Background:With the rapid development of modern emerging technologies,the ethical dilemmas and social controversies triggered by scientific and technological activities have become increasingly prominent.How to guide ...Background:With the rapid development of modern emerging technologies,the ethical dilemmas and social controversies triggered by scientific and technological activities have become increasingly prominent.How to guide technology for good and prevent and control technological risks has become an important issue of global concern.Research on science and technology ethics is dedicated to integrating ethical theories into governance practices and constructing ethical models that adapt to the development of the times.Methods:This article systematically reviews the six core approaches of scientific and technological ethics thought,including technological autonomy and political philosophy criticism,responsibility ethics and intergenerational obligations,technological intermediation and the integration of life and the world,ethical principles and normative frameworks,participatory governance and ethical practice innovation,as well as domain-specific ethical norms,thereby constructing an ethical analysis framework applicable to medical technology risks.And cross-analysis was conducted by taking medical events such as gene editing and xenotransplantation as examples.Results:Research shows that a single ethical approach has limitations in addressing complex medical ethical challenges,while the six approaches are complementary and synergistic.By criticizing technological autonomy,establishing a responsibility ethics orientation,setting the bottom line of ethical principles,promoting participatory governance,formulating domain norms,and continuously reflecting on the intermediary nature of technology,a multi-level and dynamically adaptive governance system for scientific and technological ethics can be constructed.Conclusion:The key to addressing contemporary medical ethics challenges lies in the comprehensive application of science and technology ethics theories and the integration of ethical considerations throughout the entire process of scientific and technological research and development.In the future,a governance framework that adapts to the development of new technologies should be established to promote cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary ethical dialogue and public participation,ensuring that scientific and technological innovation always serves the dignity of human life and overall well-being.展开更多
Background:The advent of the self-media age,digital humanities,and artificial intelligence(AI)technologies is gradually reshaping the narrative frameworks of the history of science and technology in general and the hi...Background:The advent of the self-media age,digital humanities,and artificial intelligence(AI)technologies is gradually reshaping the narrative frameworks of the history of science and technology in general and the history of medicine in particular,as it transforms the specific shape of contemporary medical science and health communication practice with the help of interactive,scenario-based communication ecosystems.Methods:This paper focuses on the interactive relationship between the history of science and science communication,employing historical tracing and case study comparison as research methods to explore the pathways and innovative models for reintegrating the history of science and technology including the history of medicine into contemporary scientific discourse.Results:The study finds that in the Chinese context,three key pathways facilitate the engagement of the history of science and technology including the history of medicine in science communication:administrative intervention,value reconstruction,and personalized adaptation.Specifically,administrative intervention promotes the integration of the history of science education into talent development through policy design;value reconstruction,centered on the scientific spirit,enhances societal cultural recognition of technological progress;and personalized adaptation leverages big data and social media technologies to enable precise and tailored knowledge dissemination.Conclusion:The rise of the“web-based knowledge brokering model”in the era of social media has introduced professional knowledge brokers,ensuring the accuracy and accessibility of science communication.These innovations not only serve as decision-making simulation tools for medical science and health communication,linking historical insights with contemporary practice,but also provide theoretical foundations and practical paradigms for realizing the value of the history of science and technology in the digital era.展开更多
0 INTRODUTION The Kuqa Depression,situated along the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,holds substantial geological significance due to its intricate sedimentary burial history,tectonic history,and the evolution of h...0 INTRODUTION The Kuqa Depression,situated along the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,holds substantial geological significance due to its intricate sedimentary burial history,tectonic history,and the evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks(Jiang et al.,2024;Zhang et al.,2023;Huang et al.,2019;Yang et al.,2017;Jia et al.,2003;Hendrix,2000).展开更多
It is one of the must-visit history museums,known for its vast collection of historical artifacts,attracting around three million domestic and international visitors each year.THE Shaanxi History Museum(SHM),in the re...It is one of the must-visit history museums,known for its vast collection of historical artifacts,attracting around three million domestic and international visitors each year.THE Shaanxi History Museum(SHM),in the renowned historic city of Xi’an in Shaanxi Province,is often regarded as one of the museums most difficult to get a ticket to in China.Each day,approximately 12,000 free online tickets are made available and are fully booked within just a couple of minutes.Its vast collection of treasured relics and numerous national treasures leave visitors in awe.展开更多
Grapevine is unique among crops because its domestication resulted not only in new morphological characteristics,but also in altered reproductive mechanisms.Viticulture involves a change from a dioecious to a hermaphr...Grapevine is unique among crops because its domestication resulted not only in new morphological characteristics,but also in altered reproductive mechanisms.Viticulture involves a change from a dioecious to a hermaphroditic mating system,which makes the reproductive system more efficient.In consequence and the fact that it is one of the oldest and most economically important cultivated plants,Vitis vinifera could be defined as an over-domesticated species.Here we review some key aspects in viticulture.The main areas of interest have remained consistent throughout history,including the origin and characterisation of cultivars,resistance to environmental con-ditions,pests and pathogens,and berry quality.Advances in genomic analysis and epigenetics shed new light on these aspects.Although the vine has a long and complex life cycle,recent haplotype sequencing techniques allow genomic characteristics related to different reproduction processes to be identified.Recent work on haplotype sequencing reveals genomic changes accompanying each reproductive type,providing improved detail about the sex-determining region(SDR).Meanwhile,the application of epigenetic analysis offers new tools for defining varietal characteristics and their responses to changing environmental conditions.However,critical issues,such as differentiating between sylvestris and feral cultivars,remain unclear.Understanding the molecular basis of morphological differences and investigating the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and genome dynamics in response to breeding and environmental factors in this species will be crucial.Seed morphology could help to resolve how to differentiate between wild and feral plants.展开更多
On September 3,2025,heads turned to Beijing for a grand military parade marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War...On September 3,2025,heads turned to Beijing for a grand military parade marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.Such events often highlight military strength,but this commemoration sought to project a deeper message:remembrance of sacrifice,recognition of the immense costs of conflict,and a renewed commitment to peace.展开更多
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was used to analyze the pentacyclic triterpenoid distributions,specifically hopane and oleanane fingerprints,in 24 crude oil samples from the Niger Delta depobelts,with the a...Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was used to analyze the pentacyclic triterpenoid distributions,specifically hopane and oleanane fingerprints,in 24 crude oil samples from the Niger Delta depobelts,with the aim of defining the petroleum system,filling history,and the age of source rock producing these oils.The results indicate that the Niger Delta oils belong to a single fluvio-deltaic petroleum system,reflecting similar source organic facies and depositional environments.Geochemical parameters,including C29/C30hopane ratios,oleanane index,Ts/Tm,(Ts/(Ts+Tm)),moretane/C30hopane ratios,and C3222S/(22S+22R)ratios,suggest oxic conditions during source rock deposition and thermal maturity of the oils.The presence of terrigenous organic matter and complex filling history are also evident and influenced by multiple phases of sedimentation,and petroleum generation.A comparative plot of geologic time(Paleogene-Neogene age)and oleanane percentage composition show that the crude oils are constrained to the chronostratigraphic ages of their respective depobelts,demonstrating the potential of oleanane-derived parameters for relative dating of hydrocarbon sources,complementing traditional index fossil methods.展开更多
Yunnan in southwest China is a geographically and ethnically complex region at the intersection of southern China and Southeast Asia,and a focal point for human migrations.To clarify its maternal genetic history,we ge...Yunnan in southwest China is a geographically and ethnically complex region at the intersection of southern China and Southeast Asia,and a focal point for human migrations.To clarify its maternal genetic history,we generated 152 complete mitogenomes from 17 Yunnan archaeological sites.Our results reveal distinct genetic histories segregated by geographical regions.Maternal lineages of ancient populations from northwestern and northern Yunnan exhibit closer affinities with past and present-day populations from northern East Asia and Xizang,providing important genetic evidence for the migration and interaction of populations along the Tibetan-Yi corridor since the Neolithic.Between 5500 and 1800 years ago,central Yunnan populations maintained their internal genetic relationships,including a 7000-year-old basal lineage of the rare and widely dispersed haplogroup M61.At the Xingyi site,changes in mitochondrial DNA haplogroups occurred between the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age,with haplogroups shifting from those predominant in the Yellow River region to those predominant in coastal southern China.These results highlight the high diversity of Yunnan populations during the Neolithic to Bronze Age.展开更多
From a very early period,the Chinese already vaguely sensed that the cultivation of crops required an intricate system.The third century BCE work Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals(Lüshi chunqiu吕氏春秋)s...From a very early period,the Chinese already vaguely sensed that the cultivation of crops required an intricate system.The third century BCE work Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals(Lüshi chunqiu吕氏春秋)states that crops were fed by heaven and raised by earth,and that harvests depended on the farmers who worked the land.Therefore,these three elements,that is,heaven,earth,and farmers,together with crops,jointly constituted a complex community.According to the ancient Chinese,moving a crop away from its native place could bring huge benefits to the new area to which the crop was moved.When writing and compiling Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture(Nongsang jiyao农桑辑要),the officials of the Agricultural Extension Bureau司农司in the Yuan dynasty(1271–1368)excitedly noted the changes brought about by non-native crops to the agriculture of the Central Plains of China中原:“Ramie(Boehmeria nivea)is a crop native to southern China,while cotton(Gossypium herbaceum)comes from the Western Regions西域.In recent years,nevertheless,ramie has been introduced to Henan,while cotton has started to be planted in Shaanxi.The two crops thrive and show no difference from local crops.Farmers in the two regions benefit a lot therefrom”(Agricultural Extension Bureau 1888,juan 2:21).展开更多
Chic Beijing:An Insider’s Guide to Unique New Places Compiled by Beijing Radio and Television Station Price:RMB 138 Paperback,307 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press&Beijing Publishing Group If you’re pla...Chic Beijing:An Insider’s Guide to Unique New Places Compiled by Beijing Radio and Television Station Price:RMB 138 Paperback,307 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press&Beijing Publishing Group If you’re planning a trip to Beijing,prepare to be swept up in a living mosaic–more than 3,000 years of history,vibrant contemporary culture,and skyline-defining architecture all fusing and flowing across a vast canvas.This book,Chic Beijing:An Insider’s Guide to Unique New Places,allows readers to take a breathtaking journey through Beijing,the majestic metropolitan capital of China.It also unlocks doors that usually stay closed:rooftop gardens overlooking palace rooftops,micro-galleries tucked into 300-year-old courtyards,and cocktail labs where baijiu meets coffee.展开更多
This concise paper,delivered at a conference,addresses a broad topic with the goal of providing a condensed and inevitably subjective perspective.Initially,it outlines the primary characteristics that distinguish coin...This concise paper,delivered at a conference,addresses a broad topic with the goal of providing a condensed and inevitably subjective perspective.Initially,it outlines the primary characteristics that distinguish coins from other historical sources.Subsequently,it provides a succinct overview of numismatics,categorized into seven phases:1.Pre-1550(coins as reflections of vice and virtue);2.From circa 1550 to circa 1620(coins as testimony of authentic history);3.From circa 1650 to circa 1730(the heyday of the“Republic of Medals”);4.From circa 1730 to circa 1840(the decline of the“Republic of Medals”and the emergence of scientific practices by Viennese Jesuits);5.From circa 1840 to circa 1940(die-studies and art history);6.From circa 1940 to circa 2000(coins as instruments of exchange);7.Since 2000(cultural shift and digital humanities).展开更多
President Xi Jinping calls for preserving and promoting cultural relics and museums to carry forward Chinese civilization.ON May 19,one day after the International Museum Day,Chinese President Xi Jinping visited the L...President Xi Jinping calls for preserving and promoting cultural relics and museums to carry forward Chinese civilization.ON May 19,one day after the International Museum Day,Chinese President Xi Jinping visited the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang,central China’s Henan Province.With 2,345 caves and alcoves,nearly 110,000 Buddhist statues,over 2,800 inscriptions,and nearly 80 pagodas,the Longmen Grottoes was recognized by UNESCO as the pinnacle of Chinese stone carving art.展开更多
BACKGROUND According to the guidelines in the United States,individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer should be screened at the age of 40 years.Data on the prevalence of adenomas and sessile serrated lesi...BACKGROUND According to the guidelines in the United States,individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer should be screened at the age of 40 years.Data on the prevalence of adenomas and sessile serrated lesions(SSLs)in individuals aged 40-49 years in Japan are lacking.AIM To investigate the effect of family history on the detection of adenomas and SSLs during colonoscopy in Japan.METHODS This retrospective,single-center cohort study included individuals aged 40-79 years who underwent colonoscopy by expert endoscopists with an adenoma detection rate(ADR)≥40%between 2021 and 2024.The ADR and adenoma plus SSL detection rate(ASDR)were investigated according to age.Multivariable analyses were performed to examine the effects of first-degree family history of colorectal cancer,fecal immunochemical test,and sex on the ADR and ASDR for each age group.A binomial logistic regression model was used.RESULTS In 10248 participants,the overall ADR and ASDR were 53.6%and 59.1%,respectively.The ADR and ASDR increased with age.Among 2317 participants aged 40-49 years,the presence of a family history significantly increased the ADR(47.6%vs 38.2%).The odds ratio of a family history for the ADR adjusted by sex and fecal immunochemical test was 1.59(95%confidence interval:1.13-2.25).In contrast,there was no significant association between the ADR and family history in participants aged 50-59,60-69,and 70-79 years.Similarly,a family history significantly increased the ASDR(58.0%vs 43.7%)in participants aged 40-49 years.The odds ratio of a family history for the ASDR was 1.92(95%confidence interval:1.36-2.71).CONCLUSION Participants with a family history exhibited significantly elevated ADR(47.6%)and ASDR(58.0%),in their 40s.Individuals with a family history should initiate colonoscopy at 40 years old.展开更多
Since ancient times,China and Iran,two ancient civilizations with profound medical traditions,have engaged in extensive medical interactions through trade and cultural exchange channels,such as the Silk Road.The paper...Since ancient times,China and Iran,two ancient civilizations with profound medical traditions,have engaged in extensive medical interactions through trade and cultural exchange channels,such as the Silk Road.The paper first reviews the emergence of medical exchanges between the two countries during the Han dynasty,then elaborates on the in-depth development of medical exchanges from the Three Kingdoms to the eve of the Tang dynasty.Entering the Song and Yuan dynasties,the medical exchanges between the two countries became more specific,involving the translation and dissemination of medical classics,the exchanges between doctors,and the trade and cultivation of medicinal materials.The paper further examines the new opportunities and challenges presented by traditional medical exchanges between the two countries under the Belt and Road Initiative.It emphasizes the contribution of this cross-civilization medical exchange to the development of the medical systems of both sides and to human health.This article reveals its far-reaching significance by systematically examining the historical context of medical exchanges between the two countries.It provides historical references and inspiration for future in-depth cooperation between the two countries in traditional medicine.展开更多
With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,high school history teaching is undergoing a profound and unprecedented transformation.The 2024 Artificial Intelligence Index Report published by Sta...With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,high school history teaching is undergoing a profound and unprecedented transformation.The 2024 Artificial Intelligence Index Report published by Stanford University indicates that AI applications in education are expanding steadily,with an increasing number of educational institutions adopting AI to optimize teaching processes and enhance instructional effectiveness.Grounded in the current context and practical demands of AI integration in education,this study examines practical cases of AI-empowered high school history teaching,systematically analyzing its application scenarios,implementation pathways,and actual outcomes.Furthermore,this paper critically reflects on the challenges currently facing AI integration in high school history teaching and proposes actionable recommendations for future development,aiming to provide insights for advancing the digital transformation and intelligent upgrading of history education.展开更多
This paper is composed of two parts,respectively prepared by Prof.Jerry Ward,Jr.on Oct 6,2021,for an online lecture to the faculty members and graduates of Central China Normal University,and on May 22,2019,as a contr...This paper is composed of two parts,respectively prepared by Prof.Jerry Ward,Jr.on Oct 6,2021,for an online lecture to the faculty members and graduates of Central China Normal University,and on May 22,2019,as a contribution to our journal of Foreign Language and Literature Research.Prof.Ward provides rich insights into the African American literature in the 21st century by exploring continuity and change,and the key features of the ongoing production,especially by referring to five 21st-century writers.Meanwhile Prof.Ward revisits the literary history of USA and casts new light on African American literature from the perspectives of ethos and ethnos.Thus this paper demonstrates some thought-provoking explorations into the major issues the studies of African American literature is confronted in the new century.展开更多
Maraging steels are known for their exceptional strength but suffer from limited work hardening and ductility.Here,we report an intermittent printing strategy to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of ...Maraging steels are known for their exceptional strength but suffer from limited work hardening and ductility.Here,we report an intermittent printing strategy to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging 250 steel via tuning the thermal history during wire-arc directed energy deposition.By introducing a dwell time between adjacent layers,the maraging 250 steel is cooled below the martensite start temperature,triggering thermally-driven martensitic transformation during the printing process.Thermal cycling during subsequent layer deposition results in the formation of reverted austenite which shows a refined microstructure and induces elemental segregation between martensite and reverted austenite.The Ni enrichment in the austenite promotes stabilization of the reverted austenite upon cooling to room temperature.The reverted austenite is metastable during deformation,leading to strain-induced martensitic transformation under loading.Specifically,a 3 min interlayer dwell time produces a maraging 250 steel with approximately 8% reverted austenite,resulting in improved work hardening via martensitic transformation induced plasticity during deformation.Meanwhile,the higher cooling rate and refined prior austenite grains lead to substantially refined martensitic grains(by approximately fivefold)together with an increased dislocation density.With 3 min interlayer dwell time,the yield strength of the printed maraging 250 steel increases from 836 MPa to 990 MPa,and the uniform elongation is doubled from 3.2% to 6.5%.This intermittent deposition strategy demonstrates the potential to tune the microstructure of maraging steels for achieving strength-ductility synergy by engineering the thermal history during additive manufacturing.展开更多
An enhanced understanding of the history of the western Qinling-Dabie orogen is pivotal in reconstructing geological processes of the east Asian mainland.However,less attention has been paid to its early-stage uplift-...An enhanced understanding of the history of the western Qinling-Dabie orogen is pivotal in reconstructing geological processes of the east Asian mainland.However,less attention has been paid to its early-stage uplift-erosion history after closure of surrounding oceanic basins at the mid-Paleozoic.In this study,we undertook a comprehensive study including paleocurrent reconstruction,sandstone petrology,and detrital zircon U-Pb dating on Late Carboniferous to Early Permian successions in the southern Ordos neighboring the northern Qinling-Dabie.New provenance data reveal a significant provenance shift at the Carboniferous-Permian transition.The older Benxi Formation was sourced southerly from the North Qinling Terrane that provided detritus mostly of Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic ages.In contrast,Early Permian samples yield age relation dominated by Neoarchean,Paleoproterozoic,Early Paleozoic,and Late Paleozoic age populations,with a significant gap of ca.1600-550 Ma,implying a sediment derivation from the Inner Mongolia Continental Arc.This shift is further verified by paleocurrent transition from south to north then.We suggest that the North Qinling Terrane experienced a significant uplift history from ca.500 Ma and remained as a highland until end-Carboniferous.From Early Permian,the North Qinling Terrane was submerged,covered by widespread deltaic sedimentation there.Northerly source from the Inner Mongolia Continental Arc began to be accumulated in the northern flank of the North Qinling Terrane,before termination approximately along the southern North Qinling Terrane,where shallow-water carbonate shelf sedimentation sustained from Devonian to Triassic.This new finding indicates that uplift of the North Qinling Terrane lasted about 150 Ma after the Proto-Tethys Ocean closure.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2024YFA0917200)the Projects of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Grant No.BB2110240093)World Medical History under the Education Innovation Plan of the University of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2024YCHX07).
文摘Background:With the rapid development of modern emerging technologies,the ethical dilemmas and social controversies triggered by scientific and technological activities have become increasingly prominent.How to guide technology for good and prevent and control technological risks has become an important issue of global concern.Research on science and technology ethics is dedicated to integrating ethical theories into governance practices and constructing ethical models that adapt to the development of the times.Methods:This article systematically reviews the six core approaches of scientific and technological ethics thought,including technological autonomy and political philosophy criticism,responsibility ethics and intergenerational obligations,technological intermediation and the integration of life and the world,ethical principles and normative frameworks,participatory governance and ethical practice innovation,as well as domain-specific ethical norms,thereby constructing an ethical analysis framework applicable to medical technology risks.And cross-analysis was conducted by taking medical events such as gene editing and xenotransplantation as examples.Results:Research shows that a single ethical approach has limitations in addressing complex medical ethical challenges,while the six approaches are complementary and synergistic.By criticizing technological autonomy,establishing a responsibility ethics orientation,setting the bottom line of ethical principles,promoting participatory governance,formulating domain norms,and continuously reflecting on the intermediary nature of technology,a multi-level and dynamically adaptive governance system for scientific and technological ethics can be constructed.Conclusion:The key to addressing contemporary medical ethics challenges lies in the comprehensive application of science and technology ethics theories and the integration of ethical considerations throughout the entire process of scientific and technological research and development.In the future,a governance framework that adapts to the development of new technologies should be established to promote cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary ethical dialogue and public participation,ensuring that scientific and technological innovation always serves the dignity of human life and overall well-being.
基金The National Key R&D project granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology(2024YFA0917200)Digital Museum Construction Project of Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention(BB2110240080)Science Communication Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CX2090000008).
文摘Background:The advent of the self-media age,digital humanities,and artificial intelligence(AI)technologies is gradually reshaping the narrative frameworks of the history of science and technology in general and the history of medicine in particular,as it transforms the specific shape of contemporary medical science and health communication practice with the help of interactive,scenario-based communication ecosystems.Methods:This paper focuses on the interactive relationship between the history of science and science communication,employing historical tracing and case study comparison as research methods to explore the pathways and innovative models for reintegrating the history of science and technology including the history of medicine into contemporary scientific discourse.Results:The study finds that in the Chinese context,three key pathways facilitate the engagement of the history of science and technology including the history of medicine in science communication:administrative intervention,value reconstruction,and personalized adaptation.Specifically,administrative intervention promotes the integration of the history of science education into talent development through policy design;value reconstruction,centered on the scientific spirit,enhances societal cultural recognition of technological progress;and personalized adaptation leverages big data and social media technologies to enable precise and tailored knowledge dissemination.Conclusion:The rise of the“web-based knowledge brokering model”in the era of social media has introduced professional knowledge brokers,ensuring the accuracy and accessibility of science communication.These innovations not only serve as decision-making simulation tools for medical science and health communication,linking historical insights with contemporary practice,but also provide theoretical foundations and practical paradigms for realizing the value of the history of science and technology in the digital era.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2019YFA0708601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.4231101056)the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Basic Research Fund(No.JKYZD202402)。
文摘0 INTRODUTION The Kuqa Depression,situated along the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,holds substantial geological significance due to its intricate sedimentary burial history,tectonic history,and the evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks(Jiang et al.,2024;Zhang et al.,2023;Huang et al.,2019;Yang et al.,2017;Jia et al.,2003;Hendrix,2000).
文摘It is one of the must-visit history museums,known for its vast collection of historical artifacts,attracting around three million domestic and international visitors each year.THE Shaanxi History Museum(SHM),in the renowned historic city of Xi’an in Shaanxi Province,is often regarded as one of the museums most difficult to get a ticket to in China.Each day,approximately 12,000 free online tickets are made available and are fully booked within just a couple of minutes.Its vast collection of treasured relics and numerous national treasures leave visitors in awe.
文摘Grapevine is unique among crops because its domestication resulted not only in new morphological characteristics,but also in altered reproductive mechanisms.Viticulture involves a change from a dioecious to a hermaphroditic mating system,which makes the reproductive system more efficient.In consequence and the fact that it is one of the oldest and most economically important cultivated plants,Vitis vinifera could be defined as an over-domesticated species.Here we review some key aspects in viticulture.The main areas of interest have remained consistent throughout history,including the origin and characterisation of cultivars,resistance to environmental con-ditions,pests and pathogens,and berry quality.Advances in genomic analysis and epigenetics shed new light on these aspects.Although the vine has a long and complex life cycle,recent haplotype sequencing techniques allow genomic characteristics related to different reproduction processes to be identified.Recent work on haplotype sequencing reveals genomic changes accompanying each reproductive type,providing improved detail about the sex-determining region(SDR).Meanwhile,the application of epigenetic analysis offers new tools for defining varietal characteristics and their responses to changing environmental conditions.However,critical issues,such as differentiating between sylvestris and feral cultivars,remain unclear.Understanding the molecular basis of morphological differences and investigating the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and genome dynamics in response to breeding and environmental factors in this species will be crucial.Seed morphology could help to resolve how to differentiate between wild and feral plants.
文摘On September 3,2025,heads turned to Beijing for a grand military parade marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.Such events often highlight military strength,but this commemoration sought to project a deeper message:remembrance of sacrifice,recognition of the immense costs of conflict,and a renewed commitment to peace.
文摘Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was used to analyze the pentacyclic triterpenoid distributions,specifically hopane and oleanane fingerprints,in 24 crude oil samples from the Niger Delta depobelts,with the aim of defining the petroleum system,filling history,and the age of source rock producing these oils.The results indicate that the Niger Delta oils belong to a single fluvio-deltaic petroleum system,reflecting similar source organic facies and depositional environments.Geochemical parameters,including C29/C30hopane ratios,oleanane index,Ts/Tm,(Ts/(Ts+Tm)),moretane/C30hopane ratios,and C3222S/(22S+22R)ratios,suggest oxic conditions during source rock deposition and thermal maturity of the oils.The presence of terrigenous organic matter and complex filling history are also evident and influenced by multiple phases of sedimentation,and petroleum generation.A comparative plot of geologic time(Paleogene-Neogene age)and oleanane percentage composition show that the crude oils are constrained to the chronostratigraphic ages of their respective depobelts,demonstrating the potential of oleanane-derived parameters for relative dating of hydrocarbon sources,complementing traditional index fossil methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41925009)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0203800)+2 种基金the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China(YSBR-019)Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2024RS-CXTD-74)Xiaohong Wu was supported by the Key National Social Science Foundation of China(No.16ZDA144).
文摘Yunnan in southwest China is a geographically and ethnically complex region at the intersection of southern China and Southeast Asia,and a focal point for human migrations.To clarify its maternal genetic history,we generated 152 complete mitogenomes from 17 Yunnan archaeological sites.Our results reveal distinct genetic histories segregated by geographical regions.Maternal lineages of ancient populations from northwestern and northern Yunnan exhibit closer affinities with past and present-day populations from northern East Asia and Xizang,providing important genetic evidence for the migration and interaction of populations along the Tibetan-Yi corridor since the Neolithic.Between 5500 and 1800 years ago,central Yunnan populations maintained their internal genetic relationships,including a 7000-year-old basal lineage of the rare and widely dispersed haplogroup M61.At the Xingyi site,changes in mitochondrial DNA haplogroups occurred between the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age,with haplogroups shifting from those predominant in the Yellow River region to those predominant in coastal southern China.These results highlight the high diversity of Yunnan populations during the Neolithic to Bronze Age.
文摘From a very early period,the Chinese already vaguely sensed that the cultivation of crops required an intricate system.The third century BCE work Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals(Lüshi chunqiu吕氏春秋)states that crops were fed by heaven and raised by earth,and that harvests depended on the farmers who worked the land.Therefore,these three elements,that is,heaven,earth,and farmers,together with crops,jointly constituted a complex community.According to the ancient Chinese,moving a crop away from its native place could bring huge benefits to the new area to which the crop was moved.When writing and compiling Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture(Nongsang jiyao农桑辑要),the officials of the Agricultural Extension Bureau司农司in the Yuan dynasty(1271–1368)excitedly noted the changes brought about by non-native crops to the agriculture of the Central Plains of China中原:“Ramie(Boehmeria nivea)is a crop native to southern China,while cotton(Gossypium herbaceum)comes from the Western Regions西域.In recent years,nevertheless,ramie has been introduced to Henan,while cotton has started to be planted in Shaanxi.The two crops thrive and show no difference from local crops.Farmers in the two regions benefit a lot therefrom”(Agricultural Extension Bureau 1888,juan 2:21).
文摘Chic Beijing:An Insider’s Guide to Unique New Places Compiled by Beijing Radio and Television Station Price:RMB 138 Paperback,307 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press&Beijing Publishing Group If you’re planning a trip to Beijing,prepare to be swept up in a living mosaic–more than 3,000 years of history,vibrant contemporary culture,and skyline-defining architecture all fusing and flowing across a vast canvas.This book,Chic Beijing:An Insider’s Guide to Unique New Places,allows readers to take a breathtaking journey through Beijing,the majestic metropolitan capital of China.It also unlocks doors that usually stay closed:rooftop gardens overlooking palace rooftops,micro-galleries tucked into 300-year-old courtyards,and cocktail labs where baijiu meets coffee.
文摘This concise paper,delivered at a conference,addresses a broad topic with the goal of providing a condensed and inevitably subjective perspective.Initially,it outlines the primary characteristics that distinguish coins from other historical sources.Subsequently,it provides a succinct overview of numismatics,categorized into seven phases:1.Pre-1550(coins as reflections of vice and virtue);2.From circa 1550 to circa 1620(coins as testimony of authentic history);3.From circa 1650 to circa 1730(the heyday of the“Republic of Medals”);4.From circa 1730 to circa 1840(the decline of the“Republic of Medals”and the emergence of scientific practices by Viennese Jesuits);5.From circa 1840 to circa 1940(die-studies and art history);6.From circa 1940 to circa 2000(coins as instruments of exchange);7.Since 2000(cultural shift and digital humanities).
文摘President Xi Jinping calls for preserving and promoting cultural relics and museums to carry forward Chinese civilization.ON May 19,one day after the International Museum Day,Chinese President Xi Jinping visited the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang,central China’s Henan Province.With 2,345 caves and alcoves,nearly 110,000 Buddhist statues,over 2,800 inscriptions,and nearly 80 pagodas,the Longmen Grottoes was recognized by UNESCO as the pinnacle of Chinese stone carving art.
文摘BACKGROUND According to the guidelines in the United States,individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer should be screened at the age of 40 years.Data on the prevalence of adenomas and sessile serrated lesions(SSLs)in individuals aged 40-49 years in Japan are lacking.AIM To investigate the effect of family history on the detection of adenomas and SSLs during colonoscopy in Japan.METHODS This retrospective,single-center cohort study included individuals aged 40-79 years who underwent colonoscopy by expert endoscopists with an adenoma detection rate(ADR)≥40%between 2021 and 2024.The ADR and adenoma plus SSL detection rate(ASDR)were investigated according to age.Multivariable analyses were performed to examine the effects of first-degree family history of colorectal cancer,fecal immunochemical test,and sex on the ADR and ASDR for each age group.A binomial logistic regression model was used.RESULTS In 10248 participants,the overall ADR and ASDR were 53.6%and 59.1%,respectively.The ADR and ASDR increased with age.Among 2317 participants aged 40-49 years,the presence of a family history significantly increased the ADR(47.6%vs 38.2%).The odds ratio of a family history for the ADR adjusted by sex and fecal immunochemical test was 1.59(95%confidence interval:1.13-2.25).In contrast,there was no significant association between the ADR and family history in participants aged 50-59,60-69,and 70-79 years.Similarly,a family history significantly increased the ASDR(58.0%vs 43.7%)in participants aged 40-49 years.The odds ratio of a family history for the ASDR was 1.92(95%confidence interval:1.36-2.71).CONCLUSION Participants with a family history exhibited significantly elevated ADR(47.6%)and ASDR(58.0%),in their 40s.Individuals with a family history should initiate colonoscopy at 40 years old.
文摘Since ancient times,China and Iran,two ancient civilizations with profound medical traditions,have engaged in extensive medical interactions through trade and cultural exchange channels,such as the Silk Road.The paper first reviews the emergence of medical exchanges between the two countries during the Han dynasty,then elaborates on the in-depth development of medical exchanges from the Three Kingdoms to the eve of the Tang dynasty.Entering the Song and Yuan dynasties,the medical exchanges between the two countries became more specific,involving the translation and dissemination of medical classics,the exchanges between doctors,and the trade and cultivation of medicinal materials.The paper further examines the new opportunities and challenges presented by traditional medical exchanges between the two countries under the Belt and Road Initiative.It emphasizes the contribution of this cross-civilization medical exchange to the development of the medical systems of both sides and to human health.This article reveals its far-reaching significance by systematically examining the historical context of medical exchanges between the two countries.It provides historical references and inspiration for future in-depth cooperation between the two countries in traditional medicine.
文摘With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,high school history teaching is undergoing a profound and unprecedented transformation.The 2024 Artificial Intelligence Index Report published by Stanford University indicates that AI applications in education are expanding steadily,with an increasing number of educational institutions adopting AI to optimize teaching processes and enhance instructional effectiveness.Grounded in the current context and practical demands of AI integration in education,this study examines practical cases of AI-empowered high school history teaching,systematically analyzing its application scenarios,implementation pathways,and actual outcomes.Furthermore,this paper critically reflects on the challenges currently facing AI integration in high school history teaching and proposes actionable recommendations for future development,aiming to provide insights for advancing the digital transformation and intelligent upgrading of history education.
文摘This paper is composed of two parts,respectively prepared by Prof.Jerry Ward,Jr.on Oct 6,2021,for an online lecture to the faculty members and graduates of Central China Normal University,and on May 22,2019,as a contribution to our journal of Foreign Language and Literature Research.Prof.Ward provides rich insights into the African American literature in the 21st century by exploring continuity and change,and the key features of the ongoing production,especially by referring to five 21st-century writers.Meanwhile Prof.Ward revisits the literary history of USA and casts new light on African American literature from the perspectives of ethos and ethnos.Thus this paper demonstrates some thought-provoking explorations into the major issues the studies of African American literature is confronted in the new century.
基金the U.S.Army Research Laboratory under Cooperative Agreement Award No.HQ0034-15-2-0007the U.S.National Science Foundation(DMR-2207965).
文摘Maraging steels are known for their exceptional strength but suffer from limited work hardening and ductility.Here,we report an intermittent printing strategy to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging 250 steel via tuning the thermal history during wire-arc directed energy deposition.By introducing a dwell time between adjacent layers,the maraging 250 steel is cooled below the martensite start temperature,triggering thermally-driven martensitic transformation during the printing process.Thermal cycling during subsequent layer deposition results in the formation of reverted austenite which shows a refined microstructure and induces elemental segregation between martensite and reverted austenite.The Ni enrichment in the austenite promotes stabilization of the reverted austenite upon cooling to room temperature.The reverted austenite is metastable during deformation,leading to strain-induced martensitic transformation under loading.Specifically,a 3 min interlayer dwell time produces a maraging 250 steel with approximately 8% reverted austenite,resulting in improved work hardening via martensitic transformation induced plasticity during deformation.Meanwhile,the higher cooling rate and refined prior austenite grains lead to substantially refined martensitic grains(by approximately fivefold)together with an increased dislocation density.With 3 min interlayer dwell time,the yield strength of the printed maraging 250 steel increases from 836 MPa to 990 MPa,and the uniform elongation is doubled from 3.2% to 6.5%.This intermittent deposition strategy demonstrates the potential to tune the microstructure of maraging steels for achieving strength-ductility synergy by engineering the thermal history during additive manufacturing.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos:42372253 and 42072260)the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universitiesthe Science and Technology Project of PetroChina(No.2023ZZ0201).
文摘An enhanced understanding of the history of the western Qinling-Dabie orogen is pivotal in reconstructing geological processes of the east Asian mainland.However,less attention has been paid to its early-stage uplift-erosion history after closure of surrounding oceanic basins at the mid-Paleozoic.In this study,we undertook a comprehensive study including paleocurrent reconstruction,sandstone petrology,and detrital zircon U-Pb dating on Late Carboniferous to Early Permian successions in the southern Ordos neighboring the northern Qinling-Dabie.New provenance data reveal a significant provenance shift at the Carboniferous-Permian transition.The older Benxi Formation was sourced southerly from the North Qinling Terrane that provided detritus mostly of Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic ages.In contrast,Early Permian samples yield age relation dominated by Neoarchean,Paleoproterozoic,Early Paleozoic,and Late Paleozoic age populations,with a significant gap of ca.1600-550 Ma,implying a sediment derivation from the Inner Mongolia Continental Arc.This shift is further verified by paleocurrent transition from south to north then.We suggest that the North Qinling Terrane experienced a significant uplift history from ca.500 Ma and remained as a highland until end-Carboniferous.From Early Permian,the North Qinling Terrane was submerged,covered by widespread deltaic sedimentation there.Northerly source from the Inner Mongolia Continental Arc began to be accumulated in the northern flank of the North Qinling Terrane,before termination approximately along the southern North Qinling Terrane,where shallow-water carbonate shelf sedimentation sustained from Devonian to Triassic.This new finding indicates that uplift of the North Qinling Terrane lasted about 150 Ma after the Proto-Tethys Ocean closure.
