With the development of fast communication technology between ego vehicle and other traffic participants,and automated driving technology,there is a big potential in the improvement of energy efficiency of hybrid elec...With the development of fast communication technology between ego vehicle and other traffic participants,and automated driving technology,there is a big potential in the improvement of energy efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs).Moreover,the terrain along the driving route is a non-ignorable factor for energy efficiency of HEV running on the hilly streets.This paper proposes a look-ahead horizon-based optimal energy management strategy to jointly improve the efficiencies of powertrain and vehicle for connected and automated HEVs on the road with slope.Firstly,a rule-based framework is developed to guarantee the success of automated driving in the traffic scenario.Then a constrained optimal control problem is formulated to minimize the fuel consumption and the electricity consumption under the satisfaction of inter-vehicular distance constraint between ego vehicle and preceding vehicle.Both speed planning and torque split of hybrid powertrain are provided by the proposed approach.Moreover,the preceding vehicle speed in the look-ahead horizon is predicted by extreme learning machine with real-time data obtained from communication of vehicle-to-everything.The optimal solution is derived through the Pontryagin’s maximum principle.Finally,to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,a traffic-in-the-loop powertrain platform with data from real world traffic environment is built.It is found that the fuel economy for the proposed energy management strategy improves in average 17.0%in scenarios of different traffic densities,compared to the energy management strategy without prediction of preceding vehicle speed.展开更多
This paper proposes a two-stage hierarchy control system with model predictive control(MPC)for connected parallel HEVs with available traffic information.In the first stage,a coordination of on-ramp merging problem us...This paper proposes a two-stage hierarchy control system with model predictive control(MPC)for connected parallel HEVs with available traffic information.In the first stage,a coordination of on-ramp merging problem using MPC is presented to optimize the merging point and trajectory for cooperative merging.After formulating the merging problem into a nonlinear optimization problem,a continuous/GMRES method is used to generate the real-time vehicle acceleration for two considered HEVs running on main road and merging road,respectively.The real-time acceleration action is used to calculate the torque demand for the dynamic system of the second stage.In the second stage,an energy management strategy(EMS)for powertrain control that optimizes the torque-split and gear ratio simultaneously is composed to improve fuel efficiency.The formulated nonlinear optimization problem is solved by sequential quadratic programming(SQP)method under the same receding horizon.The simulation results demonstrate that the vehicles can merge cooperatively and smoothly with a reasonable torque distribution and gear shift schedule.展开更多
This paper investigates a distributed optimal energy consumption control strategy under mean-field game based speed consensus.Large scale vehicles in a traffic flow is targeted instead of individual vehicles,and it is...This paper investigates a distributed optimal energy consumption control strategy under mean-field game based speed consensus.Large scale vehicles in a traffic flow is targeted instead of individual vehicles,and it is assumed that the propulsion power of vehicles is hybrid electric powertrain.The control scheme is designed in the following two stages.In the first stage,in order to achieve speed consensus,the acceleration control law is designed by applying the MFG(mean-field game)theory.In the second stage,optimal powertrain control for minimizing energy consumption is obtained through coordinate the engine and the motor under the acceleration constraint.The simulation is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.展开更多
We reversely analyzed the energy management strategy （EMS） for a single-shaft parallel hybrid electric vehicle （HEV）, and build a forward co-simulation platform based on Cruise and Matlab. The vehicle dynamics mod...We reversely analyzed the energy management strategy （EMS） for a single-shaft parallel hybrid electric vehicle （HEV）, and build a forward co-simulation platform based on Cruise and Matlab. The vehicle dynamics model is built with Cruise, and control model is set up with Matlab/Simulink environment. The data between the two models are transferred by the Matlab API interface in Cruise. After mechanical and signal connections are completed, we establish the computing tasks and take the simulations of vehicle＇ s power performance, economy, and emission performance. The simulation results match the actual measurement results, which show that the co-simulation platform is correct and feasible. The platform can be used not only for a basic simulation platform to optimize further EMS, but also for the development of actual control system.展开更多
采用动态规划策略可以极大地改善混联式混合动力汽车(hybrid electric vehicle,HEV)的燃料消耗和动力部件的运行效率。因此,本文通过动态规划策略来研究电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)在全球轻型汽车测试循环(world light vehicle t...采用动态规划策略可以极大地改善混联式混合动力汽车(hybrid electric vehicle,HEV)的燃料消耗和动力部件的运行效率。因此,本文通过动态规划策略来研究电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)在全球轻型汽车测试循环(world light vehicle test cycle,WLTC)工况下的变化趋势。将等效燃油消耗最低的能量管理策略作为基础,以SOC目标值与瞬时值的差值作为比例积分控制器的输入,实时调整油电转换等效因子,使电池荷电状态的实际状态与理论预测的状态相接近,从而获得一种具有实时调节功能的自适应等效油耗最小的能量管理策略。经过仿真探究证明,在WLTC工况条件下,相比于传统等效油耗最小的能量管理策略,自适应等效油耗最小的能量管理策略能够达到节能目标,混联式HEV百公里可降低1.82%的燃料消耗,且自适应等效燃油消耗最小能量管理策略的控制效果与动态规划控制策略更加接近。展开更多
戊型肝炎(hepatitis E,HE)是一种由戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)引起的急性病毒性肝炎,通常表现为自限性疾病。但近年来越来越多的证据表明,在部分免疫功能低下人群中HEV感染也可能发展成慢性感染,并最终导致重症肝炎、肝硬化...戊型肝炎(hepatitis E,HE)是一种由戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)引起的急性病毒性肝炎,通常表现为自限性疾病。但近年来越来越多的证据表明,在部分免疫功能低下人群中HEV感染也可能发展成慢性感染,并最终导致重症肝炎、肝硬化和肝衰竭。在一些高危人群中,例如孕妇和器官移植者,HEV感染更是病死率极高,已经成为全球关注的公共卫生问题。因此,采用有效的诊断方法对HEV感染进行早期筛查、早期诊断与监测,对其预防、控制和治疗具有重大意义。本文概述了HEV的生物学特性,强调了当前人群感染HEV的高风险性,同时对HE的临床诊断指标、常用诊断策略以及预防和治疗方法进行了介绍,以期为我国降低乃至清除病毒性肝炎的目标提供新思路。展开更多
燃料电池堆(FCS)是新能源汽车应用的一种主要能源,等效燃油经济性是许多研究人员关注的问题.本文提出了一种自适应的实施控制策略,通过在燃料电池和动力电池之间进行功率需求的分配,实现最优的等效燃油经济性.为了在控制策略中体现温度...燃料电池堆(FCS)是新能源汽车应用的一种主要能源,等效燃油经济性是许多研究人员关注的问题.本文提出了一种自适应的实施控制策略,通过在燃料电池和动力电池之间进行功率需求的分配,实现最优的等效燃油经济性.为了在控制策略中体现温度的影响,建立了包含热模型的FCS模型以及包含了温度的动力电池模型.通过贝叶斯估计理论预测未来的功率需求.基于FCS模型、电池模型和预测的功率需求,设计了实时控制策略,并在优化范围内以庞特里亚金最小化原理进行优化.通过仿真和硬件在环(Hil)实验在40 k W的FCS上验证了所提出的控制策略.通过和基于规则的策略(RB)以及和最小损失策略(LMS)的对比表明,在考虑温度影响的情况下,本文所提出的控制策略可以有效地将等效燃料消耗降低4%.展开更多
Hepatitis E virus(HEV)represents a significant global cause of acute viral hepatitis.Annually,it is estimated to cause approximately 20.1 million infections worldwide,3.3 million of which result in symptomatic illness...Hepatitis E virus(HEV)represents a significant global cause of acute viral hepatitis.Annually,it is estimated to cause approximately 20.1 million infections worldwide,3.3 million of which result in symptomatic illness.In developing regions,genotypes HEV-1 and HEV-2 are the primary strains responsible for widespread outbreaks and epidemics of acute jaundice(icteric hepatitis),transmitted predominantly through the fecal-oral route via contaminated water and food(Devarbhavi et al.,2023).展开更多
The family Hepeviridae has seen an explosive expansion in its host range in recent years,yet the evolutionary trajectory of this zoonotic pathogen remains largely unknown.The emergence of rat hepatitis E virus(HEV)has...The family Hepeviridae has seen an explosive expansion in its host range in recent years,yet the evolutionary trajectory of this zoonotic pathogen remains largely unknown.The emergence of rat hepatitis E virus(HEV)has introduced a new public health threat due to its potential for zoonotic transmission.This study investigated2?464 wild small mammals spanning four animal orders,eight families,21 genera,and 37 species in Yunnan Province,China.Using broadly reactive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),we systematically screened the presence and prevalence of Orthohepevirus and identified 192 positive specimens from10 species,corresponding to an overall detection rate of7.79%.Next-generation sequencing enabled the recovery of 24 full-length genomic sequences from eight host species,including Bandicota bengalensis,Eothenomys eleusis,and Episoriculus caudatus,representing newly reported host species for Orthohepevirus strains.Phylogenetic and sequence analyses revealed extensive genetic diversity within orthohepeviruses infecting rodents and shrews.Notably,among the identified strains,20 were classified as Rocahepevirus ratti C1,two as C3,and one as Rocahepevirus eothenomi,while the remaining strain exhibited significant divergence,precluding classification.Evolutionary analyses highlighted close associations between orthohepeviruses and their respective host taxa,with distinct phylogenetic clustering patterns observed across different host orders.These findings emphasize the critical roles of co-speciation and cross-species transmission in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of the genera Paslahepevirus and Rocahepevirus.展开更多
Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is the primary cause of acute viral hepatitis globally and is prevalent in many developing countries.Serological epidemiology studies[1,2]suggest that approximately onethird of the global populat...Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is the primary cause of acute viral hepatitis globally and is prevalent in many developing countries.Serological epidemiology studies[1,2]suggest that approximately onethird of the global population has been infected with HEV.There are an estimated 20 million new cases of HEV infection worldwide annually.World Health Organization(WHO)reported that HEV caused approximately 44000 deaths in 2015,which accounted for3.3%of deaths from viral hepatitis[3,4].Clinically,most cases of acute hepatitis E have a self-limiting course.However,co-infection with other viruses can increase the risk of acute or subacute liver failure.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)and HEV are highly prevalent in many regions worldwide,and these areas have high rates of coinfection with both viruses.The rate of co-infection with HEV among patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is high,resulting in more severe health outcomes and a significantly elevated risk of liver failure and death.展开更多
文摘With the development of fast communication technology between ego vehicle and other traffic participants,and automated driving technology,there is a big potential in the improvement of energy efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs).Moreover,the terrain along the driving route is a non-ignorable factor for energy efficiency of HEV running on the hilly streets.This paper proposes a look-ahead horizon-based optimal energy management strategy to jointly improve the efficiencies of powertrain and vehicle for connected and automated HEVs on the road with slope.Firstly,a rule-based framework is developed to guarantee the success of automated driving in the traffic scenario.Then a constrained optimal control problem is formulated to minimize the fuel consumption and the electricity consumption under the satisfaction of inter-vehicular distance constraint between ego vehicle and preceding vehicle.Both speed planning and torque split of hybrid powertrain are provided by the proposed approach.Moreover,the preceding vehicle speed in the look-ahead horizon is predicted by extreme learning machine with real-time data obtained from communication of vehicle-to-everything.The optimal solution is derived through the Pontryagin’s maximum principle.Finally,to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,a traffic-in-the-loop powertrain platform with data from real world traffic environment is built.It is found that the fuel economy for the proposed energy management strategy improves in average 17.0%in scenarios of different traffic densities,compared to the energy management strategy without prediction of preceding vehicle speed.
文摘This paper proposes a two-stage hierarchy control system with model predictive control(MPC)for connected parallel HEVs with available traffic information.In the first stage,a coordination of on-ramp merging problem using MPC is presented to optimize the merging point and trajectory for cooperative merging.After formulating the merging problem into a nonlinear optimization problem,a continuous/GMRES method is used to generate the real-time vehicle acceleration for two considered HEVs running on main road and merging road,respectively.The real-time acceleration action is used to calculate the torque demand for the dynamic system of the second stage.In the second stage,an energy management strategy(EMS)for powertrain control that optimizes the torque-split and gear ratio simultaneously is composed to improve fuel efficiency.The formulated nonlinear optimization problem is solved by sequential quadratic programming(SQP)method under the same receding horizon.The simulation results demonstrate that the vehicles can merge cooperatively and smoothly with a reasonable torque distribution and gear shift schedule.
文摘This paper investigates a distributed optimal energy consumption control strategy under mean-field game based speed consensus.Large scale vehicles in a traffic flow is targeted instead of individual vehicles,and it is assumed that the propulsion power of vehicles is hybrid electric powertrain.The control scheme is designed in the following two stages.In the first stage,in order to achieve speed consensus,the acceleration control law is designed by applying the MFG(mean-field game)theory.In the second stage,optimal powertrain control for minimizing energy consumption is obtained through coordinate the engine and the motor under the acceleration constraint.The simulation is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China("863"Program),(2011AAllA252)
文摘We reversely analyzed the energy management strategy （EMS） for a single-shaft parallel hybrid electric vehicle （HEV）, and build a forward co-simulation platform based on Cruise and Matlab. The vehicle dynamics model is built with Cruise, and control model is set up with Matlab/Simulink environment. The data between the two models are transferred by the Matlab API interface in Cruise. After mechanical and signal connections are completed, we establish the computing tasks and take the simulations of vehicle＇ s power performance, economy, and emission performance. The simulation results match the actual measurement results, which show that the co-simulation platform is correct and feasible. The platform can be used not only for a basic simulation platform to optimize further EMS, but also for the development of actual control system.
文摘采用动态规划策略可以极大地改善混联式混合动力汽车(hybrid electric vehicle,HEV)的燃料消耗和动力部件的运行效率。因此,本文通过动态规划策略来研究电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)在全球轻型汽车测试循环(world light vehicle test cycle,WLTC)工况下的变化趋势。将等效燃油消耗最低的能量管理策略作为基础,以SOC目标值与瞬时值的差值作为比例积分控制器的输入,实时调整油电转换等效因子,使电池荷电状态的实际状态与理论预测的状态相接近,从而获得一种具有实时调节功能的自适应等效油耗最小的能量管理策略。经过仿真探究证明,在WLTC工况条件下,相比于传统等效油耗最小的能量管理策略,自适应等效油耗最小的能量管理策略能够达到节能目标,混联式HEV百公里可降低1.82%的燃料消耗,且自适应等效燃油消耗最小能量管理策略的控制效果与动态规划控制策略更加接近。
文摘戊型肝炎(hepatitis E,HE)是一种由戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)引起的急性病毒性肝炎,通常表现为自限性疾病。但近年来越来越多的证据表明,在部分免疫功能低下人群中HEV感染也可能发展成慢性感染,并最终导致重症肝炎、肝硬化和肝衰竭。在一些高危人群中,例如孕妇和器官移植者,HEV感染更是病死率极高,已经成为全球关注的公共卫生问题。因此,采用有效的诊断方法对HEV感染进行早期筛查、早期诊断与监测,对其预防、控制和治疗具有重大意义。本文概述了HEV的生物学特性,强调了当前人群感染HEV的高风险性,同时对HE的临床诊断指标、常用诊断策略以及预防和治疗方法进行了介绍,以期为我国降低乃至清除病毒性肝炎的目标提供新思路。
文摘燃料电池堆(FCS)是新能源汽车应用的一种主要能源,等效燃油经济性是许多研究人员关注的问题.本文提出了一种自适应的实施控制策略,通过在燃料电池和动力电池之间进行功率需求的分配,实现最优的等效燃油经济性.为了在控制策略中体现温度的影响,建立了包含热模型的FCS模型以及包含了温度的动力电池模型.通过贝叶斯估计理论预测未来的功率需求.基于FCS模型、电池模型和预测的功率需求,设计了实时控制策略,并在优化范围内以庞特里亚金最小化原理进行优化.通过仿真和硬件在环(Hil)实验在40 k W的FCS上验证了所提出的控制策略.通过和基于规则的策略(RB)以及和最小损失策略(LMS)的对比表明,在考虑温度影响的情况下,本文所提出的控制策略可以有效地将等效燃料消耗降低4%.
文摘Hepatitis E virus(HEV)represents a significant global cause of acute viral hepatitis.Annually,it is estimated to cause approximately 20.1 million infections worldwide,3.3 million of which result in symptomatic illness.In developing regions,genotypes HEV-1 and HEV-2 are the primary strains responsible for widespread outbreaks and epidemics of acute jaundice(icteric hepatitis),transmitted predominantly through the fecal-oral route via contaminated water and food(Devarbhavi et al.,2023).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2002218,81874274)Yunnan Health Training Project of High Level Talents (L-2017027)+3 种基金Project of Cross-border Control and Quarantine Innovation Group of Zoonosis of Dali University (ZKPY2019302)to Y.Z.ZOpen Project of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information (BIKF22-02)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of SciencesYunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program Young Talent Project to X.L.Y。
文摘The family Hepeviridae has seen an explosive expansion in its host range in recent years,yet the evolutionary trajectory of this zoonotic pathogen remains largely unknown.The emergence of rat hepatitis E virus(HEV)has introduced a new public health threat due to its potential for zoonotic transmission.This study investigated2?464 wild small mammals spanning four animal orders,eight families,21 genera,and 37 species in Yunnan Province,China.Using broadly reactive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),we systematically screened the presence and prevalence of Orthohepevirus and identified 192 positive specimens from10 species,corresponding to an overall detection rate of7.79%.Next-generation sequencing enabled the recovery of 24 full-length genomic sequences from eight host species,including Bandicota bengalensis,Eothenomys eleusis,and Episoriculus caudatus,representing newly reported host species for Orthohepevirus strains.Phylogenetic and sequence analyses revealed extensive genetic diversity within orthohepeviruses infecting rodents and shrews.Notably,among the identified strains,20 were classified as Rocahepevirus ratti C1,two as C3,and one as Rocahepevirus eothenomi,while the remaining strain exhibited significant divergence,precluding classification.Evolutionary analyses highlighted close associations between orthohepeviruses and their respective host taxa,with distinct phylogenetic clustering patterns observed across different host orders.These findings emphasize the critical roles of co-speciation and cross-species transmission in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of the genera Paslahepevirus and Rocahepevirus.
基金supported by a grant from the Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan Project(2019ZB101)。
文摘Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is the primary cause of acute viral hepatitis globally and is prevalent in many developing countries.Serological epidemiology studies[1,2]suggest that approximately onethird of the global population has been infected with HEV.There are an estimated 20 million new cases of HEV infection worldwide annually.World Health Organization(WHO)reported that HEV caused approximately 44000 deaths in 2015,which accounted for3.3%of deaths from viral hepatitis[3,4].Clinically,most cases of acute hepatitis E have a self-limiting course.However,co-infection with other viruses can increase the risk of acute or subacute liver failure.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)and HEV are highly prevalent in many regions worldwide,and these areas have high rates of coinfection with both viruses.The rate of co-infection with HEV among patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is high,resulting in more severe health outcomes and a significantly elevated risk of liver failure and death.
