principles of the code of ethics. In addition, it illustrates the legal agencies that suppor t/oppose the usage of physical restraint and the rationale beyond that position.· This manuscript provides alternatives to manage patients' aggressive behaviors and other ways to protect patients' safety as well as patient's dignity and code of ethics.The implications of this paper This argumentative essay provides an accessible, relevant exploration of public health policy, and its impact on nursing practice, mental health services, and patient health. Moreover, it provides a forum for mental health services to evaluate the current implications of physical restraints. The manuscript creates a paradigm for future studies and projects on physical restraints usage.展开更多
The application of legal texts in the context of digital television is a process that relies on several normative instruments,ranging from international treaties,such as those of the ITU(International Telecommunicatio...The application of legal texts in the context of digital television is a process that relies on several normative instruments,ranging from international treaties,such as those of the ITU(International Telecommunications Union),to national regulations defining the obligations of audiovisual operators and the modalities of consumer support.Many countries have introduced specific laws and regulations to organize the gradual switch-off of analog broadcasting and encourage the adoption of new digital standards.Consequently,the digitization of Guinea’s broadcasting network cannot be carried out without taking into account the legal framework:allocation of resources and broadcasting players.Analog and digital broadcasting,according to regulatory texts,shows the relationships between the different communication management structures.As for digital broadcasting,we note the appearance of a new service,multiplex.展开更多
The application of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)in the judicial domain represents an innovative approach to achieving digital justice.GAI’s functionalities are primarily exhibited in the enhancement of judi...The application of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)in the judicial domain represents an innovative approach to achieving digital justice.GAI’s functionalities are primarily exhibited in the enhancement of judicial efficiency,improving the accuracy and fairness of adjudications,promoting the uniform application of the law,and enhancing transparency and engagement in judicial processes.However,these advancements are accompanied by potential risks and challenges in technology,adjudication,and ethics.It is thus essential to strengthen privacy protection during the processing and transmission of data,ensure data security and confidentiality,and establish and refine clear legal norms regarding the roles,responsibilities,and legal obligations of GAI in judicial settings.In addition,ethical guidelines that delineate the behavioral boundaries and value orientations of GAI need to be formulated.Collectively,these elements can form a trinary model of technical controls,legal norms,and ethical constraints,to facilitate the modernization and intelligent development of the judicial system.展开更多
Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigat...Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigates the moral,legal,and political dimensions of punishing political lies,drawing on Kantian deontological ethics,consequentialist reasoning,and theories of democratic communication.It distinguishes minor misstatements from harmful falsehoods that distort elections,public health responses,and national security.Building on Hannah Arendt’s warning about the collapse of truth and Jürgen Habermas’s emphasis on communicative integrity,the analysis shows how unchecked deception corrodes the foundations of democratic legitimacy.Although legal punishment risks overreach and potential misuse,political and social sanctions remain essential tools of accountability.By examining cases such as misinformation in the Iraq War and the COVID-19 pandemic,the essay argues that meaningful consequences for harmful lies are indispensable to maintaining truth as a shared democratic norm.展开更多
1Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and t...1Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and that the publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.展开更多
As digital technology grows,it will improve accessibility to justice and legal protection for the differently abled and promote social justice.THE rapid development of digital technology is not only changing tradition...As digital technology grows,it will improve accessibility to justice and legal protection for the differently abled and promote social justice.THE rapid development of digital technology is not only changing traditional working modes but also profoundly impacting the application of laws,evidence collection,trial process,and execution.Digital technologies can remedy many shortcomings in traditional judicial procedures,better protecting the legitimate rights and interests of people,especially people with disabilities.展开更多
1 Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and ...1 Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and that the publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.展开更多
On January 18,1950,China and Vietnam established diplomatic relations.In November 1991,China and Vietnam announced that they would shut the door on the past and look to the future to achieve normalization of relations...On January 18,1950,China and Vietnam established diplomatic relations.In November 1991,China and Vietnam announced that they would shut the door on the past and look to the future to achieve normalization of relations between the two Parties and states.In October 1998,the two sides signed a treaty on mutual legal assistance in civil and criminal matters,a border trade agreement,and a consular agreement.展开更多
1Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and t...1Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and that the publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.展开更多
文摘This article details a public acupuncture demonstration that took place on May 9,1972,in San Francisco,California.It was conducted by two traditional Chinese medicine doctors Pien Bae Chi(卞伯岐)and Leung Kok Yuen(梁觉玄),and was observed by 500 American medical doctors.This was an important public acupuncture demonstration in the early history of acupunccture in the United States(US).It directly promoted the passage of the first acupuncture bill by California government and had a significant impact on the legalization of acupuncture in California.
文摘Standard cell placement algorithms have been at the forefront of academic research concerning the physical design stages of VLSI design flows. The penultimate step of a standard cell placement procedure is legalization. In this step the manufacturability of the design is directly settled, and the quality of the solution, in terms of wirelength, congestion, timing and power consumption is indirectly defined. Since the heavy lifting regarding processing is performed by global placers, fast legalization solutions are protruded in state-of-the-art design flows. In this paper we propose and evaluate a legalization scheme that surpasses in execution speed two of the most widely used legalizers, without not only corrupting the quality of the final solution in terms of interconnection wirelength but improving it in the process.
文摘Since its founding in 1952,the ChinaCouncil for the Promotion ofInternational Trade(CCPIT) has beenengaged,as a commercial chamber,in issuingand certifying/legalizing foreign-relateddocuments.Over the past forty years,theCCPIT has gained a high internationalreputation for its fairness and authority inissuing and certifying/legalizing documentsused in export and import,such as documentsfor customs clearance,the settlement ofexchange and licensing,and certificates oforigin,certificates of contractual liabilitiesand certificates of force majeure.
文摘A market economy requires the individual rights of citizens be protected, and that the exercising of those rights be regulated, whose realization depends on the legalization of human rights protection On the one hand, individual rights must be protected by law On the other hand, a law-based society needs to be built so the boundaries of individual rights are clear, the exercising of those rights are regulated, conflicts between rights can be resolved through the courts, and the personal infringement of others’ rights and the overall interests of the society is prohibited by law During the 40 years of China’s ref orm and opening-up in China, the promotion of the legal protection of human rights mainly lies in three aspects: first, the important role of the rule of law plays in protecting human rights has been clarified; second, the four steps of the rule of law(scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, judicial justice and observance of the law by all Chinese citizens) have been strengthened to safeguard human rights fully and effectively; third, the Chinese human rights system under the rule of law has gradually been aligned with international norms.
文摘It＇s necessary to legalize political participation in contemporary China because of its value in protecting human rights in terms of function and value. That is, the legalization of political participation aims to promote human rights protec- tion. What＇s more, the legalization of political participation in contemporary China and the maturity of the pro- motion of interest coordination and the rule of law, also show the great development of democracy and politi- cal stability in China.
文摘In early June, Thailand officially decriminalized the growing of marijuana and its consumption for medical and legal purposes, a first for Asia which has been known for the strictest anti-drug laws in the world. The government hopes the move will help boost the economy,but health and social concerns have already emerged in the region.
文摘This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical-legal analysis of key legislation,policies,and judicial interpretations,the research demonstrates how colonial border regulations-primarily designed for imperial control-have been selectively preserved,modified,or replaced to serve post-independence imperatives.Findings reveal that 62%of colonial border management mechanisms persisted verbatim in post-colonial legislation,while regional variations created overlapping“legal border zones”with differential adaptation rates.The study identifies a significant shift from administrative boundaries toward securitized frontiers,with a 217%increase in religious and ethnic identifiers in post-1947 border legislation.This legal evolution reflects broader tensions between decolonization aspirations and inherited governance structures,creating what Cons(2016)terms“sensitive spaces”where exceptional legal regimes continue to operate.The research contributes to understanding how post-colonial states navigate the paradox of maintaining sovereignty through legal instruments originally designed for imperial control,with implications for borderland populations who experience persistent“legal liminality”despite constitutional protections.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University under Grant number DSR-2022-RG-0101。
文摘As legal cases grow in complexity and volume worldwide,integrating machine learning and artificial intelligence into judicial systems has become a pivotal research focus.This study introduces a comprehensive framework for verdict recommendation that synergizes rule-based methods with deep learning techniques specifically tailored to the legal domain.The proposed framework comprises three core modules:legal feature extraction,semantic similarity assessment,and verdict recommendation.For legal feature extraction,a rule-based approach leverages Black’s Law Dictionary and WordNet Synsets to construct feature vectors from judicial texts.Semantic similarity between cases is evaluated using a hybrid method that combines rule-based logic with an LSTM model,analyzing the feature vectors of query cases against a legal knowledge base.Verdicts are then recommended through a rule-based retrieval system,enhanced by predefined legal statutes and regulations.By merging rule-based methodologies with deep learning,this framework addresses the interpretability challenges often associated with contemporary AImodels,thereby enhancing both transparency and generalizability across diverse legal contexts.The system was rigorously tested using a legal corpus of 43,000 case laws across six categories:Criminal,Revenue,Service,Corporate,Constitutional,and Civil law,ensuring its adaptability across a wide range of judicial scenarios.Performance evaluation showed that the feature extraction module achieved an average accuracy of 91.6%with an F-Score of 95%.The semantic similarity module,tested using Manhattan,Euclidean,and Cosine distance metrics,achieved 88%accuracy and a 93%F-Score for short queries(Manhattan),89%accuracy and a 93.7%F-Score for medium-length queries(Euclidean),and 87%accuracy with a 92.5%F-Score for longer queries(Cosine).The verdict recommendation module outperformed existing methods,achieving 90%accuracy and a 93.75%F-Score.This study highlights the potential of hybrid AI frameworks to improve judicial decision-making and streamline legal processes,offering a robust,interpretable,and adaptable solution for the evolving demands of modern legal systems.
文摘Physical restraint is one of the most controversial methods in managing aggressive behaviors and maintaining patients' safety. This manuscript purposed to convince stockholders and policymakers of the negative impact of physical restraint on patients' psychological and physical health. The current authors review the ethical and legal underpinnings of the opponents' and proponents' views. On one hand, there is a clear violation of the main principles of the code of ethics. Autonomy and justice;as the patients are tied against their will and without obtaining their consent, non-maleficent;as physical restraints are reported in many cases of physical and psychological traumas, thus many agencies prohibited the use of physical restraints as a safety method to be replaced with other deescalating techniques. On the other hand, physical restraints are a precious method in controlling aggressive behaviors and maintaining patients' safety, which is the selective beneficence in providing patient care. Also, most of the same agencies who prohibited the use of restraints, agreed the use of physical restraint as the last resor t.Summary statement What is already known about this topic?· Currently, physical restraint is used as the first accessible method to manage patients' behaviors, without considering the negative aura that surrounds the way of treatment. The usage of physical restraint has gone beyond the purpose of maintaining patient safety and managing aggressive behaviors to be a punishment method.· The Ethical and Legal context of using physical restraints is still vague and needs more clarification.What does this paper add?· This manuscript illustrates the Ethical and Legal points of view of the opponents and proponents of using physical restraints.· The current manuscript clearly justifies the authors' point of view to oppose physical restraints usage and how physical restraints violate the core principles of the code of ethics. In addition, it illustrates the legal agencies that suppor t/oppose the usage of physical restraint and the rationale beyond that position.· This manuscript provides alternatives to manage patients' aggressive behaviors and other ways to protect patients' safety as well as patient's dignity and code of ethics.The implications of this paper This argumentative essay provides an accessible, relevant exploration of public health policy, and its impact on nursing practice, mental health services, and patient health. Moreover, it provides a forum for mental health services to evaluate the current implications of physical restraints. The manuscript creates a paradigm for future studies and projects on physical restraints usage.
文摘The application of legal texts in the context of digital television is a process that relies on several normative instruments,ranging from international treaties,such as those of the ITU(International Telecommunications Union),to national regulations defining the obligations of audiovisual operators and the modalities of consumer support.Many countries have introduced specific laws and regulations to organize the gradual switch-off of analog broadcasting and encourage the adoption of new digital standards.Consequently,the digitization of Guinea’s broadcasting network cannot be carried out without taking into account the legal framework:allocation of resources and broadcasting players.Analog and digital broadcasting,according to regulatory texts,shows the relationships between the different communication management structures.As for digital broadcasting,we note the appearance of a new service,multiplex.
文摘The application of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)in the judicial domain represents an innovative approach to achieving digital justice.GAI’s functionalities are primarily exhibited in the enhancement of judicial efficiency,improving the accuracy and fairness of adjudications,promoting the uniform application of the law,and enhancing transparency and engagement in judicial processes.However,these advancements are accompanied by potential risks and challenges in technology,adjudication,and ethics.It is thus essential to strengthen privacy protection during the processing and transmission of data,ensure data security and confidentiality,and establish and refine clear legal norms regarding the roles,responsibilities,and legal obligations of GAI in judicial settings.In addition,ethical guidelines that delineate the behavioral boundaries and value orientations of GAI need to be formulated.Collectively,these elements can form a trinary model of technical controls,legal norms,and ethical constraints,to facilitate the modernization and intelligent development of the judicial system.
文摘Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigates the moral,legal,and political dimensions of punishing political lies,drawing on Kantian deontological ethics,consequentialist reasoning,and theories of democratic communication.It distinguishes minor misstatements from harmful falsehoods that distort elections,public health responses,and national security.Building on Hannah Arendt’s warning about the collapse of truth and Jürgen Habermas’s emphasis on communicative integrity,the analysis shows how unchecked deception corrodes the foundations of democratic legitimacy.Although legal punishment risks overreach and potential misuse,political and social sanctions remain essential tools of accountability.By examining cases such as misinformation in the Iraq War and the COVID-19 pandemic,the essay argues that meaningful consequences for harmful lies are indispensable to maintaining truth as a shared democratic norm.
文摘1Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and that the publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.
文摘As digital technology grows,it will improve accessibility to justice and legal protection for the differently abled and promote social justice.THE rapid development of digital technology is not only changing traditional working modes but also profoundly impacting the application of laws,evidence collection,trial process,and execution.Digital technologies can remedy many shortcomings in traditional judicial procedures,better protecting the legitimate rights and interests of people,especially people with disabilities.
文摘1 Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and that the publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.
文摘On January 18,1950,China and Vietnam established diplomatic relations.In November 1991,China and Vietnam announced that they would shut the door on the past and look to the future to achieve normalization of relations between the two Parties and states.In October 1998,the two sides signed a treaty on mutual legal assistance in civil and criminal matters,a border trade agreement,and a consular agreement.
文摘1Legal requirements The author(s)guarantee(s)that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders,that the rights of third parties will not be violated,and that the publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.
