Low pressure sputtering with a controlled ratio of ion flux to deposited atom flux at the condensing surface is one of the main directions of development of magnetron sputtering methods. Unbalanced magnetron sputterin...Low pressure sputtering with a controlled ratio of ion flux to deposited atom flux at the condensing surface is one of the main directions of development of magnetron sputtering methods. Unbalanced magnetron sputtering, by producing dense secondary plasma around the substrate, provides a high ion current density. The closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system （CFUBMS） has been established as a versatile technique for high-rate deposition high-quality metal, alloy, and ceramic thin films. The＇key factor in the CFUBMS system is the ability to transport high ion currents to the substrate, which can enhance the formation of full dense coatings at relatively low value homologous temperature. The investigation shows that the energy of ions incidenced at the substrate and the ratio of the flux of these ions to the flux of condensing atoms are the fundamental parameters in determining the structure and properties of films produced by ion-assisted deposition processes. Increasing ion bombardment during deposition combined with increasing mobility of the condensing atoms favors the formation of a dense microstructure and a smooth surface.展开更多
We have measured the cross-section ratios of helium induced by Cq＋ and Oq＋ （q = 1-4） in an energy range from 20 keV/amu to 500 keV/amu, and obtained the two-dimensional spectra by employing the coincidence method ...We have measured the cross-section ratios of helium induced by Cq＋ and Oq＋ （q = 1-4） in an energy range from 20 keV/amu to 500 keV/amu, and obtained the two-dimensional spectra by employing the coincidence method combined with the MPA-3 data acquisition system. Hence, we obtain the ratios of total single-ionization cross-sections （SI, SC, SLSI, and DLSI）, total double-ionization cross-sections （DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI） and cross-sections of every process （SI, SC, SLSI, DLSI, DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI）, which induce the single-ionization and double-ionization, to the total cross sections respectively. The competitive relations between the reaction-channels and the experimental data law of each reaction-channel are revealed explicitly, and the qualitative explanations involved in those results are also presented accordingly.展开更多
Silver foils and ion-implanted silver foils exposed to atomic oxygen （AO） generated in a ground simulation facility were investigated by the quartz crystal microbalance （QCM）, the scanning electron microscopy （SE...Silver foils and ion-implanted silver foils exposed to atomic oxygen （AO） generated in a ground simulation facility were investigated by the quartz crystal microbalance （QCM）, the scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The experimental results show the presence of Ag2O and AgO in an oxidation process of the silver foil having exposure to AO. As soon as silver comes under the bombardment of atomic oxygen, the oxidation process starts with a thick film forming on the silver surface. Because of the development of stresses, the oxide layer gets cracked and spalled, which leads to appearance of a new silver surface intensifying further oxidation. At last, AgO begins to form on the outer surface of the oxide film. The analytical results of the XPS and the AES attest to formation of a continuous high-quality protective oxide-based layer on the surface of ion-implanted silver films after exposure to AO. This layer can well protect materials in question from erosion.展开更多
An adsorbent calix[4]arene carboxylic acid was employed as the adsorption material for on-line flow in jection（FI） micro-column preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry（FAAS） determinatio...An adsorbent calix[4]arene carboxylic acid was employed as the adsorption material for on-line flow in jection（FI） micro-column preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry（FAAS） determination of trace heavy metals（Cu, Pb, Co, Ni and Cd）. Parameters such as the pH, loading time and flow rate of sample, and the concentration, volume and flow rate of eluent were optimized. The enrichment factors are 50.0, 56.5, 11.6, 12.1 and 19.1 for Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd, respectively, and a sample throughput of 20 h–1 was obtained. The limits of de tection for Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd were in a range of 1.56―3.91 μg/L, and the relative standard deviations（RSDs） were less than 2.76%（n=7）. Furthermore, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd in certified reference materials and various water samples.展开更多
Research on accelerator-based atomic physics at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory super-HILAC and Bevalac accelerators is described. This research covers several important topics in collisions of fast, highly charged i...Research on accelerator-based atomic physics at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory super-HILAC and Bevalac accelerators is described. This research covers several important topics in collisions of fast, highly charged ions with atoms: charge transfer, ionization, and excitation. Multiple - electron processes are emphasized. Electron correlation is important in some of these processes, e.g., resonance transfer and excitation (RTE) multiple-electron capture in close collisions. A variety of experiments and results for energies from 1 to 420 MeV/u are presented.展开更多
An experimental apparatus for studies of MeV ion beam modification of materials has been established on a 3 MV tandem accelerator at Fudan university. A system of X-Y electrostatic scanning implantation of MeV heavy i...An experimental apparatus for studies of MeV ion beam modification of materials has been established on a 3 MV tandem accelerator at Fudan university. A system of X-Y electrostatic scanning implantation of MeV heavy ions and in situ Rutherford. backscattering analysis was included in it. The uniformity of scanning implantation was checked by the RBS measurement of a Si wafer implanted with 1 MeV Au ions. MeV ion beam mixing of Au/Si, Au/Ge and Ag/Si systems was preliminarily studied. The samples were irradiated by certain fluences of 1 MeV Ag ions at room temperature. The mixed layers were analyzed in situ using the glancing RBS technique with 2 MeV 4He+ ions. For Au/Si system, a uniformly mixed layer with a defined composition is obtained, and the intermixing is much less for Ag/Si system than for Au/Si system.展开更多
We investigate the effect of dipole-dipole interaction on the intrinsic decoherence of a system which consists of two two-level atoms and an optical cavity. The entanglement of the system is calculated by making use o...We investigate the effect of dipole-dipole interaction on the intrinsic decoherence of a system which consists of two two-level atoms and an optical cavity. The entanglement of the system is calculated by making use of concurrence. Our results show that the appropriate choice for the coupling constant Ω of dipole-dipole interaction can restrain the intrinsic deeoherenee of the system. We also find a special phenomenon. No matter what the value of γ is, the concurrence of system slowly increases and cannot exceed 0.71 when Ω= 1.展开更多
The main ion-atomic collision treatment methods based on Monte-Carlo simulation are considered and discussed. We have proposed an efficient scheme for simulation of time between collisions taking into account cross-se...The main ion-atomic collision treatment methods based on Monte-Carlo simulation are considered and discussed. We have proposed an efficient scheme for simulation of time between collisions taking into account cross-section dependence on ion velocity and random generation of ion velocities and scattering angles after collisions. The developed algorithm of simulation of interval between collisions takes into account the change of relative velocity of ion-atom pair as well as the change of cross-section of collision and atomic concentration. At the same time, unlike the widely used “null-collision” method, both the probability of collision and change of particles’ state which determines this probability are taken into consideration for each particle independently in time. The simulation results according to the techniques proposed are found to be close to the theoretical values of ion drift velocities. It is revealed that the “null-collision” method results in exceeding of drift velocity in strong and intermediate fields. At the same time the proposed method of accumulation of probability under the same conditions gives values close to theoretical ones. In weak fields calculated values of drift velocity in both methods exceed theoretical values to some small extent.展开更多
A UHV system specially designed for studying surface and interface atomic structure by MeV ion scattering and channeling is described. The vacuum in the UHV chamber is 133.332×10-10Pa. The chamber is equipped wit...A UHV system specially designed for studying surface and interface atomic structure by MeV ion scattering and channeling is described. The vacuum in the UHV chamber is 133.332×10-10Pa. The chamber is equipped with an ion gun used for sample cleaning, a translatable four-grid LEED-Auger system used for characterization of the crystal surface, and a three dimensional goniometer. The crystal preparation and cleaning procedure of Al(100) are presented. The surface peak intensity of Al(100)-【100】 and Al(100)- 【100】 has been measured by MeV ion channeling and scattering. The measured surface peak intensity was compared with that of Monte-Carlo simulation. The experimental results indicate that the thermal vibration amplitude of Al(100) surface atoms is 1.2 -1.3 times that of bulk atoms. The relaxation of first layer for Al(100) is less than -0.005nm.展开更多
We develop a semiclassical model to describe the non-sequential double ionization of diatomic molecules in an intense linearly polarized field, achieving insight into the two-electron correlation effect in the ionizat...We develop a semiclassical model to describe the non-sequential double ionization of diatomic molecules in an intense linearly polarized field, achieving insight into the two-electron correlation effect in the ionization dynamics. Compared to the experimental data of nitrogen molecules, our model shows a good agreement in the tunnelling regime and a qualitative agreement in the over-barrier regime. We find that the classical collisional trajectories are the main source of the double ionization in the tunnelling regime. As a prediction of our theory, we also calculate the double ionization ratios of H2^2＋/H2^＋ for hydrogen molecules and predict a ratio less than that of nitrogen molecules.展开更多
We present a theoretical investigation of plasma generation in sodium vapor induced by laser radiation tuned to the first resonance line (3S-3P) at λ = 589 ns. A set of rate equations that describe the rate of change...We present a theoretical investigation of plasma generation in sodium vapor induced by laser radiation tuned to the first resonance line (3S-3P) at λ = 589 ns. A set of rate equations that describe the rate of change of the ground and excited states population as well as the temporal variation of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF), beside the formed atomic ion Na+, molecular ion ?and tri-atomic ions are solved numerically. The calculations are carried out at different laser energy and different sodium atomic vapor densities under the experimental conditions of Tapalian and Smith (1993) to test the existence of the formed tri-atomic ions. The numerical calculations of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) show that a deviation from the Maxwellian distribution due to the super elastic collisions effect. In addition to the competition between associative ionization (3P-3P), associative ionization (3P-3D) and Molnar-Horn- beck ionization processes for producing , the calculations have also shown that the atomic ions Na+ are formed through the Penning ionization and photoionization processes. These results are found to be consistent with the experimental observations.展开更多
We report in this paper energy positions of the 2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)nd(<sup>2</sup>F);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<...We report in this paper energy positions of the 2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)nd(<sup>2</sup>F);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)nd(<sup>2</sup>D);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)nd(<sup>2</sup>P);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)ns(<sup>2</sup>D);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>3</sup>(<sup>3</sup>D)np(<sup>2</sup>P);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>3</sup>(<sup>3</sup>D<sup>0</sup>)np(<sup>2</sup>F), and 4S<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>3</sup>(<sup>5</sup>S<sup>0</sup>)np(<sup>4</sup>P) Rydberg series in the photoionization spectra originating from 2D<sup>0</sup> and 4S<sup>0</sup> metastable states of O<sup>+</sup> ion. Calculations are performed up to n = 20 using the Modified Orbital Atomic Theory (MAOT) [1]. The present results are compared to the experimental data of Aguilar et al. [2] which are the only available values. The accurate data presented in this work may be a useful guideline for future experimental and other theoretical studies.展开更多
For the first time the vector differential equation of central motion of single electron in electric field of an atomic nucleus as in external central electric field is set up and solved. Here the following findings a...For the first time the vector differential equation of central motion of single electron in electric field of an atomic nucleus as in external central electric field is set up and solved. Here the following findings are reported. Each of single electrons of a part of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and a part of hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour revolves around corresponding atomic nucleus in a flat spiral which has an interior maximum of turns density. The distance between each of these single electrons and corresponding atomic nucleus increases while a speed of single electron decreases. Such motion of single electrons takes place with no expenditures of external energy and points to decays of foregoing parts of atoms and ions. The electric field strength of the atomic nuclei of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour is inversely proportional to the distance between the atomic nucleus and the corresponding single electron by greater than the power of 3. Calculated cyclic frequency (rough value 3.5×1014 s-1) of revolution of the electron around the nucleus of atom of atomic gas of hydrogen (in interior maximum of turns density of the flat spiral), which moves at speed 2.2×106 ms-1, and central cyclic frequency of α-line of Balmer series (4.5×1014 s-1) have the same order of magnitude. This fact and line structure of experimental emission line spectra confirm the formation of all lines of these spectra by continuous slight emission of light front by single electrons. The formation of series of lines of emission line spectra is linked to repeated creations of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour.展开更多
The possibility of determining atomic fractions of the isotopes of carbon directly in urea, nitrobenzene, benzophenone, benzoic acid and 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid in compounds isotopically modified by all carbon centers, ...The possibility of determining atomic fractions of the isotopes of carbon directly in urea, nitrobenzene, benzophenone, benzoic acid and 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid in compounds isotopically modified by all carbon centers, as well as by one or several identical carbon centers is considered. The mass peaks of the mass spectrum that allows determining the atomic fraction of carbon isotopes are selected. The respective formulas are proposed. Until now, isotope analysis of these compounds has been carried out by converting them to carbon monoxide or dioxide, and it has been impossible to determine the atomic fraction of carbon at individual centers.展开更多
文摘Low pressure sputtering with a controlled ratio of ion flux to deposited atom flux at the condensing surface is one of the main directions of development of magnetron sputtering methods. Unbalanced magnetron sputtering, by producing dense secondary plasma around the substrate, provides a high ion current density. The closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system （CFUBMS） has been established as a versatile technique for high-rate deposition high-quality metal, alloy, and ceramic thin films. The＇key factor in the CFUBMS system is the ability to transport high ion currents to the substrate, which can enhance the formation of full dense coatings at relatively low value homologous temperature. The investigation shows that the energy of ions incidenced at the substrate and the ratio of the flux of these ions to the flux of condensing atoms are the fundamental parameters in determining the structure and properties of films produced by ion-assisted deposition processes. Increasing ion bombardment during deposition combined with increasing mobility of the condensing atoms favors the formation of a dense microstructure and a smooth surface.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10775063)
文摘We have measured the cross-section ratios of helium induced by Cq＋ and Oq＋ （q = 1-4） in an energy range from 20 keV/amu to 500 keV/amu, and obtained the two-dimensional spectra by employing the coincidence method combined with the MPA-3 data acquisition system. Hence, we obtain the ratios of total single-ionization cross-sections （SI, SC, SLSI, and DLSI）, total double-ionization cross-sections （DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI） and cross-sections of every process （SI, SC, SLSI, DLSI, DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI）, which induce the single-ionization and double-ionization, to the total cross sections respectively. The competitive relations between the reaction-channels and the experimental data law of each reaction-channel are revealed explicitly, and the qualitative explanations involved in those results are also presented accordingly.
基金Natural Science Foundation of JX Province (0650035)
文摘Silver foils and ion-implanted silver foils exposed to atomic oxygen （AO） generated in a ground simulation facility were investigated by the quartz crystal microbalance （QCM）, the scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The experimental results show the presence of Ag2O and AgO in an oxidation process of the silver foil having exposure to AO. As soon as silver comes under the bombardment of atomic oxygen, the oxidation process starts with a thick film forming on the silver surface. Because of the development of stresses, the oxide layer gets cracked and spalled, which leads to appearance of a new silver surface intensifying further oxidation. At last, AgO begins to form on the outer surface of the oxide film. The analytical results of the XPS and the AES attest to formation of a continuous high-quality protective oxide-based layer on the surface of ion-implanted silver films after exposure to AO. This layer can well protect materials in question from erosion.
基金Supported by the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemi-stry, Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.RERU2011006)
文摘An adsorbent calix[4]arene carboxylic acid was employed as the adsorption material for on-line flow in jection（FI） micro-column preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry（FAAS） determination of trace heavy metals（Cu, Pb, Co, Ni and Cd）. Parameters such as the pH, loading time and flow rate of sample, and the concentration, volume and flow rate of eluent were optimized. The enrichment factors are 50.0, 56.5, 11.6, 12.1 and 19.1 for Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd, respectively, and a sample throughput of 20 h–1 was obtained. The limits of de tection for Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd were in a range of 1.56―3.91 μg/L, and the relative standard deviations（RSDs） were less than 2.76%（n=7）. Furthermore, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd in certified reference materials and various water samples.
基金This work was supported by the director Office of Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE - AC08 - 76SF 00098
文摘Research on accelerator-based atomic physics at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory super-HILAC and Bevalac accelerators is described. This research covers several important topics in collisions of fast, highly charged ions with atoms: charge transfer, ionization, and excitation. Multiple - electron processes are emphasized. Electron correlation is important in some of these processes, e.g., resonance transfer and excitation (RTE) multiple-electron capture in close collisions. A variety of experiments and results for energies from 1 to 420 MeV/u are presented.
基金The Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘An experimental apparatus for studies of MeV ion beam modification of materials has been established on a 3 MV tandem accelerator at Fudan university. A system of X-Y electrostatic scanning implantation of MeV heavy ions and in situ Rutherford. backscattering analysis was included in it. The uniformity of scanning implantation was checked by the RBS measurement of a Si wafer implanted with 1 MeV Au ions. MeV ion beam mixing of Au/Si, Au/Ge and Ag/Si systems was preliminarily studied. The samples were irradiated by certain fluences of 1 MeV Ag ions at room temperature. The mixed layers were analyzed in situ using the glancing RBS technique with 2 MeV 4He+ ions. For Au/Si system, a uniformly mixed layer with a defined composition is obtained, and the intermixing is much less for Ag/Si system than for Au/Si system.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 60667001.
文摘We investigate the effect of dipole-dipole interaction on the intrinsic decoherence of a system which consists of two two-level atoms and an optical cavity. The entanglement of the system is calculated by making use of concurrence. Our results show that the appropriate choice for the coupling constant Ω of dipole-dipole interaction can restrain the intrinsic deeoherenee of the system. We also find a special phenomenon. No matter what the value of γ is, the concurrence of system slowly increases and cannot exceed 0.71 when Ω= 1.
文摘The main ion-atomic collision treatment methods based on Monte-Carlo simulation are considered and discussed. We have proposed an efficient scheme for simulation of time between collisions taking into account cross-section dependence on ion velocity and random generation of ion velocities and scattering angles after collisions. The developed algorithm of simulation of interval between collisions takes into account the change of relative velocity of ion-atom pair as well as the change of cross-section of collision and atomic concentration. At the same time, unlike the widely used “null-collision” method, both the probability of collision and change of particles’ state which determines this probability are taken into consideration for each particle independently in time. The simulation results according to the techniques proposed are found to be close to the theoretical values of ion drift velocities. It is revealed that the “null-collision” method results in exceeding of drift velocity in strong and intermediate fields. At the same time the proposed method of accumulation of probability under the same conditions gives values close to theoretical ones. In weak fields calculated values of drift velocity in both methods exceed theoretical values to some small extent.
文摘A UHV system specially designed for studying surface and interface atomic structure by MeV ion scattering and channeling is described. The vacuum in the UHV chamber is 133.332×10-10Pa. The chamber is equipped with an ion gun used for sample cleaning, a translatable four-grid LEED-Auger system used for characterization of the crystal surface, and a three dimensional goniometer. The crystal preparation and cleaning procedure of Al(100) are presented. The surface peak intensity of Al(100)-【100】 and Al(100)- 【100】 has been measured by MeV ion channeling and scattering. The measured surface peak intensity was compared with that of Monte-Carlo simulation. The experimental results indicate that the thermal vibration amplitude of Al(100) surface atoms is 1.2 -1.3 times that of bulk atoms. The relaxation of first layer for Al(100) is less than -0.005nm.
基金Supported by the National Hi-Tech ICF Committee of China under Grant No 2004AA84ts08, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 10574019, the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division, 0ffice of Basic Energy Sciences, 0ffice of Science, Department of Energy of USA, and the National Science Foundation of USA.
文摘We develop a semiclassical model to describe the non-sequential double ionization of diatomic molecules in an intense linearly polarized field, achieving insight into the two-electron correlation effect in the ionization dynamics. Compared to the experimental data of nitrogen molecules, our model shows a good agreement in the tunnelling regime and a qualitative agreement in the over-barrier regime. We find that the classical collisional trajectories are the main source of the double ionization in the tunnelling regime. As a prediction of our theory, we also calculate the double ionization ratios of H2^2＋/H2^＋ for hydrogen molecules and predict a ratio less than that of nitrogen molecules.
文摘We present a theoretical investigation of plasma generation in sodium vapor induced by laser radiation tuned to the first resonance line (3S-3P) at λ = 589 ns. A set of rate equations that describe the rate of change of the ground and excited states population as well as the temporal variation of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF), beside the formed atomic ion Na+, molecular ion ?and tri-atomic ions are solved numerically. The calculations are carried out at different laser energy and different sodium atomic vapor densities under the experimental conditions of Tapalian and Smith (1993) to test the existence of the formed tri-atomic ions. The numerical calculations of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) show that a deviation from the Maxwellian distribution due to the super elastic collisions effect. In addition to the competition between associative ionization (3P-3P), associative ionization (3P-3D) and Molnar-Horn- beck ionization processes for producing , the calculations have also shown that the atomic ions Na+ are formed through the Penning ionization and photoionization processes. These results are found to be consistent with the experimental observations.
文摘We report in this paper energy positions of the 2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)nd(<sup>2</sup>F);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)nd(<sup>2</sup>D);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)nd(<sup>2</sup>P);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>(<sup>1</sup>D)ns(<sup>2</sup>D);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>3</sup>(<sup>3</sup>D)np(<sup>2</sup>P);2D<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>3</sup>(<sup>3</sup>D<sup>0</sup>)np(<sup>2</sup>F), and 4S<sup>0</sup>_2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>3</sup>(<sup>5</sup>S<sup>0</sup>)np(<sup>4</sup>P) Rydberg series in the photoionization spectra originating from 2D<sup>0</sup> and 4S<sup>0</sup> metastable states of O<sup>+</sup> ion. Calculations are performed up to n = 20 using the Modified Orbital Atomic Theory (MAOT) [1]. The present results are compared to the experimental data of Aguilar et al. [2] which are the only available values. The accurate data presented in this work may be a useful guideline for future experimental and other theoretical studies.
文摘For the first time the vector differential equation of central motion of single electron in electric field of an atomic nucleus as in external central electric field is set up and solved. Here the following findings are reported. Each of single electrons of a part of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and a part of hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour revolves around corresponding atomic nucleus in a flat spiral which has an interior maximum of turns density. The distance between each of these single electrons and corresponding atomic nucleus increases while a speed of single electron decreases. Such motion of single electrons takes place with no expenditures of external energy and points to decays of foregoing parts of atoms and ions. The electric field strength of the atomic nuclei of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour is inversely proportional to the distance between the atomic nucleus and the corresponding single electron by greater than the power of 3. Calculated cyclic frequency (rough value 3.5×1014 s-1) of revolution of the electron around the nucleus of atom of atomic gas of hydrogen (in interior maximum of turns density of the flat spiral), which moves at speed 2.2×106 ms-1, and central cyclic frequency of α-line of Balmer series (4.5×1014 s-1) have the same order of magnitude. This fact and line structure of experimental emission line spectra confirm the formation of all lines of these spectra by continuous slight emission of light front by single electrons. The formation of series of lines of emission line spectra is linked to repeated creations of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour.
文摘The possibility of determining atomic fractions of the isotopes of carbon directly in urea, nitrobenzene, benzophenone, benzoic acid and 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid in compounds isotopically modified by all carbon centers, as well as by one or several identical carbon centers is considered. The mass peaks of the mass spectrum that allows determining the atomic fraction of carbon isotopes are selected. The respective formulas are proposed. Until now, isotope analysis of these compounds has been carried out by converting them to carbon monoxide or dioxide, and it has been impossible to determine the atomic fraction of carbon at individual centers.
