Along with the running COVID-19 pandemic by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,the Chikungunya virus is already known as the causative agent of re-emerging Chikungunya fever in many countries after se...Along with the running COVID-19 pandemic by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,the Chikungunya virus is already known as the causative agent of re-emerging Chikungunya fever in many countries after several years of latency;and it’s certainly one of the most important clinical issues possibly due to the lack of appropriate vaccination.Therefore,continuous study and monitoring of this disease outbreak demand attention by the relevant health professionals.Present review has been written in the light of the recently available reports on the Chikungunya virus infection.The genomic structure and its impact on the viral epidemiology,the possible protective immunity,and the infection mitigation strategies have been discussed.It’s already well known that the Chikungunya virus can start infection after getting entrance into the blood circulation through the mosquito bites followed by the dissemination into the major organs like liver,brain,eye,joints and lymph nodes in order to inaugurate the infectivity.Apparently,the occurrence of death is very rare but the extreme fatality and morbidity may occur if the patient has other underlying disease conditions.The molecular aspects of the virus,the site-specific damages caused by the viral infection,and finally,the public awareness of such viral infection as discussed in the current review would help to maintain the public health sustainability especially in the developing countries whereby the knowledge on the required hygiene is poor.展开更多
Plant pathogens secrete various cell wall-degrading enzymes that compromise host cell wall integrity and facilitate pathogen invasion.This study identified VdGH7a,a glycoside hydrolase family 7(GH7)cellobiohydrolase f...Plant pathogens secrete various cell wall-degrading enzymes that compromise host cell wall integrity and facilitate pathogen invasion.This study identified VdGH7a,a glycoside hydrolase family 7(GH7)cellobiohydrolase from Verticillium dahliae,which demonstrated hydrolytic activity against 1,4-β-glucan.Notably,VdGH7a induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana when signal peptides were present,though this effect was inhibited by the carbohydrate-binding type-1(CBM1)protein domain.The deletion of VdGH7a substantially reduced V.dahliae pathogenicity in cotton plants,as demonstrated by the mutants’inability to penetrate cellophane membrane.These knockout mutants also exhibited reduced carbon source utilization capacity and increased sensitivity to osmotic and cell wall stresses.Through yeast two-hybrid screening,bi-molecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC),and luciferase complementation imaging(LCI),we identified that VdGH7a interacts with an osmotin-like protein(GhOLP1)in cotton.Virus-induced gene silencing of GhOLP1 resulted in decreased salicylic acid(SA)content and reduced resistance to V.dahliae in cotton,while heterologous overexpression of GhOLP1 in Arabidopsis enhanced both resistance and SA signaling pathway gene expression.These results reveal a virulence mechanism wherein the secreted protein VdGH7a from V.dahliae interacts with GhOLP1 to activate host immunity and contribute significantly to plant resistance against V.dahliae.展开更多
An overly exuberant immune response,characterized by a cytokine storm and uncontrolled inflammation,has been identified as a significant driver of severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases.Consequently,decipherin...An overly exuberant immune response,characterized by a cytokine storm and uncontrolled inflammation,has been identified as a significant driver of severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases.Consequently,deciphering the intricacies of immune dysregulation in COVID-19 is imperative to identify specific targets for intervention and modulation.With these delicate dynamics in mind,immunomodulatory therapies have emerged as a promising avenue for miti-gating the challenges posed by COVID-19.Precision in manipulating immune pathways presents an opportunity to alter the host response,optimizing antiviral defenses while curbing deleterious inflammation.This review article compre-hensively analyzes immunomodulatory interventions in managing COVID-19.We explore diverse approaches to mitigating the hyperactive immune response and its impact,from corticosteroids and non-steroidal drugs to targeted biologics,including anti-viral drugs,cytokine inhibitors,JAK inhibitors,convalescent plasma,monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,cell-based therapies(i.e.,CAR T,etc.).By summarizing the current evidence,we aim to provide a clear roadmap for clinicians and researchers navigating the complex landscape of immunomodulation in COVID-19 treatment.CS Glucocorticoids are among the most widely prescribed drugs with their immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory effect[84].The current guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19 recommend against the use of dexamethasone or other systemic CS in non-hospitalized patients in the absence of another indication[70].The RECOVERY trial demonstrates the reduced 28-d mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 using dexamethasone compared to the usual standard of care,along with other investigators,such as Ahmed and Hassan[85].The benefit of dexamethasone was seen only among participants receiving either oxygen alone or invasive mechanical ventilation at randomization but not among those receiving no respiratory support at enrollment[85].In a systematic review and meta-analysis,Albuquerque et al[86]showed that in comparison to tocilizumab,baricitinib,and sarilumab are associated with high probabilities of similar mortality reductions among hospitalized COVID-19 concurrently treated with CS.As a result of the absence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral medications,the effectiveness of COVID-19 treatments is reduced.Several COVID-19 therapies are now under investigation.However,the majority of them lack specificity,efficacy,and safety[87].Immunotherapy is a ground-breaking medical treatment that manipulates the immune system to fight diseases.Translational research is rapidly progressing,recognized as a significant breakthrough in 2013[88].Among the immunotherapeutic options for treating COVID-19 are Immunoglobulin,CP,antibodies,mAbs(mAbs),NK cells,T cells,TLR,cytokine therapies and immune modulators.展开更多
Bacterial biofilms have emerged as potential critical triggers in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate（BP）-related osteonecrosis of the jaw（ONJ） or BRONJ. BRONJ lesions have shown to be heavily colonized by oral bac...Bacterial biofilms have emerged as potential critical triggers in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate（BP）-related osteonecrosis of the jaw（ONJ） or BRONJ. BRONJ lesions have shown to be heavily colonized by oral bacteria, most of these difficult to cultivate and presents many clinical challenges. The purpose of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity in BRONJ lesions and to determine host immune response. We examined tissue specimens from three cohorts（n530）; patients with periodontal disease without a history of BP therapy（Control, n510）, patients with periodontal disease having history of BP therapy but without ONJ（BP, n55） and patients with BRONJ（BRONJ, n515）. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction（PCR）-amplified 16 S r RNA gene fragments revealed less bacterial diversity in BRONJ than BP and Control cohorts. Sequence analysis detected six phyla with predominant affiliation to Firmicutes in BRONJ（71.6%）, BP（70.3%） and Control（59.1%）. Significant differences（P,0.05） in genera were observed, between Control/BP, Control/BRONJ and BP/BRONJ cohorts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）results indicated that the levels of myeloperoxidase were significantly lower, whereas interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were moderately elevated in BRONJ patients as compared to Controls. PCR array showed significant changes in BRONJ patients with downregulation of host genes, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2, and cathepsin G, the key modulators for antibacterial response and upregulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, proteinase 3 and conserved helix–loop–helix ubiquitous kinase. The results suggest that colonization of unique bacterial communities coupled with deficient innate immune response is likely to impact the pathogenesis of ONJ.展开更多
Ralstonia solanacearum is an important model phytopathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial wilt disease on many plant species and leads to serious economic losses. The interactions between R. solanacearum and host p...Ralstonia solanacearum is an important model phytopathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial wilt disease on many plant species and leads to serious economic losses. The interactions between R. solanacearum and host plants have become a model system for the study of plants and pathogens interactions. This paper reviews the advances on the molecular mechanisms between R. solanacearum and hosts interaction including the formation of plant innate immunity, the suppression of plant innate immunity by this pathogen and the activation of effector-triggered immunity. Furthermore, we made a prospect on how to utilize the interaction mechanism between R. solanacearum and hosts to control the disease.展开更多
The original online version of this article (Ghozlan, M.H., EL-Argawy, E., Tokgöz, S., Lakshman, D.K. and Mitra, A. (2020) Plant Defense against Necrotrophic Pathogens. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 11, 212...The original online version of this article (Ghozlan, M.H., EL-Argawy, E., Tokgöz, S., Lakshman, D.K. and Mitra, A. (2020) Plant Defense against Necrotrophic Pathogens. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 11, 2122-2138. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2020.1112149) was published mistakenly without another co-author, Nikita Gambhir. In this regard, we revise authors and “how to cite” sections by adding her name.展开更多
Apoplastic ascorbate oxidases(AOs)play a critical role in reactive oxygen species(RoS)-mediated innate host immunity by regulating the apoplast redox state.To date,little is known about how apoplastic effectors of the...Apoplastic ascorbate oxidases(AOs)play a critical role in reactive oxygen species(RoS)-mediated innate host immunity by regulating the apoplast redox state.To date,little is known about how apoplastic effectors of the riceblast fungus Magnaportheoryzaemodulate the apoplast redox state of rice to subvert plant immunity.In this study,we demonstrated that M.oryzae MoAo1 is an Ao that plays a role in virulence by modulating the apoplast redox status of rice cells.We showed that MoAo1 inhibits the activity of rice OsAO3and OsAO4,which also regulate the apoplast redox status and plant immunity.In addition,we found that MoAo1,OsAO3,andOsAO4 allexhibit polymorphic variations whosevaried interactions orchestrate pathogen virulence and rice immunity.Taken together,our results reveal a critical role for extracellular redox enzymes during rice blast infection and shed light on the importance of the apoplast redox state anditsregulation inplant-pathogeninteractions.展开更多
Necrotrophic pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes are widely distributed and are responsible for significant crop losses. Host plants deploy different defense mechanisms and appropriate immune responses to defend ...Necrotrophic pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes are widely distributed and are responsible for significant crop losses. Host plants deploy different defense mechanisms and appropriate immune responses to defend them against these pathogens. Regardless of the pathogen’s lifestyle, infection activates plant immune responses either through Pathogen/Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern (P/MAMP) or through Effector Triggered Immunity (ETI). However, as R-genes are not usually associated with resistance to necrotrophs, resistance is largely dependent on the balanced interplay between crucial phytohormones in complex signaling pathways involving jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA). An increase in salicylic acid levels enhances susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens but promotes resistance to hemibiotrophs, whereas a deficiency in SA or SA signaling has either no significant impact or affects resistance only at the primary infection site. The same fashion is observed for JA signaling system that appears to elicit resistance against diseases caused by necrotrophic pathogens and can trigger systemic immunity conferring resistance against them. On the other hand, ABA can play a positive or negative role in plant defense responses to necrotrophs as ABA-mediated defense responses are dependent on specific plant-pathogen interactions. Understanding plant immune response against necrotrophic pathogens may lead to the development of resistant or tolerant crop cultivars.展开更多
Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. After decades of sporadic outbreaks, it re-emerged in Africa,Asia, India Ocean and America ...Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. After decades of sporadic outbreaks, it re-emerged in Africa,Asia, India Ocean and America suddenly, causing major regional epidemics recently and becoming a notable global health problem. Infection by CHIKV results in a spectrum of clinical diseases including an acute self-limiting febrile illness in most individuals, a chronic phase of recurrent join pain in a proportion of patients, and long-term arthralgia for months to years for the unfortunate few. No specific anti-viral drugs or licensed vaccines for CHIKV are available so far. A better understanding of virus-host interactions is essential for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. To this end, we reviewed the existing knowledge on CHIKV's epidemiology, clinical presentation, molecular virology, diagnostic approaches, host immune response, vaccine development, and available animal models. Such a comprehensive overview, we believe, will shed lights on the promises and challenges in CHIKV vaccine development.展开更多
AIM： To investigate genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl） cell division-related gene A （cdrA） and its effect on the host response.METHODS： Inactivation of H. py/ori cdrA, which is involved in ceil...AIM： To investigate genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl） cell division-related gene A （cdrA） and its effect on the host response.METHODS： Inactivation of H. py/ori cdrA, which is involved in ceil division and morphological elonga- tion, has a role in chronic persistent infections. Ge- netic property of H. pylori cdrA was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 128 （77 American and 51 Japanese） clinical isolates obtained from 48 and 51 patients, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure in- terleukin-8 （IL-8） secretion with gastric biopsy speci- mens obtained from American patients colonized with cdrA-positive or -negative strains and AGS cells co- cultured with wild-type HPK5 （cdrA-positive） or its de- rivative HPKT510 （cdrA-disruptant）. Furthermore, the cytotoxin-associated gene A （cagA） status （transloca- tion and phosphorylation） and kinetics of transcription factors [nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-~：B） and inhibition kappa B] were investigated in AGS cells co-cultured with HPK5, HPKT510 and its derivative HPKSCA （cagA- disruptant） by western blotting analysis with immuno- precipitation. RESULTS： Genetic diversity of the H. pylori cdrA gene demonstrated that the cdrA status segregated into two categories including four allele types, cdrA-positive （al- lele types, I and 11 ） and cdrA-negative （allele types; 111 and IV） categories, respectively. Almost all Japanese isolates were cdrA-positive （ 1 ： 7.8% and 11 ： 90.2%）, whereas 16.9% of American isolates were cdrA-positive （11） and 83.1% were cdrA-negative （nl： 37.7% and IV： 45.5%）, indicating extended diversity of cdrA in individual American isolates. Comparison of each isolate from different regions （antrum and corpus） in the stomach of 29 Americans revealed that cdrA status was identical in both isolates from different regions in 17 cases. However, 12 cases had a different cdrA al- lele and 6 of them exhibited a different cdrA category between two regions in the stomach. Furthermore, in 5 of the 6 cases possessing a different cdrA category, cdrA-negative isolate existed in the corpus, suggesting that cdrA-negative strain is more adaptable to coloni- zation in the corpus. IL-8 secretions from AGS revealed that IL-8 levels induced by a cdrA-disrupted HPKT510 was significantly lower （P 〈 0.01） compared to wild- type HPK5： corresponding to 50%-60% of those of wild-type HPK5. These data coincided with in vivo data that an average value of IL-8 in biopsy specimens from cdrA-positive and cdrA-negative groups was 215.6 and 135.9 pg/mL, respectively. Western blotting analysis documented that HPKT510 had no effect on CagA translocation and phosphorylation, however, nuclear accumulation of NF-κB was lower by HPKT510 com- pared to HPK5. CONCLUSION： Colonization by a cdrA-negative or cdrA-dysfunctional strain resulted in decreased IL-8 production and repression of NF-κB, and hence, atten- uate the host immunity leading to persistent infection.展开更多
Objective To investigate the pathogenesis and immunogenicity of H9N2 influenza virus A/Guangzhou/333/99 （a reassortant of G1 and G9 viruses isolated from a female patient in 1999） in a mouse model of infection.Metho...Objective To investigate the pathogenesis and immunogenicity of H9N2 influenza virus A/Guangzhou/333/99 （a reassortant of G1 and G9 viruses isolated from a female patient in 1999） in a mouse model of infection.Methods Mice were infected with increasing virus titers.Viral load in the lungs and trachea was determined by EID50 assay.Pulmonary histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin‐eosin staining.Anti‐HI antibody titers and T‐cell responses to viral HA were determined by ELISPOT and confirmed by flow cytometry.Results Mice presented a mild syndrome after intranasal infection with A/Guangzhou/333/99 （H9N2） influenza virus.Virus was detected in the trachea and lungs of mice harvested on days 3,6,and 9 post‐infection.A T‐cell response to viral HA was detected on day 6 and H9 HA‐specific CD 4＋ T‐cells predominated.Seroconversion was detected after 14 days and antibody persisted for at least 28 weeks.Conclusion Our results suggest that H9N2 （A/Guangzhou/333/99） can replicate in the murine respiratory tract without prior adaptation,and both humoral and cell‐mediated immunity play an important role in the immune response.展开更多
Gastric cancer(GC)is the result of a multifactorial process whose main components are infection by Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori),bacterial virulence factors,host immune response and environmental factors.The developme...Gastric cancer(GC)is the result of a multifactorial process whose main components are infection by Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori),bacterial virulence factors,host immune response and environmental factors.The development of the neoplastic microenvironment also depends on genetic and epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes,which results in deregulation of cell signaling pathways and apoptosis process.This review summarizes the main aspects of the pathogenesis of GC and the immune response involved in chronic inflammation generated by H.pylori.展开更多
Plant diseases cause dramatic economic loss,posing a major challenge to modern agriculture.Plant pathogenic organisms secret effectors that utilize fascinating and intricate stratagems to facilitate infection.The cons...Plant diseases cause dramatic economic loss,posing a major challenge to modern agriculture.Plant pathogenic organisms secret effectors that utilize fascinating and intricate stratagems to facilitate infection.The consequences of plant-pathogen interactions are largely determined by effectors.The effector research has made great strides since its inception in the 1990s and the importance of effectors is increasingly noticed.Molecular investigation of effectors has provided critical insights into how plant pathogens manipulate their hosts to cause diseases.Thus far,numerous excellent reviews concerning effectors have focused on their targeting host pathways,recognition by host receptors,and evasion mechanisms,but few have ever summarized all known effector action modes.Here,we distinguish ten different stratagems of effector function from all types of pathogens,including damage,inhibition,hijacking,promotion,subversion,mimicry,reprogramming,evasion,decoying,and adaption.Furthermore,we discuss examples of these ten stratagems,refine the effector definition,and propose future directions of phytopathogenic effector research.展开更多
Trace metal elements, such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, are essential nutrients for biological processes. Although their intake demand is low, they play a crucial role in cell homeostasis as the cofactors of ...Trace metal elements, such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, are essential nutrients for biological processes. Although their intake demand is low, they play a crucial role in cell homeostasis as the cofactors of various enzymes. Symbiotic intestinal microorganisms compete with their host for the use of trace metal elements. Moreover, the metabolic processes of trace metal elements in the host and microorganisms affect the organism's health. Supplementation or the lack of trace metal elements in the host can change the intestinal microbial community structure and function. Functional changes in symbiotic microorganisms can affect the host's metabolism of trace metal elements. In this review, we discuss the absorption and transport processes of trace metal elements in the host and symbiotic microorganisms and the effects of dynamic changes in the levels of trace metal elements on the intestinal microbial community structure. We also highlight the participation of trace metal elements as enzyme cofactors in the host immune process. Our findings indicate that the host uses metal nutrition immunity or metal poisoning to resist pathogens and improve immunity.展开更多
Viruses typically have small genomes with limited coding capacity and must,therefore,rely intensively on the host’s cellular machinery to complete their life cycles.Plant viruses are no exception.To establish a succe...Viruses typically have small genomes with limited coding capacity and must,therefore,rely intensively on the host’s cellular machinery to complete their life cycles.Plant viruses are no exception.To establish a successful infection,they must hijack host functions to support transcription,replication,intra-and intercellular movement,and encapsidation of the viral genome,all while evading host immune defenses.展开更多
Sepsis is a significant global health burden,with substantial morbidity and mortality.The host immune response to infection appears to be a double-edged sword in the development of septic complications.Although an app...Sepsis is a significant global health burden,with substantial morbidity and mortality.The host immune response to infection appears to be a double-edged sword in the development of septic complications.Although an appropriate immune response is essential for pathogen clearance,an excessive or dysregulated response can lead to immune dissonance and subsequent organ injury.The immune response may vary depending on individual patient characteristics,pathogen type,infection site,and co-existing factors.This heterogeneity presents a substantial challenge for clinical evaluation of immune status.展开更多
How the host immune system loses its surveillance function during the evolution from normal cell to malignancy is still largely unknown.Here,we investigate the dynamics changes of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(...How the host immune system loses its surveillance function during the evolution from normal cell to malignancy is still largely unknown.Here,we investigate the dynamics changes of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)tumor microenvironment by profiling 132,115 single-cell transcriptomes derived from 51 tissues,including healthy pancreatic tissue,non-metastatic PDAC primary tumors,metastatic primary tumors,and patient-matched liver metastases.The cellular proportion,bio-functional,and interaction between each cell type are carefully characterized.Aberrant copy number variations(CNVs)indicating malignant intensity are identified at chromosomes 7 and 20 of epithelial cells during tumor development.A bio-functional transition of predominant genes from physiology to pancreatic oncogenesis and metastasis is observed.Combinatorial analysis of epithelial cells and immunocytes indicates a gradient loss of immune surveillance during the malignant transformation.By dissecting cellular interaction,we unravel an incremental tumor cell-triggered apoptosis of DCs through molecular pair ANXA1-FPR1/3.Consequently,the activation and infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+T cells are dampened progressively.Remarkably,we unveil a novel subtype of stress-response NK cells(strNK),which are characterized by robust proliferation,diminished cytolytic capabilities,and negative immune regulation.Notably,the presence of strNK cells is associated with poor prognosis of PDAC patients,implying a potential pro-tumor function.Taken together,our results not only shed light on the intricate mechanisms underlying step-wise evasion of immune surveillance during PDAC tumor development,but also provide a potential strategy for holding back malignant transition by reinforcing DCs’function.展开更多
Embedding mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)in biomaterial is a subject of increasing interest in the field of Regenerative Medicine.Speeding up the clinical use of MSCs is dependent on the use of non-syngeneic models in...Embedding mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)in biomaterial is a subject of increasing interest in the field of Regenerative Medicine.Speeding up the clinical use of MSCs is dependent on the use of non-syngeneic models in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices(GMP)requirements and on costs.To this end,in this study,we analyzed the in vivo host immune response following local injection of silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(Si-HPMC)-embedded human MSCs in a rat model developing colorectal damage induced by ionizing radiation.Plasma and lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested in addition to colonic tissue.We set up tests,using flow cytometry and a live imaging system,to highlight the response to specific antibodies and measure the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against injected MSCs.We demonstrated that Si-HPMC protects MSCs from specific antibodies production and from apoptosis by lymphocytes.We also observed that Si-HPMC does not modify innate immune response infiltrate in vivo,and that in vitro co-culture of Si-HPMC-embedded MSCs impacts macrophage inflammatory response depending on the microenvironment but,more importantly,increases the macrophage regenerative response through Wnt-family and VEGF gene expression.This study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms involved,with a view to improving the therapeutic benefits of biomaterial-assisted cell therapy by modulating the host immune response.The decrease in specific immune response against injected MSCs protected by Si-HPMC also opens up new possibilities for allogeneic clinical use.展开更多
With the rapid development of histological techniques and the widespread applica-tion of single-cell sequencing in eukaryotes,researchers desire to explore individual microbial.genotypes and functional expression,whic...With the rapid development of histological techniques and the widespread applica-tion of single-cell sequencing in eukaryotes,researchers desire to explore individual microbial.genotypes and functional expression,which deepens our understanding of microorganisms.In this review,the history of the development of microbial detection technologies was revealed and the difficulties in the application of single-cell sequencing in microorganisms were dissected as well.Moreover,the characteristics of the currently emerging microbial single-cell sequencing(Microbe-seq)technology were summarized,and the prospects of the application of Microbe-seq in microorganisms were distilled based on the current development status.Despite its mature development,the Microbe-seq technology was still in the optimization stage.A retrospective study was conducted,aiming to promote the widespread application of single-cell sequencing in microorganisms and facilitate further improvement in the technol-ogy.展开更多
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)is an emerging infectious disease that results from SFTS bunyavirus(SFTSV)infection.Infection with SFTSV can activate the immune system,producing a series of inflammato...Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)is an emerging infectious disease that results from SFTS bunyavirus(SFTSV)infection.Infection with SFTSV can activate the immune system,producing a series of inflammatory factors.Some patients,particularly those with pre-existing conditions or at an advanced age,may experience an excessive inflammatory response,triggering systemic multi-organ failure progressing to severe disease and,potentially,death.In recent years,extensive research has been conducted on the mechanism of SFTSV infection and its interaction with host immune responses.Additionally,a range of biomarkers with significant prognostic value for SFTS have been identified.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements in understanding the interplay between SFTSV and host immune responses,and elucidates the role of these biomarkers in the early detection of severe cases and fatal outcomes.The insights presented aim to inform strategies for early intervention,clinical treatment,and prognostic assessment of patients with SFTS.展开更多
文摘Along with the running COVID-19 pandemic by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,the Chikungunya virus is already known as the causative agent of re-emerging Chikungunya fever in many countries after several years of latency;and it’s certainly one of the most important clinical issues possibly due to the lack of appropriate vaccination.Therefore,continuous study and monitoring of this disease outbreak demand attention by the relevant health professionals.Present review has been written in the light of the recently available reports on the Chikungunya virus infection.The genomic structure and its impact on the viral epidemiology,the possible protective immunity,and the infection mitigation strategies have been discussed.It’s already well known that the Chikungunya virus can start infection after getting entrance into the blood circulation through the mosquito bites followed by the dissemination into the major organs like liver,brain,eye,joints and lymph nodes in order to inaugurate the infectivity.Apparently,the occurrence of death is very rare but the extreme fatality and morbidity may occur if the patient has other underlying disease conditions.The molecular aspects of the virus,the site-specific damages caused by the viral infection,and finally,the public awareness of such viral infection as discussed in the current review would help to maintain the public health sustainability especially in the developing countries whereby the knowledge on the required hygiene is poor.
基金supported by the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City,China(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-75)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province,China(322QN398).
文摘Plant pathogens secrete various cell wall-degrading enzymes that compromise host cell wall integrity and facilitate pathogen invasion.This study identified VdGH7a,a glycoside hydrolase family 7(GH7)cellobiohydrolase from Verticillium dahliae,which demonstrated hydrolytic activity against 1,4-β-glucan.Notably,VdGH7a induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana when signal peptides were present,though this effect was inhibited by the carbohydrate-binding type-1(CBM1)protein domain.The deletion of VdGH7a substantially reduced V.dahliae pathogenicity in cotton plants,as demonstrated by the mutants’inability to penetrate cellophane membrane.These knockout mutants also exhibited reduced carbon source utilization capacity and increased sensitivity to osmotic and cell wall stresses.Through yeast two-hybrid screening,bi-molecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC),and luciferase complementation imaging(LCI),we identified that VdGH7a interacts with an osmotin-like protein(GhOLP1)in cotton.Virus-induced gene silencing of GhOLP1 resulted in decreased salicylic acid(SA)content and reduced resistance to V.dahliae in cotton,while heterologous overexpression of GhOLP1 in Arabidopsis enhanced both resistance and SA signaling pathway gene expression.These results reveal a virulence mechanism wherein the secreted protein VdGH7a from V.dahliae interacts with GhOLP1 to activate host immunity and contribute significantly to plant resistance against V.dahliae.
基金Supported by the European Union-Next Generation EU,through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria,No.BG-RRP-2.004-0008.
文摘An overly exuberant immune response,characterized by a cytokine storm and uncontrolled inflammation,has been identified as a significant driver of severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases.Consequently,deciphering the intricacies of immune dysregulation in COVID-19 is imperative to identify specific targets for intervention and modulation.With these delicate dynamics in mind,immunomodulatory therapies have emerged as a promising avenue for miti-gating the challenges posed by COVID-19.Precision in manipulating immune pathways presents an opportunity to alter the host response,optimizing antiviral defenses while curbing deleterious inflammation.This review article compre-hensively analyzes immunomodulatory interventions in managing COVID-19.We explore diverse approaches to mitigating the hyperactive immune response and its impact,from corticosteroids and non-steroidal drugs to targeted biologics,including anti-viral drugs,cytokine inhibitors,JAK inhibitors,convalescent plasma,monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,cell-based therapies(i.e.,CAR T,etc.).By summarizing the current evidence,we aim to provide a clear roadmap for clinicians and researchers navigating the complex landscape of immunomodulation in COVID-19 treatment.CS Glucocorticoids are among the most widely prescribed drugs with their immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory effect[84].The current guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19 recommend against the use of dexamethasone or other systemic CS in non-hospitalized patients in the absence of another indication[70].The RECOVERY trial demonstrates the reduced 28-d mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 using dexamethasone compared to the usual standard of care,along with other investigators,such as Ahmed and Hassan[85].The benefit of dexamethasone was seen only among participants receiving either oxygen alone or invasive mechanical ventilation at randomization but not among those receiving no respiratory support at enrollment[85].In a systematic review and meta-analysis,Albuquerque et al[86]showed that in comparison to tocilizumab,baricitinib,and sarilumab are associated with high probabilities of similar mortality reductions among hospitalized COVID-19 concurrently treated with CS.As a result of the absence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral medications,the effectiveness of COVID-19 treatments is reduced.Several COVID-19 therapies are now under investigation.However,the majority of them lack specificity,efficacy,and safety[87].Immunotherapy is a ground-breaking medical treatment that manipulates the immune system to fight diseases.Translational research is rapidly progressing,recognized as a significant breakthrough in 2013[88].Among the immunotherapeutic options for treating COVID-19 are Immunoglobulin,CP,antibodies,mAbs(mAbs),NK cells,T cells,TLR,cytokine therapies and immune modulators.
基金supported by NIH grants CA172894, CA180277, DE020891New York University Research Funds
文摘Bacterial biofilms have emerged as potential critical triggers in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate（BP）-related osteonecrosis of the jaw（ONJ） or BRONJ. BRONJ lesions have shown to be heavily colonized by oral bacteria, most of these difficult to cultivate and presents many clinical challenges. The purpose of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity in BRONJ lesions and to determine host immune response. We examined tissue specimens from three cohorts（n530）; patients with periodontal disease without a history of BP therapy（Control, n510）, patients with periodontal disease having history of BP therapy but without ONJ（BP, n55） and patients with BRONJ（BRONJ, n515）. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction（PCR）-amplified 16 S r RNA gene fragments revealed less bacterial diversity in BRONJ than BP and Control cohorts. Sequence analysis detected six phyla with predominant affiliation to Firmicutes in BRONJ（71.6%）, BP（70.3%） and Control（59.1%）. Significant differences（P,0.05） in genera were observed, between Control/BP, Control/BRONJ and BP/BRONJ cohorts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）results indicated that the levels of myeloperoxidase were significantly lower, whereas interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were moderately elevated in BRONJ patients as compared to Controls. PCR array showed significant changes in BRONJ patients with downregulation of host genes, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2, and cathepsin G, the key modulators for antibacterial response and upregulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, proteinase 3 and conserved helix–loop–helix ubiquitous kinase. The results suggest that colonization of unique bacterial communities coupled with deficient innate immune response is likely to impact the pathogenesis of ONJ.
基金Supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(110201202002)
文摘Ralstonia solanacearum is an important model phytopathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial wilt disease on many plant species and leads to serious economic losses. The interactions between R. solanacearum and host plants have become a model system for the study of plants and pathogens interactions. This paper reviews the advances on the molecular mechanisms between R. solanacearum and hosts interaction including the formation of plant innate immunity, the suppression of plant innate immunity by this pathogen and the activation of effector-triggered immunity. Furthermore, we made a prospect on how to utilize the interaction mechanism between R. solanacearum and hosts to control the disease.
文摘The original online version of this article (Ghozlan, M.H., EL-Argawy, E., Tokgöz, S., Lakshman, D.K. and Mitra, A. (2020) Plant Defense against Necrotrophic Pathogens. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 11, 2122-2138. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2020.1112149) was published mistakenly without another co-author, Nikita Gambhir. In this regard, we revise authors and “how to cite” sections by adding her name.
基金This research was supported by the China National Funds for Innovative Research Groups(31721004)the key program of the Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(32030091)+3 种基金the NSFC Youth Program(31901832)Youth Program for Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK2019054)the program of NSFC-DFG(31861133017)the NSFC program(32172377)。
文摘Apoplastic ascorbate oxidases(AOs)play a critical role in reactive oxygen species(RoS)-mediated innate host immunity by regulating the apoplast redox state.To date,little is known about how apoplastic effectors of the riceblast fungus Magnaportheoryzaemodulate the apoplast redox state of rice to subvert plant immunity.In this study,we demonstrated that M.oryzae MoAo1 is an Ao that plays a role in virulence by modulating the apoplast redox status of rice cells.We showed that MoAo1 inhibits the activity of rice OsAO3and OsAO4,which also regulate the apoplast redox status and plant immunity.In addition,we found that MoAo1,OsAO3,andOsAO4 allexhibit polymorphic variations whosevaried interactions orchestrate pathogen virulence and rice immunity.Taken together,our results reveal a critical role for extracellular redox enzymes during rice blast infection and shed light on the importance of the apoplast redox state anditsregulation inplant-pathogeninteractions.
文摘Necrotrophic pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes are widely distributed and are responsible for significant crop losses. Host plants deploy different defense mechanisms and appropriate immune responses to defend them against these pathogens. Regardless of the pathogen’s lifestyle, infection activates plant immune responses either through Pathogen/Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern (P/MAMP) or through Effector Triggered Immunity (ETI). However, as R-genes are not usually associated with resistance to necrotrophs, resistance is largely dependent on the balanced interplay between crucial phytohormones in complex signaling pathways involving jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA). An increase in salicylic acid levels enhances susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens but promotes resistance to hemibiotrophs, whereas a deficiency in SA or SA signaling has either no significant impact or affects resistance only at the primary infection site. The same fashion is observed for JA signaling system that appears to elicit resistance against diseases caused by necrotrophic pathogens and can trigger systemic immunity conferring resistance against them. On the other hand, ABA can play a positive or negative role in plant defense responses to necrotrophs as ABA-mediated defense responses are dependent on specific plant-pathogen interactions. Understanding plant immune response against necrotrophic pathogens may lead to the development of resistant or tolerant crop cultivars.
基金supported in part by the National Key Program Project Grant from MOST #2016YFC1201000
文摘Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. After decades of sporadic outbreaks, it re-emerged in Africa,Asia, India Ocean and America suddenly, causing major regional epidemics recently and becoming a notable global health problem. Infection by CHIKV results in a spectrum of clinical diseases including an acute self-limiting febrile illness in most individuals, a chronic phase of recurrent join pain in a proportion of patients, and long-term arthralgia for months to years for the unfortunate few. No specific anti-viral drugs or licensed vaccines for CHIKV are available so far. A better understanding of virus-host interactions is essential for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. To this end, we reviewed the existing knowledge on CHIKV's epidemiology, clinical presentation, molecular virology, diagnostic approaches, host immune response, vaccine development, and available animal models. Such a comprehensive overview, we believe, will shed lights on the promises and challenges in CHIKV vaccine development.
基金Supported by The Project Research Fund from Kochi University,to Takeuchi Ha Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education,Science and Culture of Japan,No. 21590631 and 21590629,in part
文摘AIM： To investigate genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl） cell division-related gene A （cdrA） and its effect on the host response.METHODS： Inactivation of H. py/ori cdrA, which is involved in ceil division and morphological elonga- tion, has a role in chronic persistent infections. Ge- netic property of H. pylori cdrA was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 128 （77 American and 51 Japanese） clinical isolates obtained from 48 and 51 patients, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure in- terleukin-8 （IL-8） secretion with gastric biopsy speci- mens obtained from American patients colonized with cdrA-positive or -negative strains and AGS cells co- cultured with wild-type HPK5 （cdrA-positive） or its de- rivative HPKT510 （cdrA-disruptant）. Furthermore, the cytotoxin-associated gene A （cagA） status （transloca- tion and phosphorylation） and kinetics of transcription factors [nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-~：B） and inhibition kappa B] were investigated in AGS cells co-cultured with HPK5, HPKT510 and its derivative HPKSCA （cagA- disruptant） by western blotting analysis with immuno- precipitation. RESULTS： Genetic diversity of the H. pylori cdrA gene demonstrated that the cdrA status segregated into two categories including four allele types, cdrA-positive （al- lele types, I and 11 ） and cdrA-negative （allele types; 111 and IV） categories, respectively. Almost all Japanese isolates were cdrA-positive （ 1 ： 7.8% and 11 ： 90.2%）, whereas 16.9% of American isolates were cdrA-positive （11） and 83.1% were cdrA-negative （nl： 37.7% and IV： 45.5%）, indicating extended diversity of cdrA in individual American isolates. Comparison of each isolate from different regions （antrum and corpus） in the stomach of 29 Americans revealed that cdrA status was identical in both isolates from different regions in 17 cases. However, 12 cases had a different cdrA al- lele and 6 of them exhibited a different cdrA category between two regions in the stomach. Furthermore, in 5 of the 6 cases possessing a different cdrA category, cdrA-negative isolate existed in the corpus, suggesting that cdrA-negative strain is more adaptable to coloni- zation in the corpus. IL-8 secretions from AGS revealed that IL-8 levels induced by a cdrA-disrupted HPKT510 was significantly lower （P 〈 0.01） compared to wild- type HPK5： corresponding to 50%-60% of those of wild-type HPK5. These data coincided with in vivo data that an average value of IL-8 in biopsy specimens from cdrA-positive and cdrA-negative groups was 215.6 and 135.9 pg/mL, respectively. Western blotting analysis documented that HPKT510 had no effect on CagA translocation and phosphorylation, however, nuclear accumulation of NF-κB was lower by HPKT510 com- pared to HPK5. CONCLUSION： Colonization by a cdrA-negative or cdrA-dysfunctional strain resulted in decreased IL-8 production and repression of NF-κB, and hence, atten- uate the host immunity leading to persistent infection.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 program: 2005CB523006)
文摘Objective To investigate the pathogenesis and immunogenicity of H9N2 influenza virus A/Guangzhou/333/99 （a reassortant of G1 and G9 viruses isolated from a female patient in 1999） in a mouse model of infection.Methods Mice were infected with increasing virus titers.Viral load in the lungs and trachea was determined by EID50 assay.Pulmonary histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin‐eosin staining.Anti‐HI antibody titers and T‐cell responses to viral HA were determined by ELISPOT and confirmed by flow cytometry.Results Mice presented a mild syndrome after intranasal infection with A/Guangzhou/333/99 （H9N2） influenza virus.Virus was detected in the trachea and lungs of mice harvested on days 3,6,and 9 post‐infection.A T‐cell response to viral HA was detected on day 6 and H9 HA‐specific CD 4＋ T‐cells predominated.Seroconversion was detected after 14 days and antibody persisted for at least 28 weeks.Conclusion Our results suggest that H9N2 （A/Guangzhou/333/99） can replicate in the murine respiratory tract without prior adaptation,and both humoral and cell‐mediated immunity play an important role in the immune response.
文摘Gastric cancer(GC)is the result of a multifactorial process whose main components are infection by Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori),bacterial virulence factors,host immune response and environmental factors.The development of the neoplastic microenvironment also depends on genetic and epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes,which results in deregulation of cell signaling pathways and apoptosis process.This review summarizes the main aspects of the pathogenesis of GC and the immune response involved in chronic inflammation generated by H.pylori.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202251,32230089 and 32070139)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-21).
文摘Plant diseases cause dramatic economic loss,posing a major challenge to modern agriculture.Plant pathogenic organisms secret effectors that utilize fascinating and intricate stratagems to facilitate infection.The consequences of plant-pathogen interactions are largely determined by effectors.The effector research has made great strides since its inception in the 1990s and the importance of effectors is increasingly noticed.Molecular investigation of effectors has provided critical insights into how plant pathogens manipulate their hosts to cause diseases.Thus far,numerous excellent reviews concerning effectors have focused on their targeting host pathways,recognition by host receptors,and evasion mechanisms,but few have ever summarized all known effector action modes.Here,we distinguish ten different stratagems of effector function from all types of pathogens,including damage,inhibition,hijacking,promotion,subversion,mimicry,reprogramming,evasion,decoying,and adaption.Furthermore,we discuss examples of these ten stratagems,refine the effector definition,and propose future directions of phytopathogenic effector research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772642, 31672457)Ministry of Agricultural of the People’s Republic of China (2015-Z64, 2016-X47)+4 种基金Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department (2021J30008, 2019TP2004,2017NK2322, 2016WK2008, 2016TP2005)Double first-class construction project of Hunan Agricultural University (SYL201802003)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M632963, 2019T120705)Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province (CX20210654)Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project for University Students of Hunan Province (2021RC1004)。
文摘Trace metal elements, such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, are essential nutrients for biological processes. Although their intake demand is low, they play a crucial role in cell homeostasis as the cofactors of various enzymes. Symbiotic intestinal microorganisms compete with their host for the use of trace metal elements. Moreover, the metabolic processes of trace metal elements in the host and microorganisms affect the organism's health. Supplementation or the lack of trace metal elements in the host can change the intestinal microbial community structure and function. Functional changes in symbiotic microorganisms can affect the host's metabolism of trace metal elements. In this review, we discuss the absorption and transport processes of trace metal elements in the host and symbiotic microorganisms and the effects of dynamic changes in the levels of trace metal elements on the intestinal microbial community structure. We also highlight the participation of trace metal elements as enzyme cofactors in the host immune process. Our findings indicate that the host uses metal nutrition immunity or metal poisoning to resist pathogens and improve immunity.
基金supported by the National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions/Fapemig/CNPq(grant nos..406440/2022-O and APQ-03986-24 to E.P.B.F.).M.A.F.and F.D.A.S.are Postdoctoral Fellows of CNPq.
文摘Viruses typically have small genomes with limited coding capacity and must,therefore,rely intensively on the host’s cellular machinery to complete their life cycles.Plant viruses are no exception.To establish a successful infection,they must hijack host functions to support transcription,replication,intra-and intercellular movement,and encapsidation of the viral genome,all while evading host immune defenses.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1104600)the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82472194)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82241062).
文摘Sepsis is a significant global health burden,with substantial morbidity and mortality.The host immune response to infection appears to be a double-edged sword in the development of septic complications.Although an appropriate immune response is essential for pathogen clearance,an excessive or dysregulated response can lead to immune dissonance and subsequent organ injury.The immune response may vary depending on individual patient characteristics,pathogen type,infection site,and co-existing factors.This heterogeneity presents a substantial challenge for clinical evaluation of immune status.
基金funded by Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2023ZD0502300[2023ZD0502304]to J.J.)National Key Research and Development Program of China(NO.2022YFA1207300 and 2022YFC2504700 to H.S.,2023ZD0502300 to X.W.L.)+5 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.82172634 to H.S.,82473064 and 22105137 to X.W.L.)Key Program of the Science and Technology Bureau of Sichuan(NO.2021YFSY0007 to H.S.,2024NSFSC1919 to X.W.L.,and 2024NSFSC1725 to X.Y.W.)National Guidance Fund on Developing Local Science and Technology for Sichuan Province(No.2023ZYD0167 to J.J.)1.3.5 Projects for Disciplines of Excellence,West China Hospital,Sichuan University(NO.ZYYC20013 to H.S.)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(NO.2024M762232 to J.S.)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(NO.GZB20240487 to J.S.).
文摘How the host immune system loses its surveillance function during the evolution from normal cell to malignancy is still largely unknown.Here,we investigate the dynamics changes of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)tumor microenvironment by profiling 132,115 single-cell transcriptomes derived from 51 tissues,including healthy pancreatic tissue,non-metastatic PDAC primary tumors,metastatic primary tumors,and patient-matched liver metastases.The cellular proportion,bio-functional,and interaction between each cell type are carefully characterized.Aberrant copy number variations(CNVs)indicating malignant intensity are identified at chromosomes 7 and 20 of epithelial cells during tumor development.A bio-functional transition of predominant genes from physiology to pancreatic oncogenesis and metastasis is observed.Combinatorial analysis of epithelial cells and immunocytes indicates a gradient loss of immune surveillance during the malignant transformation.By dissecting cellular interaction,we unravel an incremental tumor cell-triggered apoptosis of DCs through molecular pair ANXA1-FPR1/3.Consequently,the activation and infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+T cells are dampened progressively.Remarkably,we unveil a novel subtype of stress-response NK cells(strNK),which are characterized by robust proliferation,diminished cytolytic capabilities,and negative immune regulation.Notably,the presence of strNK cells is associated with poor prognosis of PDAC patients,implying a potential pro-tumor function.Taken together,our results not only shed light on the intricate mechanisms underlying step-wise evasion of immune surveillance during PDAC tumor development,but also provide a potential strategy for holding back malignant transition by reinforcing DCs’function.
基金supported by the French‘Agence Nationale pour le Recherche’(Anthos project-ANR13-RPIB-008).
文摘Embedding mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)in biomaterial is a subject of increasing interest in the field of Regenerative Medicine.Speeding up the clinical use of MSCs is dependent on the use of non-syngeneic models in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices(GMP)requirements and on costs.To this end,in this study,we analyzed the in vivo host immune response following local injection of silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(Si-HPMC)-embedded human MSCs in a rat model developing colorectal damage induced by ionizing radiation.Plasma and lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested in addition to colonic tissue.We set up tests,using flow cytometry and a live imaging system,to highlight the response to specific antibodies and measure the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against injected MSCs.We demonstrated that Si-HPMC protects MSCs from specific antibodies production and from apoptosis by lymphocytes.We also observed that Si-HPMC does not modify innate immune response infiltrate in vivo,and that in vitro co-culture of Si-HPMC-embedded MSCs impacts macrophage inflammatory response depending on the microenvironment but,more importantly,increases the macrophage regenerative response through Wnt-family and VEGF gene expression.This study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms involved,with a view to improving the therapeutic benefits of biomaterial-assisted cell therapy by modulating the host immune response.The decrease in specific immune response against injected MSCs protected by Si-HPMC also opens up new possibilities for allogeneic clinical use.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province,China(No.2022C03026)the Zhejiang Medical and Health Technology Project(China)(No.2023RC274)Public Welfare Technology Application Research Program of Huzhou,China(No.2021GY15).
文摘With the rapid development of histological techniques and the widespread applica-tion of single-cell sequencing in eukaryotes,researchers desire to explore individual microbial.genotypes and functional expression,which deepens our understanding of microorganisms.In this review,the history of the development of microbial detection technologies was revealed and the difficulties in the application of single-cell sequencing in microorganisms were dissected as well.Moreover,the characteristics of the currently emerging microbial single-cell sequencing(Microbe-seq)technology were summarized,and the prospects of the application of Microbe-seq in microorganisms were distilled based on the current development status.Despite its mature development,the Microbe-seq technology was still in the optimization stage.A retrospective study was conducted,aiming to promote the widespread application of single-cell sequencing in microorganisms and facilitate further improvement in the technol-ogy.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2023YFC2309100Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Outstanding Youth Cultivation Fund,Grant/Award Number:2024-JCYJYP-01+1 种基金Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Health Commission,Grant/Award Number:M2022013Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:JX22014156。
文摘Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)is an emerging infectious disease that results from SFTS bunyavirus(SFTSV)infection.Infection with SFTSV can activate the immune system,producing a series of inflammatory factors.Some patients,particularly those with pre-existing conditions or at an advanced age,may experience an excessive inflammatory response,triggering systemic multi-organ failure progressing to severe disease and,potentially,death.In recent years,extensive research has been conducted on the mechanism of SFTSV infection and its interaction with host immune responses.Additionally,a range of biomarkers with significant prognostic value for SFTS have been identified.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements in understanding the interplay between SFTSV and host immune responses,and elucidates the role of these biomarkers in the early detection of severe cases and fatal outcomes.The insights presented aim to inform strategies for early intervention,clinical treatment,and prognostic assessment of patients with SFTS.
