The article studies China＇s development assistance policy during the last decades. It shows the evolution of Chinese approach to providing foreign aid. The analysis is based on White Papers on China＇s Foreign Aid fr...The article studies China＇s development assistance policy during the last decades. It shows the evolution of Chinese approach to providing foreign aid. The analysis is based on White Papers on China＇s Foreign Aid from 2011 and 2014, theoretical studies, and reports on China＇s foreign aid. From the beginning of the 21st century, China has become one of the most important emerging donors. Chinese aid is primarily provided to Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific. Depending on the region, the assistance is directed to large-scale infrastructure projects, energy facilities, or natural resource development activities. The aid is combined with investments and trade arrangements. Generally, China＇s aid programme is driven by economic, diplomatic, and strategic objectives. The rules according to which Chinese assistance is provided to developing countries differ significantly from the rules established by Development Assistance Committee （DAC） members. Aid-receiving countries do not have to fulfil strict development assistance regimes and adopt specific economic policies and targets.展开更多
This paper, for the goal of revealing the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination where players agree in general but disagree on coordination methods, clarifies not only the background behind Japan＇s decis...This paper, for the goal of revealing the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination where players agree in general but disagree on coordination methods, clarifies not only the background behind Japan＇s decision of terminating development aid loan to China, but also the reason why the Chinese government decided to accept it. When countries agree on the need to collaborate but are in conflict regarding the specific method, like the case of Japan-China conflict over development aid, one country must always compromise regarding the specific method of coordination. This situation is known as the Battle of the Sexes （BoS） in game theory. It has been believed that countries do not have the incentive to withdraw from the initial agreement under such a situation. This case study, however, reveals that it is not always true. From the analysis of this study, it will be concluded that the agreement reached in the initial negotiation would not be always stable even in a situation where countries agree in general but disagree on coordination methods. In this case, ＂institution＂ and ＂consensus＂ are pointed out as incentives to make countries accept a specific coordination method.展开更多
发育性语言障碍(developmental language disorder,DLD)是最常见的神经发育障碍之一,有效的干预对改善发育性语言障碍儿童的生活质量至关重要。近年来,计算机辅助训练(computer-aided training,CAT)已被广泛应用于语言治疗中,成为一种...发育性语言障碍(developmental language disorder,DLD)是最常见的神经发育障碍之一,有效的干预对改善发育性语言障碍儿童的生活质量至关重要。近年来,计算机辅助训练(computer-aided training,CAT)已被广泛应用于语言治疗中,成为一种创新的治疗手段。然而,CAT在不同语言能力领域的有效性尚未明确。通过对CAT在DLD儿童语言治疗中的效果及其影响因素进行综述。阐明,CAT可有效改善DLD儿童的语音能力和词汇能力,但对语法等高级语言能力的疗效尚不明确。目前CAT在改善DLD患儿表达性语言能力的方面的证据较少,未来需要研发更多针对表达性语言的CAT应用程序。影响CAT语言治疗效果的因素包括干预领域、提供干预的人员和地点、干预持续时间和强度。未来可引入语音分析和文本分析技术,以实现基于CAT的表达性语言治疗的即时反馈,提高患者参与治疗的积极性。此外,仍需更高循证级别的研究证据来指导未来CAT应用程序的更新和迭代。展开更多
目的:通过对大龄发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)患儿进行术前模拟手术,实现术中精确截骨及旋转角度,从而达到个体化治疗,改善患儿预后的目的。方法:本研究按照术前规划方式分为两组,一组为传统手术组;另一...目的:通过对大龄发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)患儿进行术前模拟手术,实现术中精确截骨及旋转角度,从而达到个体化治疗,改善患儿预后的目的。方法:本研究按照术前规划方式分为两组,一组为传统手术组;另一组为模拟手术组。共20例患儿均采用骨盆三联截骨术+股骨截骨术治疗,传统手术组10例,模拟手术组10例,手术时平均年龄为11.3岁,平均随访时间24.2个月。所有患儿均于术前行骨盆三维重建CT检查,测量CE角、股骨前倾角及髋臼指数,在mimics软件中,模拟手术方案,确定术中股骨截骨需要旋转的角度及骨盆截骨的位置,术中按照模拟手术的结果进行操作。术前评价指标使用Tonnis分级,术后评价指标使用改进的Trevor评分系统。结果:模拟手术组Tonnis分级3级4髋,Tonnis分级4级8髋;传统手术组Tonnis分级3级4髋,Tonnis分级4级9髋,两组患儿术前严重程度无显著性差异。依据Trevor评分,模拟手术组8髋(67%)优秀,3髋(25%)良好,1髋(8%)一般。传统手术组5髋(38%)优秀,5髋(38%)良好,3髋(23%)一般。两组有显著性差异。并发症:术后传统手术组3例患儿有不同程度的股骨头坏死。结论:大龄DDH患儿术前模拟手术,可以达到术中精确截骨及旋转角度,可改善患儿预后,实现该类患者的个体化治疗。展开更多
文摘The article studies China＇s development assistance policy during the last decades. It shows the evolution of Chinese approach to providing foreign aid. The analysis is based on White Papers on China＇s Foreign Aid from 2011 and 2014, theoretical studies, and reports on China＇s foreign aid. From the beginning of the 21st century, China has become one of the most important emerging donors. Chinese aid is primarily provided to Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific. Depending on the region, the assistance is directed to large-scale infrastructure projects, energy facilities, or natural resource development activities. The aid is combined with investments and trade arrangements. Generally, China＇s aid programme is driven by economic, diplomatic, and strategic objectives. The rules according to which Chinese assistance is provided to developing countries differ significantly from the rules established by Development Assistance Committee （DAC） members. Aid-receiving countries do not have to fulfil strict development assistance regimes and adopt specific economic policies and targets.
文摘This paper, for the goal of revealing the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination where players agree in general but disagree on coordination methods, clarifies not only the background behind Japan＇s decision of terminating development aid loan to China, but also the reason why the Chinese government decided to accept it. When countries agree on the need to collaborate but are in conflict regarding the specific method, like the case of Japan-China conflict over development aid, one country must always compromise regarding the specific method of coordination. This situation is known as the Battle of the Sexes （BoS） in game theory. It has been believed that countries do not have the incentive to withdraw from the initial agreement under such a situation. This case study, however, reveals that it is not always true. From the analysis of this study, it will be concluded that the agreement reached in the initial negotiation would not be always stable even in a situation where countries agree in general but disagree on coordination methods. In this case, ＂institution＂ and ＂consensus＂ are pointed out as incentives to make countries accept a specific coordination method.
文摘发育性语言障碍(developmental language disorder,DLD)是最常见的神经发育障碍之一,有效的干预对改善发育性语言障碍儿童的生活质量至关重要。近年来,计算机辅助训练(computer-aided training,CAT)已被广泛应用于语言治疗中,成为一种创新的治疗手段。然而,CAT在不同语言能力领域的有效性尚未明确。通过对CAT在DLD儿童语言治疗中的效果及其影响因素进行综述。阐明,CAT可有效改善DLD儿童的语音能力和词汇能力,但对语法等高级语言能力的疗效尚不明确。目前CAT在改善DLD患儿表达性语言能力的方面的证据较少,未来需要研发更多针对表达性语言的CAT应用程序。影响CAT语言治疗效果的因素包括干预领域、提供干预的人员和地点、干预持续时间和强度。未来可引入语音分析和文本分析技术,以实现基于CAT的表达性语言治疗的即时反馈,提高患者参与治疗的积极性。此外,仍需更高循证级别的研究证据来指导未来CAT应用程序的更新和迭代。
文摘目的:通过对大龄发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)患儿进行术前模拟手术,实现术中精确截骨及旋转角度,从而达到个体化治疗,改善患儿预后的目的。方法:本研究按照术前规划方式分为两组,一组为传统手术组;另一组为模拟手术组。共20例患儿均采用骨盆三联截骨术+股骨截骨术治疗,传统手术组10例,模拟手术组10例,手术时平均年龄为11.3岁,平均随访时间24.2个月。所有患儿均于术前行骨盆三维重建CT检查,测量CE角、股骨前倾角及髋臼指数,在mimics软件中,模拟手术方案,确定术中股骨截骨需要旋转的角度及骨盆截骨的位置,术中按照模拟手术的结果进行操作。术前评价指标使用Tonnis分级,术后评价指标使用改进的Trevor评分系统。结果:模拟手术组Tonnis分级3级4髋,Tonnis分级4级8髋;传统手术组Tonnis分级3级4髋,Tonnis分级4级9髋,两组患儿术前严重程度无显著性差异。依据Trevor评分,模拟手术组8髋(67%)优秀,3髋(25%)良好,1髋(8%)一般。传统手术组5髋(38%)优秀,5髋(38%)良好,3髋(23%)一般。两组有显著性差异。并发症:术后传统手术组3例患儿有不同程度的股骨头坏死。结论:大龄DDH患儿术前模拟手术,可以达到术中精确截骨及旋转角度,可改善患儿预后,实现该类患者的个体化治疗。
