Same-sex mounts provide male juvenile golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)with opportunities to practice heterosexual copulatory skills and are often followed by grooming(post-mounting grooming,PMG).We h...Same-sex mounts provide male juvenile golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)with opportunities to practice heterosexual copulatory skills and are often followed by grooming(post-mounting grooming,PMG).We hypothesized that juveniles acted as the mountee and provided mounting opportunities to receive grooming from their peer mounter.Here,we observed same-sex mounts among male juveniles(N=5)in a captive group of R.roxellana in Shanghai Wild Animal Park,China,from November 2014 to June 2015.Among 1,044 mounts recorded,45.40% were accompanied by PMG initiated by the mounter and only 3.74% were followed by PMG initiated by the mountee.Mountees were more likely to receive PMG when they performed a mounting solicitation than when they did not,or when they were mounted for a longer time(even if they did not solicit).Over a long timeframe(1 month),mountee’s tended to choose partners who groomed them more often than others after mounting,regardless of how long the grooming lasted.However,whether the mounter groomed the mountee did not predict the mounting direction in their subsequent mount.Our results suggest that,in the context of same-sex mounts,juveniles provide mounting opportunities to receive grooming from peers on a long-term,rather than on a short-term basis.This study provides the first evidence that juveniles’same-sex mounting strategy may be associated with the grooming market in nonhuman primates,which necessitates further investigation with large free-ranging groups due to the limited sample size of individuals and the captive setting of the current study.展开更多
Honey trap is a really common type of stratagem which can be seen in many fields such as military,politics,diplomacy,and business.You can easily find many examples of it in the historical books of many different count...Honey trap is a really common type of stratagem which can be seen in many fields such as military,politics,diplomacy,and business.You can easily find many examples of it in the historical books of many different countries.As time went by,because of the changes of human thinking,just relying on the beautiful appearance could not ensure the success of a honey trap.Therefore,there appeared a new type of honey trap called personality grooming.As a matter of fact,the original form of personality grooming appeared a few centuries ago.However,at the very beginning,personality grooming was not directly related to honey trap.It is an interesting feature of honey trap that its forms will change due to the changes of the times.In this process,honey trap and personality grooming gradually integrate,developing a new type of honey trap.Compared with the traditional ones,this type of honey trap is much harder to guard against.展开更多
The increased accessibility of social networking services(SNSs)has facilitated communication and information sharing among users.However,it has also heightened concerns about digital safety,particularly for children a...The increased accessibility of social networking services(SNSs)has facilitated communication and information sharing among users.However,it has also heightened concerns about digital safety,particularly for children and adolescents who are increasingly exposed to online grooming crimes.Early and accurate identification of grooming conversations is crucial in preventing long-term harm to victims.However,research on grooming detection in South Korea remains limited,as existing models trained primarily on English text and fail to reflect the unique linguistic features of SNS conversations,leading to inaccurate classifications.To address these issues,this study proposes a novel framework that integrates optical character recognition(OCR)technology with KcELECTRA,a deep learning-based natural language processing(NLP)model that shows excellent performance in processing the colloquial Korean language.In the proposed framework,the KcELECTRA model is fine-tuned by an extensive dataset,including Korean social media conversations,Korean ethical verification data from AI-Hub,and Korean hate speech data from Hug-gingFace,to enable more accurate classification of text extracted from social media conversation images.Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 0.953,outperforming existing transformer-based models.Furthermore,OCR technology shows high accuracy in extracting text from images,demonstrating that the proposed framework is effective for online grooming detection.The proposed framework is expected to contribute to the more accurate detection of grooming text and the prevention of grooming-related crimes.展开更多
Antennae are significant chemosensory and mechanosensory organs for insects and need careful maintenance.Bees use a pair of comb-like tools located on the forelimbs to brush and remove contaminants from their antennae...Antennae are significant chemosensory and mechanosensory organs for insects and need careful maintenance.Bees use a pair of comb-like tools located on the forelimbs to brush and remove contaminants from their antennae.We filmed antenna grooming in three different bee species and observed that all bees raise their heads while grooming their antennae.We conducted a study to examine the effects of the distinctive grooming apparatus,as well as the antenna’s material and structural characteristics,on grooming behavior in both free-head and constrained-head scenarios.Head-raising increases the grooming speed by 300%compared to the situation where the head is constrained.It allows the bees to scrape the antennae 5 times per second.In addition,we proposed a mechanical model based on the morphological data to determine that raising the head increases the contact force by 50%.These findings will facilitate the development of innovative approaches for cleaning extended structures featuring bristly surfaces.展开更多
In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological ma...In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate on the problem of energy-efficient traffic grooming under sliding scheduled traffic model for IP over WDM optical networks,so as to minimize the total energy consumption of the core networ...In this paper,we investigate on the problem of energy-efficient traffic grooming under sliding scheduled traffic model for IP over WDM optical networks,so as to minimize the total energy consumption of the core network.We present a two-layer auxiliary graph model and propose a new energyefficient traffic grooming heuristic named Two-Dimension Green Traffic Grooming(TDGTG) algorithm,which takes both space and time factors into consideration for network energy efficiency.We compare our proposed TDGTG algorithm with the previous traffic grooming algorithms for scheduled traffic model in terms of total energy consumption and blocking probability.The simulation results in three typical carrier topologies show the efficiency of our proposed TDGTD algorithm.展开更多
Investigations on manual laterality in non-human primates can help clarify human evolutionary origins of hand preference and cerebral cognition. Although body posture can influence primate hand preference, investigati...Investigations on manual laterality in non-human primates can help clarify human evolutionary origins of hand preference and cerebral cognition. Although body posture can influence primate hand preference, investigations on how posture affects hylobatid manual laterality are still in their infancy. This study focused on how spontaneous bipedal behavioral tasks affect hand preference in Hylobatidae. Ten captive northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) were chosen as focal subjects. Unimanual grooming during sitting posture and supported bipedal posture were applied as behavioral tasks. The gibbons displayed a modest tendency on left-hand preference during sitting posture and right-hand preference during supported bipedal posture, although no group-level hand preference was detected for either posture. From the sitting to supported bipedal posture, 70% of individuals displayed different degrees of right-side deviation trends. The strength of manual laterality in the supported bipedal posture was higher than that in the sitting posture. We found significant sex differences in manual laterality during supported bipedal posture but not during sitting posture. Thus, to a certain degree, bipedal posture in N. leucogenys facilitates stronger hand preference, elicits a rightward trend in manual laterality, and produces sex-specific hand preference.展开更多
Most of the work in traffic grooming has been in the area of providing efficient network designs in Wavelength division multiplexing （WDM）. The objective of these traffic grooming algorithms is to reduce the cost of...Most of the work in traffic grooming has been in the area of providing efficient network designs in Wavelength division multiplexing （WDM）. The objective of these traffic grooming algorithms is to reduce the cost of overall networks. In this paper, a routing algorithm based on transiently chaotic neural network is proposed to solve the problem in WDM logical topology. The objectives of the routing algorithm are ac commodating all traffic requirements and using less network resource. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient in the routing selection, meanwhile the algorithm can use less network resource.展开更多
Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,str...Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,stress reduction,and social behaviors.In rodents,grooming involves a patterned and sequenced structure,known as the syntactic chain with four phases that comprise repeated stereotyped movements happening in a cephalocaudal progression style,beginning from the nose to the face,to the head,and finally ending with body licking.The context-dependent occurrence of grooming behavior indicates its adaptive significance.This review briefly summarizes the neural substrates responsible for rodent grooming behavior and explores its relevance in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases with aberrant grooming phenotypes.We further emphasize the utility of rodent grooming as a reliable measure of repetitive behavior in neuropsychiatric models,holding promise for translational psychiatry.Herein,we mainly focus on rodent self-grooming.Allogrooming(grooming being applied on one animal by its conspecifics via licking or carefully nibbling)and heterogrooming(a form of grooming behavior directing towards another animal,which occurs in other contexts,such as maternal,sexual,aggressive,or social behaviors)are not covered due to space constraints.展开更多
This paper researched the traffic of optical networks in time-space complexity,proposed a novel traf-fic model for complex optical networks based on traffic grooming,designed a traffic generator GTS(gener-ator based o...This paper researched the traffic of optical networks in time-space complexity,proposed a novel traf-fic model for complex optical networks based on traffic grooming,designed a traffic generator GTS(gener-ator based on time and space)with 'centralized+distributed' idea,and then made a simulation in Clanguage.Experiments results show that GTS can produce the virtual network topology which can changedynamically with the characteristic of scaling-free network.GTS can also groom the different traffic andtrigger them under real-time or scheduling mechanisms,generating different optical connections.Thistraffic model is convenient for the simulation of optical networks considering the traffic complexity.展开更多
Thanks to grooming in cattle,dirt,dust and parasites that are removed,skin blood circulation is increased and muscles are massaged.However,grooming should be done with appropriate tools and equipment.Otherwise,it can ...Thanks to grooming in cattle,dirt,dust and parasites that are removed,skin blood circulation is increased and muscles are massaged.However,grooming should be done with appropriate tools and equipment.Otherwise,it can be more damaging than benefit.There would be a risk that can hurt the animal’s life if not paid attention,and may result in injury or even tail rupture.Animals exposed to such situations normally want to escape from grooming and show resistance even though they enjoy it very much.Inaccurate applications during the acclimatization period,the use of small and low-placed brushes that are not suitable for the size and structure of the cattle,malfunctions during the operation of the grooming brush and in the event of incorrect operation,the wounds occurring in different parts of the body can prevent the expected benefit from the use of the grooming brush.But many works carry on this subject to provide more efficient grooming instruments for cow comfort.And grooming is considered a potential indicator of positive welfare.The combination and integration of welfare instruments will ensure optimum wellbeing for dairy animals to maximize profitability.Use of welfare instruments combined with new technologies for information handling and integration to instruments give more effective results.展开更多
Grooming is an innate behavior that serves multiple purposes and has a dual nature, reflecting both comfort and stress. Auto-grooming, in particular, is highly sensitive to stressors and can be influenced by natural a...Grooming is an innate behavior that serves multiple purposes and has a dual nature, reflecting both comfort and stress. Auto-grooming, in particular, is highly sensitive to stressors and can be influenced by natural and synthetic anxiolytics. Researchers believe that rodent grooming can be a valuable tool in translational neurobiological studies, specifically focusing on aberrant grooming, such as the syntactic chain of grooming, which can serve as an experimental model for certain human psycho-nervous disorders.展开更多
Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a sh...Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a shared matrix to address the survivable multicast resource consumption.This paper also proposes a new heuristic called Green Multicast Grooming algorithm based on spanning path Cross-Shared protection(GMGCSP),in which network reliability,energy efficiency and resource utilization are jointly considered.Simulation results testify that,compared to other algorithms,the proposed GMG-CSP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio,but also saves more energy.展开更多
The National Institutes of Health Genetically Heterogeneous Rat Stock (NIH-HS) is a unique tool for genetic studies of complex traits due to its high genetic heterogeneity and to its high level of genetic recombinants...The National Institutes of Health Genetically Heterogeneous Rat Stock (NIH-HS) is a unique tool for genetic studies of complex traits due to its high genetic heterogeneity and to its high level of genetic recombinants accumulated along many outbreeding generations. In the present study, 90 NIH-HS male rats were tested for anxiety/fearfulness in the elevated zero-maze and in the open-field test in order to investigate the associations among defensive responses from both tests and, in particular, those among open- field self-grooming and freezing. These associations were evaluated by means of a correlational-factorial approach and an analysis of differences between sub- groups displaying extreme scores in representative variables. The final factor analysis revealed a first factor with high loadings of all variables from the zero-maze (“Maze timidity/conflict” factor), and a second (independent) factor dominated by open-field crossings (-0.74), rearings (-0.62) and freezing (0.65), with lower loadings of open-field grooming (-0.39) and stretched attend postures, as well as of entries and time (loadings of -0.32 to -0.25) in the open sections of the zero-maze (“Open Behavior inhibition/ desinhibition” factor), suggesting that open-field self-grooming is a response associated to activity, in the present study, rather than to inhibition. Furthermore, the finding that grooming in the OF loaded negatively in a second factor supports a relationship between grooming and dearousal. Present results, thus, are in accordance with the usefulness of these tests for the purposes they are commonly employed and add new evidence supporting their concurrent validity, as indicated by the relationships observed among measures from both tests.展开更多
Since the fall semester of 2015, Guangzhou, capital of south China＇s Guangdong Province, has begun offering a course in finance in primary and middle schools. It is the first city in China to start such a course in j...Since the fall semester of 2015, Guangzhou, capital of south China＇s Guangdong Province, has begun offering a course in finance in primary and middle schools. It is the first city in China to start such a course in junior schools.展开更多
The benefit of a two-layer hybrid IP/MPLS （multi-protocol label switching） over a wavelength division multiplexing network has been analyzed considering both the cost and different grooming policies. A detailed cost...The benefit of a two-layer hybrid IP/MPLS （multi-protocol label switching） over a wavelength division multiplexing network has been analyzed considering both the cost and different grooming policies. A detailed cost and performance analysis of hybrid networks is done for three different grooming policies. The hybrid network cost is compared with that of an opaque network for equal traffic demand and equal blocking probability of dynamic requests of label switched paths. An algorithm is given to design optimum hybrid nodes for different grooming policies to provide the desired blocking probability for a given number of dynamic connection requests. The results show that all three applied grooming policies （IP layer first, optical layer first, and one hop first） result in lower costs of the hybrid network architecture than for the opaque network. In addition, an adaptive one hop first method is given to improve the best of the applied grooming policies, which limits grooming in heavily loaded hybrid nodes to achieve load balancing. The simulation resuits show that the new policy significantly reduces the overall blocking probability.展开更多
Dynamic multicast traffic grooming in wave-length division multiplexing(WDM)networks was analyzed to minimize networkwide costs and to increase the network resource utilization.A network model was developed for dynami...Dynamic multicast traffic grooming in wave-length division multiplexing(WDM)networks was analyzed to minimize networkwide costs and to increase the network resource utilization.A network model was developed for dynamic multicast traffic grooming with resource constraints and an algorithm that can provide quality of service(QoS)was proposed.The QoS is measured by the maximum number of lightpaths passing between the source and the destinations.The blocking probability of the algorithm was assessed in simulations.The results show that a higher QoS requirement results in higher blocking probability,and when the QoS requirement is low,changes in the QoS require-ments have only small effects on the blocking probability.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901083,31872250,and 31401985)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M663796).
文摘Same-sex mounts provide male juvenile golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)with opportunities to practice heterosexual copulatory skills and are often followed by grooming(post-mounting grooming,PMG).We hypothesized that juveniles acted as the mountee and provided mounting opportunities to receive grooming from their peer mounter.Here,we observed same-sex mounts among male juveniles(N=5)in a captive group of R.roxellana in Shanghai Wild Animal Park,China,from November 2014 to June 2015.Among 1,044 mounts recorded,45.40% were accompanied by PMG initiated by the mounter and only 3.74% were followed by PMG initiated by the mountee.Mountees were more likely to receive PMG when they performed a mounting solicitation than when they did not,or when they were mounted for a longer time(even if they did not solicit).Over a long timeframe(1 month),mountee’s tended to choose partners who groomed them more often than others after mounting,regardless of how long the grooming lasted.However,whether the mounter groomed the mountee did not predict the mounting direction in their subsequent mount.Our results suggest that,in the context of same-sex mounts,juveniles provide mounting opportunities to receive grooming from peers on a long-term,rather than on a short-term basis.This study provides the first evidence that juveniles’same-sex mounting strategy may be associated with the grooming market in nonhuman primates,which necessitates further investigation with large free-ranging groups due to the limited sample size of individuals and the captive setting of the current study.
文摘Honey trap is a really common type of stratagem which can be seen in many fields such as military,politics,diplomacy,and business.You can easily find many examples of it in the historical books of many different countries.As time went by,because of the changes of human thinking,just relying on the beautiful appearance could not ensure the success of a honey trap.Therefore,there appeared a new type of honey trap called personality grooming.As a matter of fact,the original form of personality grooming appeared a few centuries ago.However,at the very beginning,personality grooming was not directly related to honey trap.It is an interesting feature of honey trap that its forms will change due to the changes of the times.In this process,honey trap and personality grooming gradually integrate,developing a new type of honey trap.Compared with the traditional ones,this type of honey trap is much harder to guard against.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)grant funded by the Korean government(Ministry of Science and ICT)(IITP-2025-RS-2024-00438056).
文摘The increased accessibility of social networking services(SNSs)has facilitated communication and information sharing among users.However,it has also heightened concerns about digital safety,particularly for children and adolescents who are increasingly exposed to online grooming crimes.Early and accurate identification of grooming conversations is crucial in preventing long-term harm to victims.However,research on grooming detection in South Korea remains limited,as existing models trained primarily on English text and fail to reflect the unique linguistic features of SNS conversations,leading to inaccurate classifications.To address these issues,this study proposes a novel framework that integrates optical character recognition(OCR)technology with KcELECTRA,a deep learning-based natural language processing(NLP)model that shows excellent performance in processing the colloquial Korean language.In the proposed framework,the KcELECTRA model is fine-tuned by an extensive dataset,including Korean social media conversations,Korean ethical verification data from AI-Hub,and Korean hate speech data from Hug-gingFace,to enable more accurate classification of text extracted from social media conversation images.Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 0.953,outperforming existing transformer-based models.Furthermore,OCR technology shows high accuracy in extracting text from images,demonstrating that the proposed framework is effective for online grooming detection.The proposed framework is expected to contribute to the more accurate detection of grooming text and the prevention of grooming-related crimes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.T2422031 and No.51905556).
文摘Antennae are significant chemosensory and mechanosensory organs for insects and need careful maintenance.Bees use a pair of comb-like tools located on the forelimbs to brush and remove contaminants from their antennae.We filmed antenna grooming in three different bee species and observed that all bees raise their heads while grooming their antennae.We conducted a study to examine the effects of the distinctive grooming apparatus,as well as the antenna’s material and structural characteristics,on grooming behavior in both free-head and constrained-head scenarios.Head-raising increases the grooming speed by 300%compared to the situation where the head is constrained.It allows the bees to scrape the antennae 5 times per second.In addition,we proposed a mechanical model based on the morphological data to determine that raising the head increases the contact force by 50%.These findings will facilitate the development of innovative approaches for cleaning extended structures featuring bristly surfaces.
基金supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772475 31672307+1 种基金31401981 31372215)
文摘In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.
基金This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （＂973 Program＂） under Grant 2013CB329103, National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC） undergrant No. 61201129 and Program for Changji- ang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University.
文摘In this paper,we investigate on the problem of energy-efficient traffic grooming under sliding scheduled traffic model for IP over WDM optical networks,so as to minimize the total energy consumption of the core network.We present a two-layer auxiliary graph model and propose a new energyefficient traffic grooming heuristic named Two-Dimension Green Traffic Grooming(TDGTG) algorithm,which takes both space and time factors into consideration for network energy efficiency.We compare our proposed TDGTG algorithm with the previous traffic grooming algorithms for scheduled traffic model in terms of total energy consumption and blocking probability.The simulation results in three typical carrier topologies show the efficiency of our proposed TDGTD algorithm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200293,31730104,31772468)
文摘Investigations on manual laterality in non-human primates can help clarify human evolutionary origins of hand preference and cerebral cognition. Although body posture can influence primate hand preference, investigations on how posture affects hylobatid manual laterality are still in their infancy. This study focused on how spontaneous bipedal behavioral tasks affect hand preference in Hylobatidae. Ten captive northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) were chosen as focal subjects. Unimanual grooming during sitting posture and supported bipedal posture were applied as behavioral tasks. The gibbons displayed a modest tendency on left-hand preference during sitting posture and right-hand preference during supported bipedal posture, although no group-level hand preference was detected for either posture. From the sitting to supported bipedal posture, 70% of individuals displayed different degrees of right-side deviation trends. The strength of manual laterality in the supported bipedal posture was higher than that in the sitting posture. We found significant sex differences in manual laterality during supported bipedal posture but not during sitting posture. Thus, to a certain degree, bipedal posture in N. leucogenys facilitates stronger hand preference, elicits a rightward trend in manual laterality, and produces sex-specific hand preference.
文摘Most of the work in traffic grooming has been in the area of providing efficient network designs in Wavelength division multiplexing （WDM）. The objective of these traffic grooming algorithms is to reduce the cost of overall networks. In this paper, a routing algorithm based on transiently chaotic neural network is proposed to solve the problem in WDM logical topology. The objectives of the routing algorithm are ac commodating all traffic requirements and using less network resource. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient in the routing selection, meanwhile the algorithm can use less network resource.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82371515)the Talent Initiation BaiRen Plan Start-up Funds(No.E251F811)the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents(No.IPM2301),China.
文摘Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,stress reduction,and social behaviors.In rodents,grooming involves a patterned and sequenced structure,known as the syntactic chain with four phases that comprise repeated stereotyped movements happening in a cephalocaudal progression style,beginning from the nose to the face,to the head,and finally ending with body licking.The context-dependent occurrence of grooming behavior indicates its adaptive significance.This review briefly summarizes the neural substrates responsible for rodent grooming behavior and explores its relevance in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases with aberrant grooming phenotypes.We further emphasize the utility of rodent grooming as a reliable measure of repetitive behavior in neuropsychiatric models,holding promise for translational psychiatry.Herein,we mainly focus on rodent self-grooming.Allogrooming(grooming being applied on one animal by its conspecifics via licking or carefully nibbling)and heterogrooming(a form of grooming behavior directing towards another animal,which occurs in other contexts,such as maternal,sexual,aggressive,or social behaviors)are not covered due to space constraints.
基金Supported by the High Technology Research and Development Programme of China (No. 2008AA01A328)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60772022)+2 种基金the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No. NCET-05-0112)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of MOE, China (No. IRT0609)111 Project (No. B07005)
文摘This paper researched the traffic of optical networks in time-space complexity,proposed a novel traf-fic model for complex optical networks based on traffic grooming,designed a traffic generator GTS(gener-ator based on time and space)with 'centralized+distributed' idea,and then made a simulation in Clanguage.Experiments results show that GTS can produce the virtual network topology which can changedynamically with the characteristic of scaling-free network.GTS can also groom the different traffic andtrigger them under real-time or scheduling mechanisms,generating different optical connections.Thistraffic model is convenient for the simulation of optical networks considering the traffic complexity.
文摘Thanks to grooming in cattle,dirt,dust and parasites that are removed,skin blood circulation is increased and muscles are massaged.However,grooming should be done with appropriate tools and equipment.Otherwise,it can be more damaging than benefit.There would be a risk that can hurt the animal’s life if not paid attention,and may result in injury or even tail rupture.Animals exposed to such situations normally want to escape from grooming and show resistance even though they enjoy it very much.Inaccurate applications during the acclimatization period,the use of small and low-placed brushes that are not suitable for the size and structure of the cattle,malfunctions during the operation of the grooming brush and in the event of incorrect operation,the wounds occurring in different parts of the body can prevent the expected benefit from the use of the grooming brush.But many works carry on this subject to provide more efficient grooming instruments for cow comfort.And grooming is considered a potential indicator of positive welfare.The combination and integration of welfare instruments will ensure optimum wellbeing for dairy animals to maximize profitability.Use of welfare instruments combined with new technologies for information handling and integration to instruments give more effective results.
文摘Grooming is an innate behavior that serves multiple purposes and has a dual nature, reflecting both comfort and stress. Auto-grooming, in particular, is highly sensitive to stressors and can be influenced by natural and synthetic anxiolytics. Researchers believe that rodent grooming can be a valuable tool in translational neurobiological studies, specifically focusing on aberrant grooming, such as the syntactic chain of grooming, which can serve as an experimental model for certain human psycho-nervous disorders.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （61172051,61302070,61302071,61302072） the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education（20110042110023） the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities（N110204001, N120804002,N110604008）
文摘Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a shared matrix to address the survivable multicast resource consumption.This paper also proposes a new heuristic called Green Multicast Grooming algorithm based on spanning path Cross-Shared protection(GMGCSP),in which network reliability,energy efficiency and resource utilization are jointly considered.Simulation results testify that,compared to other algorithms,the proposed GMG-CSP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio,but also saves more energy.
基金CNPq(201456/2011-7)Supported by grants for the MICINN(PSI2009-10532),“Fundacio La Marato TV3”(ref.092630/31),2009SGR-0051the European project/consortium“EURATRANS”(grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2010-241504).
文摘The National Institutes of Health Genetically Heterogeneous Rat Stock (NIH-HS) is a unique tool for genetic studies of complex traits due to its high genetic heterogeneity and to its high level of genetic recombinants accumulated along many outbreeding generations. In the present study, 90 NIH-HS male rats were tested for anxiety/fearfulness in the elevated zero-maze and in the open-field test in order to investigate the associations among defensive responses from both tests and, in particular, those among open- field self-grooming and freezing. These associations were evaluated by means of a correlational-factorial approach and an analysis of differences between sub- groups displaying extreme scores in representative variables. The final factor analysis revealed a first factor with high loadings of all variables from the zero-maze (“Maze timidity/conflict” factor), and a second (independent) factor dominated by open-field crossings (-0.74), rearings (-0.62) and freezing (0.65), with lower loadings of open-field grooming (-0.39) and stretched attend postures, as well as of entries and time (loadings of -0.32 to -0.25) in the open sections of the zero-maze (“Open Behavior inhibition/ desinhibition” factor), suggesting that open-field self-grooming is a response associated to activity, in the present study, rather than to inhibition. Furthermore, the finding that grooming in the OF loaded negatively in a second factor supports a relationship between grooming and dearousal. Present results, thus, are in accordance with the usefulness of these tests for the purposes they are commonly employed and add new evidence supporting their concurrent validity, as indicated by the relationships observed among measures from both tests.
文摘Since the fall semester of 2015, Guangzhou, capital of south China＇s Guangdong Province, has begun offering a course in finance in primary and middle schools. It is the first city in China to start such a course in junior schools.
基金Supported in part by the National High-Tech Research and Development (863) Program of China (Nos.2008AA01A327 and 2008AA01A329)
文摘The benefit of a two-layer hybrid IP/MPLS （multi-protocol label switching） over a wavelength division multiplexing network has been analyzed considering both the cost and different grooming policies. A detailed cost and performance analysis of hybrid networks is done for three different grooming policies. The hybrid network cost is compared with that of an opaque network for equal traffic demand and equal blocking probability of dynamic requests of label switched paths. An algorithm is given to design optimum hybrid nodes for different grooming policies to provide the desired blocking probability for a given number of dynamic connection requests. The results show that all three applied grooming policies （IP layer first, optical layer first, and one hop first） result in lower costs of the hybrid network architecture than for the opaque network. In addition, an adaptive one hop first method is given to improve the best of the applied grooming policies, which limits grooming in heavily loaded hybrid nodes to achieve load balancing. The simulation resuits show that the new policy significantly reduces the overall blocking probability.
文摘Dynamic multicast traffic grooming in wave-length division multiplexing(WDM)networks was analyzed to minimize networkwide costs and to increase the network resource utilization.A network model was developed for dynamic multicast traffic grooming with resource constraints and an algorithm that can provide quality of service(QoS)was proposed.The QoS is measured by the maximum number of lightpaths passing between the source and the destinations.The blocking probability of the algorithm was assessed in simulations.The results show that a higher QoS requirement results in higher blocking probability,and when the QoS requirement is low,changes in the QoS require-ments have only small effects on the blocking probability.
