由朱利奥·托诺尼提出的意识理论"Integrated Information Theory"(IIT)的核心概念是"Integrated Information"。就这一概念而言,国内外学界都有一些误解,并为这一理论的基本立场带来了一定程度的混淆。本文旨...由朱利奥·托诺尼提出的意识理论"Integrated Information Theory"(IIT)的核心概念是"Integrated Information"。就这一概念而言,国内外学界都有一些误解,并为这一理论的基本立场带来了一定程度的混淆。本文旨在澄清这一概念在IIT理论下的确切涵义,并对这一理论在意识研究领域中的基本立场和研究进路做出定位,进而在此基础上,本文从"因果约束"这一概念的视角为三个版本的IIT理论中的"信息"概念给出了统一表述。通过分析IIT理论2.0版本和3.0版本的数学模型中对意识的度量和表示,本文认为IIT理论中"Integrated information"主要强调的是该"信息"呈现在其现象及物理基础两方面的"整体性"或"不可分性",而非一个"结合体",从而进一步澄清了已有的误解和概念混淆。展开更多
Investigator-Initiated Trials(IITs)have seen substantial growth in China,particularly in drug and medical device research.IITs are initiated by investigators addressing clinical needs without focus on product registra...Investigator-Initiated Trials(IITs)have seen substantial growth in China,particularly in drug and medical device research.IITs are initiated by investigators addressing clinical needs without focus on product registration or market-ing,thereby offering flexibility for advancing clinical practices.Despite their potential,IITs in China face challenges,including regulatory ambiguities,funding limitations,quality control issues,and inconsistencies in ethical review processes.This paper examines the current IIT landscape,identifies major obstacles,and proposes solutions,includ-ing regulatory reforms,funding increases,ethical review standardization,and international collaboration,to enhance IITs’effectiveness and impact on Chinese clinical research.展开更多
文摘由朱利奥·托诺尼提出的意识理论"Integrated Information Theory"(IIT)的核心概念是"Integrated Information"。就这一概念而言,国内外学界都有一些误解,并为这一理论的基本立场带来了一定程度的混淆。本文旨在澄清这一概念在IIT理论下的确切涵义,并对这一理论在意识研究领域中的基本立场和研究进路做出定位,进而在此基础上,本文从"因果约束"这一概念的视角为三个版本的IIT理论中的"信息"概念给出了统一表述。通过分析IIT理论2.0版本和3.0版本的数学模型中对意识的度量和表示,本文认为IIT理论中"Integrated information"主要强调的是该"信息"呈现在其现象及物理基础两方面的"整体性"或"不可分性",而非一个"结合体",从而进一步澄清了已有的误解和概念混淆。
文摘Investigator-Initiated Trials(IITs)have seen substantial growth in China,particularly in drug and medical device research.IITs are initiated by investigators addressing clinical needs without focus on product registration or market-ing,thereby offering flexibility for advancing clinical practices.Despite their potential,IITs in China face challenges,including regulatory ambiguities,funding limitations,quality control issues,and inconsistencies in ethical review processes.This paper examines the current IIT landscape,identifies major obstacles,and proposes solutions,includ-ing regulatory reforms,funding increases,ethical review standardization,and international collaboration,to enhance IITs’effectiveness and impact on Chinese clinical research.
