There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this co...There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this concept has been incorporated in the vast majority of national legal systems,its precise scope and application may vary from one to another,depending on the commercial traditions and customs of each legal system^([2]).The fact that good faith has been treated differently in different national legal systems has also been reflected on the international level through its inclusion in international legal instruments,one of which is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter CISG).In this article,the legislative history of the CISG will be closely examined with the purpose of finding out how a compromise was reached between the common law countries,which expressly objected to the imposition of a duty of good faith,and the civil law countries,which explicitly endorse its incorporation.A logical result flowing from this historical examination,as will be submitted,is that the conceptual ambiguity of good faith is the underlying reasoning behind their fundamentally different attitudes towards the incorporation of this notion in the international commercial context.展开更多
After ten years of deploitation and enterprising, ten years of efforts, and ten years of manoeuvring among various political groupings, Maidilang has started from a small family factory of over RMB30,000, finally grow...After ten years of deploitation and enterprising, ten years of efforts, and ten years of manoeuvring among various political groupings, Maidilang has started from a small family factory of over RMB30,000, finally grown into a group company with total展开更多
全球生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化正威胁着人类的生存与发展。《保护野生动物迁徙物种公约》(Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,CMS)和《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity,C...全球生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化正威胁着人类的生存与发展。《保护野生动物迁徙物种公约》(Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,CMS)和《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity,CBD)等国际公约都强调缔约国应履行就地保护义务。为此,一些国家实施了撤销/拒绝颁发采矿许可证、颁布/修改生物多样性政策等自然保护地治理措施,而这些措施对部分外国投资者的财产权益造成损害,违反了其对外缔结的国际投资协定(international investment agreements,IIAs)所承诺的投资保护义务,引发诸多投资争端。本文从国际投资仲裁争端的角度出发,梳理了自然保护地治理引发投资仲裁案件的争议焦点,如管辖权、公平公正待遇条款、间接征收条款等,总结出国际投资法视野下同时履行就地保护义务与投资保护义务所面临的困难:(1)合理期待解释分歧较大;(2)公共利益审查标准不一;(3)一般例外条款适用难度大。基于此,本文提出明确就地保护规则与投资保护规则的效力等级、引入善意原则完善投资待遇条款、强化投资者义务条款和建立应对生物多样性的全球基金等建议,实现自然保护地治理与国际投资的协同发展。展开更多
文摘There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this concept has been incorporated in the vast majority of national legal systems,its precise scope and application may vary from one to another,depending on the commercial traditions and customs of each legal system^([2]).The fact that good faith has been treated differently in different national legal systems has also been reflected on the international level through its inclusion in international legal instruments,one of which is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter CISG).In this article,the legislative history of the CISG will be closely examined with the purpose of finding out how a compromise was reached between the common law countries,which expressly objected to the imposition of a duty of good faith,and the civil law countries,which explicitly endorse its incorporation.A logical result flowing from this historical examination,as will be submitted,is that the conceptual ambiguity of good faith is the underlying reasoning behind their fundamentally different attitudes towards the incorporation of this notion in the international commercial context.
文摘After ten years of deploitation and enterprising, ten years of efforts, and ten years of manoeuvring among various political groupings, Maidilang has started from a small family factory of over RMB30,000, finally grown into a group company with total
文摘全球生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化正威胁着人类的生存与发展。《保护野生动物迁徙物种公约》(Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,CMS)和《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity,CBD)等国际公约都强调缔约国应履行就地保护义务。为此,一些国家实施了撤销/拒绝颁发采矿许可证、颁布/修改生物多样性政策等自然保护地治理措施,而这些措施对部分外国投资者的财产权益造成损害,违反了其对外缔结的国际投资协定(international investment agreements,IIAs)所承诺的投资保护义务,引发诸多投资争端。本文从国际投资仲裁争端的角度出发,梳理了自然保护地治理引发投资仲裁案件的争议焦点,如管辖权、公平公正待遇条款、间接征收条款等,总结出国际投资法视野下同时履行就地保护义务与投资保护义务所面临的困难:(1)合理期待解释分歧较大;(2)公共利益审查标准不一;(3)一般例外条款适用难度大。基于此,本文提出明确就地保护规则与投资保护规则的效力等级、引入善意原则完善投资待遇条款、强化投资者义务条款和建立应对生物多样性的全球基金等建议,实现自然保护地治理与国际投资的协同发展。
