Undesired ice accumulation on infrastructure and transportation systems leads to catastrophic events and significant economic losses.Although various anti-icing surfaces with photothermal effects can initially prevent...Undesired ice accumulation on infrastructure and transportation systems leads to catastrophic events and significant economic losses.Although various anti-icing surfaces with photothermal effects can initially prevent icing,any thawy droplets remaining on the horizontal surface can quickly re-freezing once the light diminishes.To address these challenges,we have developed a self-draining slippery surface(SDSS)that enables the thawy droplets to self-remove on the horizontal surface,thereby facilitating real-time anti-icing with the aid of sunlight(100 m W cm^(-2)).This is achieved by sandwiching a thin pyroelectric layer between slippery surface and photothermal film.Due to the synergy between the photothermal and pyroelectric layers,the SDSS not only maintains a high surface temperature of 19.8±2.2℃at the low temperature(-20.0±1.0℃),but also generates amount of charge through thermoelectric coupling.Thus,as cold droplets dropped on the SDSS,electrostatic force pushes the droplets off the charged surface because of the charge transfer mechanism.Even if the surface freezes overnight,the ice can melt and drain off the SDSS within 10 min of exposure to sunlight at-20.0±1.0℃,leaving a clean surface.This work provides a new perspective on the anti-icing system in the real-world environments.展开更多
The development of quantum materials for single-photon emission is crucial for the advancement of quantum information technology.Although significant advancements have been witnessed in recent years for single-photon ...The development of quantum materials for single-photon emission is crucial for the advancement of quantum information technology.Although significant advancements have been witnessed in recent years for single-photon sources in the near-infrared band(λ∼700–1000 nm),several challenges have yet to be addressed for ideal single-photon emission at the telecommunication band.In this study,we present a droplet-epitaxy strategy for O-band to C-band single-photon source-based semiconductor quantum dots(QDs)using metal-organic vaporphase epitaxy(MOVPE).By investigating the growth conditions of the epitaxial process,we have successfully synthesized InAs/InP QDs with narrow emission lines spanning a broad spectral range of λ∼1200–1600 nm.The morphological and optical properties of the samples were characterized using atomic force microscopy and microphotoluminescence spectroscopy.The recorded single-photon purity of a plain QD structure reaches g^((2))(0)=0.16,with a radiative recombination lifetime as short as 1.5 ns.This work provides a crucial platform for future research on integrated microcavity enhancement techniques and coupled QDs with other quantum photonics in the telecom bands,offering significant prospects for quantum network applications.展开更多
The rapid development of microfluidic technology has led to the evolution of microdroplets from simple emulsion structures to complex multilayered and multicompartmental configurations.These advancements have endowed ...The rapid development of microfluidic technology has led to the evolution of microdroplets from simple emulsion structures to complex multilayered and multicompartmental configurations.These advancements have endowed microdroplets with the capability to contain multiple compartments that remain isolated from one another,enabling them to carry different molecules of interest.Consequently,researchers can now investigate intricate spatially confined chemical reactions and signal transduction pathways within subcellular organelles.Moreover,modern microdroplets often possess excellent optical transparency,allowing fluorescently labelled,multi-layered,and compartmental droplets to provide detailed insights through real-time,in situ,and dynamic fluorescence imaging.Hence,this review systematically summarizes current methodologies for preparing multicomponent microdroplets and their applications,particularly focusing on fluorescent microdroplets.Additionally,it discusses existing critical challenges and outlines future research directions.By offering a comprehensive overview of the preparation methods and applications of fluorescent microdroplets,this review aims to stimulate the interest of researchers and foster their utilization in more complex and biomimetic environments.展开更多
Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a spectrum of chronic liver diseases caused by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver,which is becoming increasingly serious with the rise in obesity rates wor...Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a spectrum of chronic liver diseases caused by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver,which is becoming increasingly serious with the rise in obesity rates worldwide.Studies have shown that the interaction between lipid droplets and mitochondria plays an important role in the development and progression of MAFLD.In particular,peridroplet mitochondria(PDM),as a unique class of mitochondrial subpopulations,play a key function in lipid metabolism through spatial proximity and functional synergy.The current study revealed the functional heterogeneity of PDM from different tissue sources by optimizing PDM isolation techniques(e.g.,differential centrifugation combined with protease-assisted method),which provided a theoretical basis for targeting lipid droplet-mitochondrial interactions to intervene in MAFLD.Therefore,this paper reviews the morphology,function and isolation methods of PDM,as well as the relationship between lipid droplet-mitochondrial interactions and MAFLD,with the aim of promoting the development of MAFLD intervention strategies based on lipid droplet-mitochondrial interactions.展开更多
Lipid droplets serve as primary storage organelles for neutral lipids in neurons,glial cells,and other cells in the nervous system.Lipid droplet formation begins with the synthesis of neutral lipids in the endoplasmic...Lipid droplets serve as primary storage organelles for neutral lipids in neurons,glial cells,and other cells in the nervous system.Lipid droplet formation begins with the synthesis of neutral lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum.Previously,lipid droplets were recognized for their role in maintaining lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis;however,recent research has shown that lipid droplets are highly adaptive organelles with diverse functions in the nervous system.In addition to their role in regulating cell metabolism,lipid droplets play a protective role in various cellular stress responses.Furthermore,lipid droplets exhibit specific functions in neurons and glial cells.Dysregulation of lipid droplet formation leads to cellular dysfunction,metabolic abnormalities,and nervous system diseases.This review aims to provide an overview of the role of lipid droplets in the nervous system,covering topics such as biogenesis,cellular specificity,and functions.Additionally,it will explore the association between lipid droplets and neurodegenerative disorders.Understanding the involvement of lipid droplets in cell metabolic homeostasis related to the nervous system is crucial to determine the underlying causes and in exploring potential therapeutic approaches for these diseases.展开更多
Soft rot is a destructive disease that inflicts significant losses on agricultural production and the economy post-harvest.Biocontrol strategies based on antagonistic microorganisms have a broad application prospect t...Soft rot is a destructive disease that inflicts significant losses on agricultural production and the economy post-harvest.Biocontrol strategies based on antagonistic microorganisms have a broad application prospect to fight against plant pathogens.This study utilized fluorescence-activated droplet sorting(FADS)technology as an alternative to traditional plate culture methods to isolate microorganisms with antagonistic activity against the soft rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora Ecc15.Initially,the culture performance of the FADS platform was evaluated by analyzing bacterial diversity in droplet culture samples and agar plate culture samples,our data showed that droplet culture exhibited higher species richness and diversity than plate culture,and more than 95%of the operational taxonomic units(OTUs)in the droplet samples belonged to the rare biosphere.Additionally,we developed a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-Ecc15-based FADS screening system,which achieved an enrichment ratio of up to 148.Using this system,we successfully screened 32 antagonistic bacteria from rhizosphere soil sample of healthy konjac plants,and some may be novel microbial resources,including the genera Lelliottia,Buttiauxella and Leclercia.Notably,strain D-62 exhibited the strongest antibacterial ability against Ecc15,with an inhibition zone diameter of(20.86±1.56)mm.In vivo experiments conducted on the corms of Amorphophallus konjac demonstrated that strain D-62 could effectively reduce the infection ability of Ecc15 to the corms,indicating that strain D-62 has the potential to be developed as a biocontrol agent.Our findings suggested that the FADS screening system showed a screening efficiency approximately 3×10^(3)times higher than plate screening system,while significantly reducing costs of infrastructure,labor and consumables,it provides theoretical guidance for the screening of other plant pathogen biocontrol bacteria.展开更多
This numerical simulation investigates the two⁃phase flow under the condition of supercooled large droplets impinging on the aircraft surface.Based on Eulerian framework,a method for calculating supercooled water drop...This numerical simulation investigates the two⁃phase flow under the condition of supercooled large droplets impinging on the aircraft surface.Based on Eulerian framework,a method for calculating supercooled water droplet impingement characteristics is established.Then,considering the deformation and breaking effects during the movement,this method is extended to calculate the impingement characteristics of supercooled large droplets,as well as the bouncing and splashing effects during impingement.The impingement characteristics of supercooled large droplets is then investigated by this method.The results demonstrate that the deformation and breaking effects of supercooled large droplets have negligible influence on the impingement characteristics under the experimental conditions of this paper.In addition,the results of the impingement range and collection efficiency decrease when considering the bouncing and splashing effects.The bouncing effect mainly affects the mass loss near the impingement limits,while the splashing effect influences the result around the stagnation point.This investigation is beneficial for the analysis of aircraft icing and the design of anti⁃icing system with supercooled large droplet conditions.展开更多
This study experimentally investigates the oscillatory dynamics of wind-driven droplets using high-speed imaging to capture droplet profiles within the symmetry plane and to characterize their natural oscillation freq...This study experimentally investigates the oscillatory dynamics of wind-driven droplets using high-speed imaging to capture droplet profiles within the symmetry plane and to characterize their natural oscillation frequencies.Results reveal that the eigenfrequencies vary spatially due to distinct oscillation modes occurring at different droplet locations.Notably,the fundamental eigenfrequency decreases with reducing droplet volume,while droplet viscosity exerts minimal influence on this frequency.Prior to the onset of motion,the dynamic contact angle consistently remains between the advancing and receding angles.The inertial forces generated by droplet oscillation are found to be significantly greater than the adhesion forces,indicating that classical static models are inadequate for capturing inertial contributions to droplet motion.These findings offer new insights into the role of oscillatory behavior in influencing the dynamics of droplet motion,and contribute to a more detailed understanding of wind-driven droplet transport phenomena.展开更多
Accurate descriptions of cloud droplet spectra from aerosol activation to vapor condensation using microphysical parameterization schemes are crucial for numerical simulations of precipitation and climate change in we...Accurate descriptions of cloud droplet spectra from aerosol activation to vapor condensation using microphysical parameterization schemes are crucial for numerical simulations of precipitation and climate change in weather forecasting and climate prediction models.Hence,the latest activation and triple-moment condensation schemes were combined to simulate and analyze the evolution characteristics of a cloud droplet spectrum from activation to condensation and compared with a high-resolution Lagrangian bin model and the current double-moment condensation schemes,in which the spectral shape parameter is fixed or diagnosed by an empirical formula.The results demonstrate that the latest schemes effectively capture the evolution characteristics of the cloud droplet spectrum during activation and condensation,which is in line with the performance of the bin model.The simulation of the latest activation and condensation schemes in a parcel model shows that the cloud droplet spectrum gradually widens and exhibits a multimodal distribution during the activation process,accompanied by a decrease in the spectral shape and slope parameters over time.Conversely,during the condensation process,the cloud droplet spectrum gradually narrows,resulting in increases in the spectral shape and slope parameters.However,these double-moment schemes fail to accurately replicate the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum and its multimodal distribution characteristics.Furthermore,the latest schemes were coupled into a 1.5D cumulus model,and an observation case was simulated.The simulations confirm that the cloud droplet spectrum appears wider at the supersaturated cloud base and cloud top due to activation,while it becomes narrower at the middle altitudes of the cloud due to condensation growth.展开更多
Surface engineering plays a crucial role in improving the performance of high energy materials,and polydopamine(PDA)is widely used in the field of energetic materials for surface modification and functionalization.In ...Surface engineering plays a crucial role in improving the performance of high energy materials,and polydopamine(PDA)is widely used in the field of energetic materials for surface modification and functionalization.In order to obtain high-quality HMX@PDA-based PBX explosives with high sphericity and a narrow particle size distribution,composite microspheres were prepared using co-axial droplet microfluidic technology.The formation mechanism,thermal behavior,mechanical sensitivity,electrostatic spark sensitivity,compressive strength,and combustion performance of the microspheres were investigated.The results show that PDA can effectively enhance the interfacial interaction between the explosive particles and the binder under the synergistic effect of chemical bonds and the physical"mechanical interlocking"structure.Interface reinforcement causes the thermal decomposition temperature of the sample microspheres to move to a higher temperature,with the sensitivity to impact,friction,and electrostatic sparks(for S-1)increasing by 12.5%,31.3%,and 81.5%respectively,and the compressive strength also increased by 30.7%,effectively enhancing the safety performance of the microspheres.Therefore,this study provides an effective and universal strategy for preparing high-quality functional explosives,and also provides some reference for the safe use of energetic materials in practical applications.展开更多
Objective To characterize transmembrane protein 68(TMEM68)in an alternative triacylglycerol(TAG)biosynthesis pathway,and determine the interplay between TMEM68 and the canonical TAG synthesis enzyme acyl-CoA:diacylgly...Objective To characterize transmembrane protein 68(TMEM68)in an alternative triacylglycerol(TAG)biosynthesis pathway,and determine the interplay between TMEM68 and the canonical TAG synthesis enzyme acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT).Methods Effects of exogenous fatty acid and monoacylglycerol on TAG synthesis and lipid droplet(LD)formation in TMEM68 overexpression and knockout cells treated with DGAT inhibitor or not were investigated by comparing LD morphology,Oil Red O staining,and measurement of TAG levels.LDs were stained with fluorescence dye and observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy.TAG levels were determined with an enzyme-based triglyceride assay kit.Colocalization of TMEM68 and DGAT1 was detected by co-expression and confocal fluorescence microscopy and their interaction was determined by co-immunoprecipitation.RT-qPCR and immunoblotting assay were used to detect the expression of DGAT1.Results The synthesis of TAG catalyzed by TMEM68 was independent of DGAT activity.Surplus exogenous fatty acids and monoacylglycerol promoted TAG synthesis mainly through DGAT in human neuroblastoma cells.The LDs formed by TMEM68 were different in morphology from those by DGAT.In addition,TMEM68 and DGAT1 colocalized in the same endoplasmic reticulum(ER)compartment but did not interact physically.TMEM68 overexpression reduced the expression of DGAT1,the major DGAT enzyme involved in TAG synthesis,while TMEM68 knockout had little impact.Conclusion The TMEM68-mediated TAG synthesis pathway has distinct features from the canonical DGAT pathway,however,TMEM68 and DGAT may coregulate intracellular TAG levels.展开更多
An experimental study of the diffusive mass transfer between a droplet and an oscillating immiscible liquid in a horizontal axisymmetricHele-Shaw cell is carried out.Theliquid oscillates radially in the cell.Thetransv...An experimental study of the diffusive mass transfer between a droplet and an oscillating immiscible liquid in a horizontal axisymmetricHele-Shaw cell is carried out.Theliquid oscillates radially in the cell.Thetransverse size of the droplet exceeds the cell thickness.The viscosities of the droplet and the surrounding liquid are comparable.Relevant effort is provided to design and test an experimental setup and validate a protocol for determining the mass transfer rate of a solute in a two-liquid system.In particular,fluorescent dye Rhodamine B is considered as the solute.A critical comparison of the situations with and without oscillation is implemented.A procedure is introduced and validated to determine the molecular and effective diffusion coefficients through evaluation of the growth of the diffusion zone width over time.It is shown that,in the presence of the liquid oscillations,there is a significant increase in the width of the zone in which Rhodamine B is present compared to the reference case with no oscillations.The oscillatory flow leads to an intensification of the solute diffusion due to intense time-averaged flows inside the droplet and the surrounding liquid and oscillations of the drop itself.Thestudy is of significant practical interest with particular relevance to typical processes for liquid-liquid extraction.展开更多
On-demand droplet manipulation plays a critical role in microfluidics,bio/chemical detection and microreactions.Acoustic droplet manipulation has emerged as a promising technique due to its non-contact nature,biocompa...On-demand droplet manipulation plays a critical role in microfluidics,bio/chemical detection and microreactions.Acoustic droplet manipulation has emerged as a promising technique due to its non-contact nature,biocompatibility and precision,circumventing the complexities associated with other methods requiring surface or droplet pretreatment.Despite their promise,existing methods for acoustic droplet manipulation often involve complex hardware setups and difficulty for controlling individual droplet amidst multiple ones.Here we fabricate simple yet effective acoustic tweezers for in-surface and out-of-surface droplet manipulation.It is found that droplets can be transported on the superhydrophobic surfaces when the acoustic radiation force surpasses the friction force.Using a two-axis acoustic tweezer,droplets can be maneuvered along arbitrarily programmed paths on the surfaces.By introducing multiple labyrinthine structures on the superhydrophobic surface,individual droplet manipulation is realized by constraining the unselected droplets in the labyrinthine structures.In addition,a three-axis acoustic tweezer is developed for manipulating droplets in three-dimensional space.Potential applications of the acoustic tweezers for micro-reaction,bio-assay and chemical analysis are also demonstrated.展开更多
Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a sub...Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a substrate to prepare a biomimetic surface with different surface roughness and micro-pillars arranged in array morphology.The evaporation dynamics and interfacial heat transfer processes of deionised water droplets on the bioinspired microstructure surface were experimentally studied.The study not only proves the feasibility of preparing hydrophilic biomimetic functional surfaces directly through photoresist materials and photolithography technology but also shows that by adjusting the structural parameters and arrangement of the surface micro-pillar structure,the wettability of the biomimetic surface can be significantly linearly regulated,thereby effectively affecting the heat and mass transfer process at the droplet liquid-vapour interface.Analysis of the results shows that by controlling the biomimetic surface microstructure,the wettability can be enhanced by about 22%at most,the uniformity of the temperature distribution at the liquid-vapour interface can be improved by about 34%,and the average evaporation rate can be increased by about 28%.This study aims to provide some guidance for the research on bionic surface design based on photoresist materials.展开更多
A new experimental method is developed to investigate the effect of dissolved substances on the evaporation rate of small water droplets suspended in the atmosphere.The laboratory setup is based on converting a genera...A new experimental method is developed to investigate the effect of dissolved substances on the evaporation rate of small water droplets suspended in the atmosphere.The laboratory setup is based on converting a generated droplet jet of complex structure into a directed flow of evaporating droplets falling in a vertical tube.Images of falling droplets captured by a high-speed camera through a window in the vertical channel wall are used to determine the sizes and velocities of individual droplets.The computational modeling of droplet motion and evaporation proved useful at all stages of the experimental work:from selecting the position of the vertical channel to processing the experimental data.It was found that even a 0.1%mass concentration of the dissolved ionic salt KCl has a considerable effect on decreasing the evaporation rate of the droplets.In contrast,a typical fungicide with a mass concentration of 2.5%has only a slight impact on the evaporation rate.The laboratory results enabled the authors to refine the evaporation model of water droplets to account for the presence of dissolved substances.Modified models of this type are expected to be useful in controling crop spraying and also in other potential applications.展开更多
Electrotaxis,a method that utilizes an electric field to direct the motion of particles or droplets,typically involves a droplet on a flat surface being guided by an electrically charged tweezer above it.Traditional e...Electrotaxis,a method that utilizes an electric field to direct the motion of particles or droplets,typically involves a droplet on a flat surface being guided by an electrically charged tweezer above it.Traditional electrotaxis methods have relied on voltages over 1.5 kV for droplet control,but this has several disadvantages,such as high voltage demands,the danger of electric discharge to the droplet,possible adhesion of the droplet to the tweezer,and issues with droplet oscillation and overshoot,which impede its broader application.The present study proposes an innovative tweezer design that not only operates at reduced voltages but also reduces droplet oscillation relative to traditional tweezers.This tweezer features a coaxial tubular sheath encircling the electrode,which modifies the electric field’s influence on the droplet.Numerical simulations were employed to obtain the tweezer’s ideal dimensions and shape.The empirical evidence indicates that the new tweezer can adeptly steer droplets at a markedly lower voltage of 620 V,ensuring a more stable trajectory and significantly diminishing overshoot.The tweezer’s distinctive design also decreases the possibility of electric discharge to the droplet,thus improving the safety of the system for managing delicate droplets.In the experiment,the maximum droplet translation speed attained was 105 mm/s at an applied voltage of 1.2 kV.This represents a 29.6%increase in speed and a 70%decrease in the required voltage compared to the previously highest reported droplet speed.展开更多
Vat photopolymerization 3D printing creates structures by projecting patterns onto a photosensitive resin within a vat.However,the presence of resin vats limits the printing of multiscale multimaterial structures.In t...Vat photopolymerization 3D printing creates structures by projecting patterns onto a photosensitive resin within a vat.However,the presence of resin vats limits the printing of multiscale multimaterial structures.In this context,a novel 3D printing process is presented in which a cured structure is produced from acoustically levitated droplets without a physical vat.This enables the printing process to achieve high flexibility in the printing orientation and material supply.In pursuit of the envisioned 3D acoustic levitation printing strategy,acoustic levitation technology was utilized to suspend a photosensitive resin.Objects with small features were successfully produced by projecting patterns onto levitated resin droplets.Transforming printing orientations allows the fabrication of multiscale structures.Levitating resin droplets on-demand enables the rapid replacement of materials,thereby realizing effortless multimaterial 3D printing.By exploiting the flexibility of printing on levitation resin droplets,the capability of 3D printing on existing objects was established.Finally,an interesting example was illustrated,in which an object integrating liquid,gas,and solid materials was fabricated using the proposed 3D printing strategy.The results show that 3D printing on levitated droplets is feasible for fabricating multiscale and multimaterial objects,which contributes to the development of new 3D printing methods and potential applications.展开更多
Splashing behavior of metal droplets is one of the main phenomena in basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The size distribution of metal droplets and the residence time of the metal droplets in the slag have impor...Splashing behavior of metal droplets is one of the main phenomena in basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The size distribution of metal droplets and the residence time of the metal droplets in the slag have important effects on the kinetics of the metal–slag reactions.The particle size distribution law,characteristic diameter,splashing velocity and splashing angle of metal droplets were investigated,and an improved prediction model of trajectory and residence time for metal droplets was established based on the combination of expanded droplets theory,decarburization mechanism model and ballistic motion principle.Meanwhile,the trajectory and residence time of metal droplets under different working conditions were analyzed based on this model.The results illustrate that the metal droplets with larger particle size are produced at low lance distance,while the metal droplets with smaller particle size are produced at high lance distance.There is a significant linear relationship between the three diameters(maximum droplet diameter,distribution characteristic diameter,reaction characteristic diameter)and the blowing number.The residence time of decarbonized metal droplets in slag is about 0.2–73 s.Meanwhile,the initial carbon content and diameter of the metal droplets and the FeO content of slag are the main factors affecting the motion state of the metal droplets in the slag,while the splashing velocity,splashing angle and the height of the foam slag have little influence.This model can be used to predict the trajectory and residence time of decarburized metal droplets in a variety of complex multiphase slag conditions,overcoming the limitation that the known model is only applicable to a few specific conditions.展开更多
Gallstones are a common disease worldwide,often leading to obstruction and inflammatory complications,which seriously affect the quality of life of patients.Research has shown that gallstone disease is associated with...Gallstones are a common disease worldwide,often leading to obstruction and inflammatory complications,which seriously affect the quality of life of patients.Research has shown that gallstone disease is associated with ferroptosis,lipid droplets(LDs),and abnormal levels of nitric oxide(NO).Fluorescent probes provide a sensitive and convenient method for detecting important substances in life systems and diseases.However,so far,no fluorescent probes for NO and LDs in gallstone disease have been reported.In this work,an effective ratiometric fluorescent probe LR-NH was designed for the detection of NO in LDs.With an anthracimide fluorophore and a secondary amine as a response site for NO,LR-NH exhibits high selectivity,sensitivity,and attractive ratiometric capability in detecting NO.Importantly,it can target LDs and shows excellent imaging ability for NO in cells and ferroptosis.Moreover,LR-NH can target the gallbladder and image NO in gallstone disease models,providing a unique and unprecedented tool for studying NO in LDs and gallbladder.展开更多
Lipid droplets(LDs)serve as dynamic organelles central to host immune response and bacterial infection resistance by recruiting multiple proteins and peptides with established antiviral and antibacterial properties.Al...Lipid droplets(LDs)serve as dynamic organelles central to host immune response and bacterial infection resistance by recruiting multiple proteins and peptides with established antiviral and antibacterial properties.Although macrophage polarization is integral to both innate immunity and lipid homeostasis,the regulatory influence of LDs on this process remains unclear.In this study,augmentation of LDs via oleic acid(OA)treatment attenuated M1 polarization in RAW264.7 macrophages.Given that LD budding is mediated by fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2(FIT2)encoded by FITM2,transcriptomic analysis following FITM2 knockdown revealed suppressed expression of fatty acid-binding protein 5(FABP5),a lipid-binding protein that further modulated LD abundance.Both FIT2 and FABP5 were found to regulate LD content and collectively contributed to inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization.This shift impaired macrophage capacity to mount effective antibacterial responses.These findings identify a coordinated role for LDs and FABP5 in modulating M1 macrophage polarization,establishing a mechanistic link between lipid metabolism and innate host defense against bacterial infection.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52273101,51922018,and 21875011)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KG21015201 and KG21020801)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M77422)。
文摘Undesired ice accumulation on infrastructure and transportation systems leads to catastrophic events and significant economic losses.Although various anti-icing surfaces with photothermal effects can initially prevent icing,any thawy droplets remaining on the horizontal surface can quickly re-freezing once the light diminishes.To address these challenges,we have developed a self-draining slippery surface(SDSS)that enables the thawy droplets to self-remove on the horizontal surface,thereby facilitating real-time anti-icing with the aid of sunlight(100 m W cm^(-2)).This is achieved by sandwiching a thin pyroelectric layer between slippery surface and photothermal film.Due to the synergy between the photothermal and pyroelectric layers,the SDSS not only maintains a high surface temperature of 19.8±2.2℃at the low temperature(-20.0±1.0℃),but also generates amount of charge through thermoelectric coupling.Thus,as cold droplets dropped on the SDSS,electrostatic force pushes the droplets off the charged surface because of the charge transfer mechanism.Even if the surface freezes overnight,the ice can melt and drain off the SDSS within 10 min of exposure to sunlight at-20.0±1.0℃,leaving a clean surface.This work provides a new perspective on the anti-icing system in the real-world environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12494604,12393834,12393831,62274014,6223501662335015)the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2024YFA1208900)。
文摘The development of quantum materials for single-photon emission is crucial for the advancement of quantum information technology.Although significant advancements have been witnessed in recent years for single-photon sources in the near-infrared band(λ∼700–1000 nm),several challenges have yet to be addressed for ideal single-photon emission at the telecommunication band.In this study,we present a droplet-epitaxy strategy for O-band to C-band single-photon source-based semiconductor quantum dots(QDs)using metal-organic vaporphase epitaxy(MOVPE).By investigating the growth conditions of the epitaxial process,we have successfully synthesized InAs/InP QDs with narrow emission lines spanning a broad spectral range of λ∼1200–1600 nm.The morphological and optical properties of the samples were characterized using atomic force microscopy and microphotoluminescence spectroscopy.The recorded single-photon purity of a plain QD structure reaches g^((2))(0)=0.16,with a radiative recombination lifetime as short as 1.5 ns.This work provides a crucial platform for future research on integrated microcavity enhancement techniques and coupled QDs with other quantum photonics in the telecom bands,offering significant prospects for quantum network applications.
基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.22107028)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0335)。
文摘The rapid development of microfluidic technology has led to the evolution of microdroplets from simple emulsion structures to complex multilayered and multicompartmental configurations.These advancements have endowed microdroplets with the capability to contain multiple compartments that remain isolated from one another,enabling them to carry different molecules of interest.Consequently,researchers can now investigate intricate spatially confined chemical reactions and signal transduction pathways within subcellular organelles.Moreover,modern microdroplets often possess excellent optical transparency,allowing fluorescently labelled,multi-layered,and compartmental droplets to provide detailed insights through real-time,in situ,and dynamic fluorescence imaging.Hence,this review systematically summarizes current methodologies for preparing multicomponent microdroplets and their applications,particularly focusing on fluorescent microdroplets.Additionally,it discusses existing critical challenges and outlines future research directions.By offering a comprehensive overview of the preparation methods and applications of fluorescent microdroplets,this review aims to stimulate the interest of researchers and foster their utilization in more complex and biomimetic environments.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF0724803)National Science Foundation of China(No.82274424)+1 种基金General Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Special Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology in 2024(No.202401AZ070001-038)Scientific Research Fund Project of Yunnan Provincial Education Department(No.2025Y0634,No.2025Y0627).
文摘Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a spectrum of chronic liver diseases caused by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver,which is becoming increasingly serious with the rise in obesity rates worldwide.Studies have shown that the interaction between lipid droplets and mitochondria plays an important role in the development and progression of MAFLD.In particular,peridroplet mitochondria(PDM),as a unique class of mitochondrial subpopulations,play a key function in lipid metabolism through spatial proximity and functional synergy.The current study revealed the functional heterogeneity of PDM from different tissue sources by optimizing PDM isolation techniques(e.g.,differential centrifugation combined with protease-assisted method),which provided a theoretical basis for targeting lipid droplet-mitochondrial interactions to intervene in MAFLD.Therefore,this paper reviews the morphology,function and isolation methods of PDM,as well as the relationship between lipid droplet-mitochondrial interactions and MAFLD,with the aim of promoting the development of MAFLD intervention strategies based on lipid droplet-mitochondrial interactions.
基金funded by Basic Research Program of Shanghai,No.20JC1412200(to JW)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2020YFA0113000(to RCZ)。
文摘Lipid droplets serve as primary storage organelles for neutral lipids in neurons,glial cells,and other cells in the nervous system.Lipid droplet formation begins with the synthesis of neutral lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum.Previously,lipid droplets were recognized for their role in maintaining lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis;however,recent research has shown that lipid droplets are highly adaptive organelles with diverse functions in the nervous system.In addition to their role in regulating cell metabolism,lipid droplets play a protective role in various cellular stress responses.Furthermore,lipid droplets exhibit specific functions in neurons and glial cells.Dysregulation of lipid droplet formation leads to cellular dysfunction,metabolic abnormalities,and nervous system diseases.This review aims to provide an overview of the role of lipid droplets in the nervous system,covering topics such as biogenesis,cellular specificity,and functions.Additionally,it will explore the association between lipid droplets and neurodegenerative disorders.Understanding the involvement of lipid droplets in cell metabolic homeostasis related to the nervous system is crucial to determine the underlying causes and in exploring potential therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
基金supported by the Guizhou Province High-level Innovative Talent Project(Qiankehe Platform Talent-GCC[2022]027-1)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0904800).
文摘Soft rot is a destructive disease that inflicts significant losses on agricultural production and the economy post-harvest.Biocontrol strategies based on antagonistic microorganisms have a broad application prospect to fight against plant pathogens.This study utilized fluorescence-activated droplet sorting(FADS)technology as an alternative to traditional plate culture methods to isolate microorganisms with antagonistic activity against the soft rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora Ecc15.Initially,the culture performance of the FADS platform was evaluated by analyzing bacterial diversity in droplet culture samples and agar plate culture samples,our data showed that droplet culture exhibited higher species richness and diversity than plate culture,and more than 95%of the operational taxonomic units(OTUs)in the droplet samples belonged to the rare biosphere.Additionally,we developed a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-Ecc15-based FADS screening system,which achieved an enrichment ratio of up to 148.Using this system,we successfully screened 32 antagonistic bacteria from rhizosphere soil sample of healthy konjac plants,and some may be novel microbial resources,including the genera Lelliottia,Buttiauxella and Leclercia.Notably,strain D-62 exhibited the strongest antibacterial ability against Ecc15,with an inhibition zone diameter of(20.86±1.56)mm.In vivo experiments conducted on the corms of Amorphophallus konjac demonstrated that strain D-62 could effectively reduce the infection ability of Ecc15 to the corms,indicating that strain D-62 has the potential to be developed as a biocontrol agent.Our findings suggested that the FADS screening system showed a screening efficiency approximately 3×10^(3)times higher than plate screening system,while significantly reducing costs of infrastructure,labor and consumables,it provides theoretical guidance for the screening of other plant pathogen biocontrol bacteria.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51806008)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Rotor Aerodynamics Key Laboratory(No.RAL202104-2)。
文摘This numerical simulation investigates the two⁃phase flow under the condition of supercooled large droplets impinging on the aircraft surface.Based on Eulerian framework,a method for calculating supercooled water droplet impingement characteristics is established.Then,considering the deformation and breaking effects during the movement,this method is extended to calculate the impingement characteristics of supercooled large droplets,as well as the bouncing and splashing effects during impingement.The impingement characteristics of supercooled large droplets is then investigated by this method.The results demonstrate that the deformation and breaking effects of supercooled large droplets have negligible influence on the impingement characteristics under the experimental conditions of this paper.In addition,the results of the impingement range and collection efficiency decrease when considering the bouncing and splashing effects.The bouncing effect mainly affects the mass loss near the impingement limits,while the splashing effect influences the result around the stagnation point.This investigation is beneficial for the analysis of aircraft icing and the design of anti⁃icing system with supercooled large droplet conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina(GrantNo.12402291)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.3244043)the Research Start-up Funds of Hangzhou International Innovation Institute of Beihang University(Grant Nos.2024KQ008,2024KQ062).
文摘This study experimentally investigates the oscillatory dynamics of wind-driven droplets using high-speed imaging to capture droplet profiles within the symmetry plane and to characterize their natural oscillation frequencies.Results reveal that the eigenfrequencies vary spatially due to distinct oscillation modes occurring at different droplet locations.Notably,the fundamental eigenfrequency decreases with reducing droplet volume,while droplet viscosity exerts minimal influence on this frequency.Prior to the onset of motion,the dynamic contact angle consistently remains between the advancing and receding angles.The inertial forces generated by droplet oscillation are found to be significantly greater than the adhesion forces,indicating that classical static models are inadequate for capturing inertial contributions to droplet motion.These findings offer new insights into the role of oscillatory behavior in influencing the dynamics of droplet motion,and contribute to a more detailed understanding of wind-driven droplet transport phenomena.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Grant Nos.42305163 and U22A20577)the Construction Project of Weather Modification Ability in Central China(Grant No.ZQC-H22256)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB0760300)the Projects of the Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility(Grant Nos.2024-EL-PT-000707,2023-ELPT-000482,2023-EL-ZD-00026,and 2022-EL-PT-00083)the STS Program of the Inner Mongolia Meteorological Service,Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2021CG0047)。
文摘Accurate descriptions of cloud droplet spectra from aerosol activation to vapor condensation using microphysical parameterization schemes are crucial for numerical simulations of precipitation and climate change in weather forecasting and climate prediction models.Hence,the latest activation and triple-moment condensation schemes were combined to simulate and analyze the evolution characteristics of a cloud droplet spectrum from activation to condensation and compared with a high-resolution Lagrangian bin model and the current double-moment condensation schemes,in which the spectral shape parameter is fixed or diagnosed by an empirical formula.The results demonstrate that the latest schemes effectively capture the evolution characteristics of the cloud droplet spectrum during activation and condensation,which is in line with the performance of the bin model.The simulation of the latest activation and condensation schemes in a parcel model shows that the cloud droplet spectrum gradually widens and exhibits a multimodal distribution during the activation process,accompanied by a decrease in the spectral shape and slope parameters over time.Conversely,during the condensation process,the cloud droplet spectrum gradually narrows,resulting in increases in the spectral shape and slope parameters.However,these double-moment schemes fail to accurately replicate the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum and its multimodal distribution characteristics.Furthermore,the latest schemes were coupled into a 1.5D cumulus model,and an observation case was simulated.The simulations confirm that the cloud droplet spectrum appears wider at the supersaturated cloud base and cloud top due to activation,while it becomes narrower at the middle altitudes of the cloud due to condensation growth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22005275).
文摘Surface engineering plays a crucial role in improving the performance of high energy materials,and polydopamine(PDA)is widely used in the field of energetic materials for surface modification and functionalization.In order to obtain high-quality HMX@PDA-based PBX explosives with high sphericity and a narrow particle size distribution,composite microspheres were prepared using co-axial droplet microfluidic technology.The formation mechanism,thermal behavior,mechanical sensitivity,electrostatic spark sensitivity,compressive strength,and combustion performance of the microspheres were investigated.The results show that PDA can effectively enhance the interfacial interaction between the explosive particles and the binder under the synergistic effect of chemical bonds and the physical"mechanical interlocking"structure.Interface reinforcement causes the thermal decomposition temperature of the sample microspheres to move to a higher temperature,with the sensitivity to impact,friction,and electrostatic sparks(for S-1)increasing by 12.5%,31.3%,and 81.5%respectively,and the compressive strength also increased by 30.7%,effectively enhancing the safety performance of the microspheres.Therefore,this study provides an effective and universal strategy for preparing high-quality functional explosives,and also provides some reference for the safe use of energetic materials in practical applications.
文摘Objective To characterize transmembrane protein 68(TMEM68)in an alternative triacylglycerol(TAG)biosynthesis pathway,and determine the interplay between TMEM68 and the canonical TAG synthesis enzyme acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT).Methods Effects of exogenous fatty acid and monoacylglycerol on TAG synthesis and lipid droplet(LD)formation in TMEM68 overexpression and knockout cells treated with DGAT inhibitor or not were investigated by comparing LD morphology,Oil Red O staining,and measurement of TAG levels.LDs were stained with fluorescence dye and observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy.TAG levels were determined with an enzyme-based triglyceride assay kit.Colocalization of TMEM68 and DGAT1 was detected by co-expression and confocal fluorescence microscopy and their interaction was determined by co-immunoprecipitation.RT-qPCR and immunoblotting assay were used to detect the expression of DGAT1.Results The synthesis of TAG catalyzed by TMEM68 was independent of DGAT activity.Surplus exogenous fatty acids and monoacylglycerol promoted TAG synthesis mainly through DGAT in human neuroblastoma cells.The LDs formed by TMEM68 were different in morphology from those by DGAT.In addition,TMEM68 and DGAT1 colocalized in the same endoplasmic reticulum(ER)compartment but did not interact physically.TMEM68 overexpression reduced the expression of DGAT1,the major DGAT enzyme involved in TAG synthesis,while TMEM68 knockout had little impact.Conclusion The TMEM68-mediated TAG synthesis pathway has distinct features from the canonical DGAT pathway,however,TMEM68 and DGAT may coregulate intracellular TAG levels.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation(Grant No.23-11-00242).
文摘An experimental study of the diffusive mass transfer between a droplet and an oscillating immiscible liquid in a horizontal axisymmetricHele-Shaw cell is carried out.Theliquid oscillates radially in the cell.Thetransverse size of the droplet exceeds the cell thickness.The viscosities of the droplet and the surrounding liquid are comparable.Relevant effort is provided to design and test an experimental setup and validate a protocol for determining the mass transfer rate of a solute in a two-liquid system.In particular,fluorescent dye Rhodamine B is considered as the solute.A critical comparison of the situations with and without oscillation is implemented.A procedure is introduced and validated to determine the molecular and effective diffusion coefficients through evaluation of the growth of the diffusion zone width over time.It is shown that,in the presence of the liquid oscillations,there is a significant increase in the width of the zone in which Rhodamine B is present compared to the reference case with no oscillations.The oscillatory flow leads to an intensification of the solute diffusion due to intense time-averaged flows inside the droplet and the surrounding liquid and oscillations of the drop itself.Thestudy is of significant practical interest with particular relevance to typical processes for liquid-liquid extraction.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12072381,22072185,21805315)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515011812)Science and Technology Innovation Project of Guangzhou(No.202102020263).
文摘On-demand droplet manipulation plays a critical role in microfluidics,bio/chemical detection and microreactions.Acoustic droplet manipulation has emerged as a promising technique due to its non-contact nature,biocompatibility and precision,circumventing the complexities associated with other methods requiring surface or droplet pretreatment.Despite their promise,existing methods for acoustic droplet manipulation often involve complex hardware setups and difficulty for controlling individual droplet amidst multiple ones.Here we fabricate simple yet effective acoustic tweezers for in-surface and out-of-surface droplet manipulation.It is found that droplets can be transported on the superhydrophobic surfaces when the acoustic radiation force surpasses the friction force.Using a two-axis acoustic tweezer,droplets can be maneuvered along arbitrarily programmed paths on the surfaces.By introducing multiple labyrinthine structures on the superhydrophobic surface,individual droplet manipulation is realized by constraining the unselected droplets in the labyrinthine structures.In addition,a three-axis acoustic tweezer is developed for manipulating droplets in three-dimensional space.Potential applications of the acoustic tweezers for micro-reaction,bio-assay and chemical analysis are also demonstrated.
基金supported by H2020-MSCA-RISE-778104–ThermaSMART,Royal Society(IEC\NSFC\211210)doctoral degree scholarship of China Scholarship Council(CSC).
文摘Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a substrate to prepare a biomimetic surface with different surface roughness and micro-pillars arranged in array morphology.The evaporation dynamics and interfacial heat transfer processes of deionised water droplets on the bioinspired microstructure surface were experimentally studied.The study not only proves the feasibility of preparing hydrophilic biomimetic functional surfaces directly through photoresist materials and photolithography technology but also shows that by adjusting the structural parameters and arrangement of the surface micro-pillar structure,the wettability of the biomimetic surface can be significantly linearly regulated,thereby effectively affecting the heat and mass transfer process at the droplet liquid-vapour interface.Analysis of the results shows that by controlling the biomimetic surface microstructure,the wettability can be enhanced by about 22%at most,the uniformity of the temperature distribution at the liquid-vapour interface can be improved by about 34%,and the average evaporation rate can be increased by about 28%.This study aims to provide some guidance for the research on bionic surface design based on photoresist materials.
基金financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation(project No.24-29-00303:https://rscf.ru/project/24-29-00303/,accessed on 01 July 2025).
文摘A new experimental method is developed to investigate the effect of dissolved substances on the evaporation rate of small water droplets suspended in the atmosphere.The laboratory setup is based on converting a generated droplet jet of complex structure into a directed flow of evaporating droplets falling in a vertical tube.Images of falling droplets captured by a high-speed camera through a window in the vertical channel wall are used to determine the sizes and velocities of individual droplets.The computational modeling of droplet motion and evaporation proved useful at all stages of the experimental work:from selecting the position of the vertical channel to processing the experimental data.It was found that even a 0.1%mass concentration of the dissolved ionic salt KCl has a considerable effect on decreasing the evaporation rate of the droplets.In contrast,a typical fungicide with a mass concentration of 2.5%has only a slight impact on the evaporation rate.The laboratory results enabled the authors to refine the evaporation model of water droplets to account for the presence of dissolved substances.Modified models of this type are expected to be useful in controling crop spraying and also in other potential applications.
文摘Electrotaxis,a method that utilizes an electric field to direct the motion of particles or droplets,typically involves a droplet on a flat surface being guided by an electrically charged tweezer above it.Traditional electrotaxis methods have relied on voltages over 1.5 kV for droplet control,but this has several disadvantages,such as high voltage demands,the danger of electric discharge to the droplet,possible adhesion of the droplet to the tweezer,and issues with droplet oscillation and overshoot,which impede its broader application.The present study proposes an innovative tweezer design that not only operates at reduced voltages but also reduces droplet oscillation relative to traditional tweezers.This tweezer features a coaxial tubular sheath encircling the electrode,which modifies the electric field’s influence on the droplet.Numerical simulations were employed to obtain the tweezer’s ideal dimensions and shape.The empirical evidence indicates that the new tweezer can adeptly steer droplets at a markedly lower voltage of 620 V,ensuring a more stable trajectory and significantly diminishing overshoot.The tweezer’s distinctive design also decreases the possibility of electric discharge to the droplet,thus improving the safety of the system for managing delicate droplets.In the experiment,the maximum droplet translation speed attained was 105 mm/s at an applied voltage of 1.2 kV.This represents a 29.6%increase in speed and a 70%decrease in the required voltage compared to the previously highest reported droplet speed.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52305398)Chengdu University of Information Technology Project(Grant No.KYTZ202145).
文摘Vat photopolymerization 3D printing creates structures by projecting patterns onto a photosensitive resin within a vat.However,the presence of resin vats limits the printing of multiscale multimaterial structures.In this context,a novel 3D printing process is presented in which a cured structure is produced from acoustically levitated droplets without a physical vat.This enables the printing process to achieve high flexibility in the printing orientation and material supply.In pursuit of the envisioned 3D acoustic levitation printing strategy,acoustic levitation technology was utilized to suspend a photosensitive resin.Objects with small features were successfully produced by projecting patterns onto levitated resin droplets.Transforming printing orientations allows the fabrication of multiscale structures.Levitating resin droplets on-demand enables the rapid replacement of materials,thereby realizing effortless multimaterial 3D printing.By exploiting the flexibility of printing on levitation resin droplets,the capability of 3D printing on existing objects was established.Finally,an interesting example was illustrated,in which an object integrating liquid,gas,and solid materials was fabricated using the proposed 3D printing strategy.The results show that 3D printing on levitated droplets is feasible for fabricating multiscale and multimaterial objects,which contributes to the development of new 3D printing methods and potential applications.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52374321 and 51974023)the funding of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy,University of Science and Technology Beijing(No.41621005)the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Jianlong Group-University of Science and Technology Beijing(No.20231235).
文摘Splashing behavior of metal droplets is one of the main phenomena in basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The size distribution of metal droplets and the residence time of the metal droplets in the slag have important effects on the kinetics of the metal–slag reactions.The particle size distribution law,characteristic diameter,splashing velocity and splashing angle of metal droplets were investigated,and an improved prediction model of trajectory and residence time for metal droplets was established based on the combination of expanded droplets theory,decarburization mechanism model and ballistic motion principle.Meanwhile,the trajectory and residence time of metal droplets under different working conditions were analyzed based on this model.The results illustrate that the metal droplets with larger particle size are produced at low lance distance,while the metal droplets with smaller particle size are produced at high lance distance.There is a significant linear relationship between the three diameters(maximum droplet diameter,distribution characteristic diameter,reaction characteristic diameter)and the blowing number.The residence time of decarbonized metal droplets in slag is about 0.2–73 s.Meanwhile,the initial carbon content and diameter of the metal droplets and the FeO content of slag are the main factors affecting the motion state of the metal droplets in the slag,while the splashing velocity,splashing angle and the height of the foam slag have little influence.This model can be used to predict the trajectory and residence time of decarburized metal droplets in a variety of complex multiphase slag conditions,overcoming the limitation that the known model is only applicable to a few specific conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22077044)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2022CFA033).
文摘Gallstones are a common disease worldwide,often leading to obstruction and inflammatory complications,which seriously affect the quality of life of patients.Research has shown that gallstone disease is associated with ferroptosis,lipid droplets(LDs),and abnormal levels of nitric oxide(NO).Fluorescent probes provide a sensitive and convenient method for detecting important substances in life systems and diseases.However,so far,no fluorescent probes for NO and LDs in gallstone disease have been reported.In this work,an effective ratiometric fluorescent probe LR-NH was designed for the detection of NO in LDs.With an anthracimide fluorophore and a secondary amine as a response site for NO,LR-NH exhibits high selectivity,sensitivity,and attractive ratiometric capability in detecting NO.Importantly,it can target LDs and shows excellent imaging ability for NO in cells and ferroptosis.Moreover,LR-NH can target the gallbladder and image NO in gallstone disease models,providing a unique and unprecedented tool for studying NO in LDs and gallbladder.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFE0101200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32130108)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-47)。
文摘Lipid droplets(LDs)serve as dynamic organelles central to host immune response and bacterial infection resistance by recruiting multiple proteins and peptides with established antiviral and antibacterial properties.Although macrophage polarization is integral to both innate immunity and lipid homeostasis,the regulatory influence of LDs on this process remains unclear.In this study,augmentation of LDs via oleic acid(OA)treatment attenuated M1 polarization in RAW264.7 macrophages.Given that LD budding is mediated by fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2(FIT2)encoded by FITM2,transcriptomic analysis following FITM2 knockdown revealed suppressed expression of fatty acid-binding protein 5(FABP5),a lipid-binding protein that further modulated LD abundance.Both FIT2 and FABP5 were found to regulate LD content and collectively contributed to inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization.This shift impaired macrophage capacity to mount effective antibacterial responses.These findings identify a coordinated role for LDs and FABP5 in modulating M1 macrophage polarization,establishing a mechanistic link between lipid metabolism and innate host defense against bacterial infection.
