As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinician...As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinicians or basic scientists define as such.展开更多
This article tries to find out the few discrepancies between the teachers and their scholars as to oral activity, which shows that scholars＇ expectations and needs are not quite responded to. The versions chosen as a...This article tries to find out the few discrepancies between the teachers and their scholars as to oral activity, which shows that scholars＇ expectations and needs are not quite responded to. The versions chosen as a sample for this study come from different schools in the academy of Rabat Sal~ Zemmour Zaer area and belong to three different educational levels including common core, first year, and second year in addition to a total number of 40 teachers who have contributed to this research throughout the whole process. This research has relied on different instruments to collect the data including questionnaires, interviews, and class observation grids. Results showed that scholars＇ perceptions highly favour thematic variety. Findings also reported match findings of previous research in highlighting the importance of using tech facilities and multimedia to improve oral activity.展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,Understanding the different immune responses of wild and domestic caprid species is critical for addressing certain zoonotic diseases.In this study,we generated blood transcriptomes of 13 Siberian ibex and...DEAR EDITOR,Understanding the different immune responses of wild and domestic caprid species is critical for addressing certain zoonotic diseases.In this study,we generated blood transcriptomes of 13 Siberian ibex and domestic goat hybrids and performed allele-specific expression and splicing analyses.Results showed that genes exhibiting significant imbalance between the ibex and goat were highly related to the Toll-like receptor(TLR),antigen recognition,and immune activation pathways.Comparative genomic analysis of the species revealed that immune function-related genes were under strong selection pressure in the domestic goat.展开更多
Aims Possible shifts in the phenotypic performance along invasive plants’spreading route are rarely examined due to the discontinuous and incomplete records of exotic species.As the invasion history of common ragweed...Aims Possible shifts in the phenotypic performance along invasive plants’spreading route are rarely examined due to the discontinuous and incomplete records of exotic species.As the invasion history of common ragweed(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)is well documented in Hungary,its residence time is known for each location.By sampling a sequence of older to more recently established populations,we aimed to determine(i)whether there are phenotypic divergences along the historical spreading route of A.artemisiifolia;(ii)which traits are under selection during the invasion process and(iii)the extent of maternal effects on the individual’s performance.Methods We used a hierarchical sampling design to collect seeds from 64 individuals belonging to eight sites in four residence time categories(seven populations along the historical spreading route of ragweed in Hungary and one recently invaded site in Romania).We selected four large and four small individual plants in each population to control for maternal effects.The offspring were reared in a common garden located in Romania.Five vegetative phenotypic traits were measured at the end of the experiments and used in the subsequent analysis(plant height,basal diameter,number of secondary axes,length of the longest secondary axis and biomass).To summarize the variation of these highly correlated traits,principal component analysis was performed first and then the important components were used in linear mixed effect models.Important Findings The residence time categories were significantly distinguished by the first component,which compresses the variation of all five measured traits.The measures gradually decrease from populations with the longest residence time(introduced more than 65 years ago)towards the most recently established populations(established less than 30 years ago).These differences might reflect the invasion history of the populations:the longer the residence time the higher the chance to develop relevant traits beneficial in invasion process.The size of the mother plant significantly influenced not only the seed mass(inversely)but also the adult performance of its offspring(directly).展开更多
This study numerically examines the heat and mass transfer characteristics of two ternary nanofluids via converging and diverg-ing channels.Furthermore,the study aims to assess two ternary nanofluids combinations to d...This study numerically examines the heat and mass transfer characteristics of two ternary nanofluids via converging and diverg-ing channels.Furthermore,the study aims to assess two ternary nanofluids combinations to determine which configuration can provide better heat and mass transfer and lower entropy production,while ensuring cost efficiency.This work bridges the gap be-tween academic research and industrial feasibility by incorporating cost analysis,entropy generation,and thermal efficiency.To compare the velocity,temperature,and concentration profiles,we examine two ternary nanofluids,i.e.,TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O and TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Cu/H_(2)O,while considering the shape of nanoparticles.The velocity slip and Soret/Dufour effects are taken into consideration.Furthermore,regression analysis for Nusselt and Sherwood numbers of the model is carried out.The Runge-Kutta fourth-order method with shooting technique is employed to acquire the numerical solution of the governed system of ordinary differential equations.The flow pattern attributes of ternary nanofluids are meticulously examined and simulated with the fluc-tuation of flow-dominating parameters.Additionally,the influence of these parameters is demonstrated in the flow,temperature,and concentration fields.For variation in Eckert and Dufour numbers,TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O has a higher temperature than TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Cu/H_(2)O.The results obtained indicate that the ternary nanofluid TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O has a higher heat transfer rate,lesser entropy generation,greater mass transfer rate,and lower cost than that of TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Cu/H_(2)O ternary nanofluid.展开更多
While interval-valued picture fuzzy sets(IvPFSs)provide a powerful tool for modeling uncertainty and ambiguity in various fields,existing divergence measures for IvPFSs remain limited and often produce counterintuitiv...While interval-valued picture fuzzy sets(IvPFSs)provide a powerful tool for modeling uncertainty and ambiguity in various fields,existing divergence measures for IvPFSs remain limited and often produce counterintuitive results.To address these shortcomings,this paper introduces two novel divergencemeasures for IvPFSs,inspired by the Jensen-Shannon divergence.The fundamental properties of the proposed measures-non-degeneracy,symmetry,triangular inequality,and boundedness-are rigorously proven.Comparative analyses with existing measures are conducted through specific cases and numerical examples,clearly demonstrating the advantages of our approach.Furthermore,we apply the new divergence measures to develop an enhanced interval-valued picture fuzzy TOPSIS method for risk assessment in construction projects,showing the practical applicability and effectiveness of our contributions.展开更多
Adaptation to different environments can lead to local adaptations that facilitate morphological divergence between closely related taxa,potentially leading to speciation.Quantifying habitat variation can thus provide...Adaptation to different environments can lead to local adaptations that facilitate morphological divergence between closely related taxa,potentially leading to speciation.Quantifying habitat variation can thus provide valuable insights into evolutionary processes.Arboreal dwarf chameleons of the genus Bradypodion exhibit 3 distinct ecomorphological forms:forest,shrub,and“little brown chameleons”(LBCs).It is assumed these ecomorphs are the result of convergence among species that are in similar habitats regardless of ancestry,or in some cases,morphological conservatism and retention of an ancestral form that is adapted to a shared habitat type.If so,then the habitat of different ecomorphs would differ in vegetation structure.Our results show that vegetation structure in fynbos/grassy habitats is characterized by significantly narrower perches than shrubby habitats,but both have a largely vertical perch orientation.In contrast,forests have significantly fewer vertical perches than fynbos/grassy habitats with significantly thicker diameter perches.Accordingly,LBC and shrub species used more vertically oriented perches than forest species,suggesting that perch use corresponds with the most widely available perch angles.Although LBC chameleons used the smallest diameter perches,when corrected for body size,there was no difference in perch diameter among ecomorphs.These results suggest that the body size of LBC chameleons is constrained by the prevalence of small-diameter perches in their habitat.Species in habitats with wider perches attain larger body size.These findings support the notion that variation in perch structure is critical for phenotypic convergence that has resulted in the 3 Bradypodion ecomorphs.展开更多
Pollination niches,which encompass the factors influencing pollen exchange among angiosperms,are fundamental to understanding reproductive success and the intricate eco-evolutionary dynamics of plants.In this study,we...Pollination niches,which encompass the factors influencing pollen exchange among angiosperms,are fundamental to understanding reproductive success and the intricate eco-evolutionary dynamics of plants.In this study,we investigated pollination niche shift among four sympatric Eriosyce cacti with restricted distributions in the South American Mediterranean region.Utilizing a comprehensive approachdincluding pollination niche analysis,pollinator color perception studies,reproductive output assessments,molecular phylogenetics,gene flow analyses,and species distribution modelingdwe revealed a significant pollination niche displacement in E.chilensis and its variety,E.chilensis var.albidiflora.These taxa transitioned from a hummingbird-pollinated system prevalent in the Eriosyce sect.Neoporteria,characteristic of their sister species E.litoralis,to a bee-pollination strategy akin to that of the co-occurring species E.mutabilis.This shift highlights a simultaneous convergence of E.chilensis toward E.mutabilis and divergence from E.litoralis in pollination strategies,providing adaptive advantages by reducing pollen limitation and enhancing seed production.The morphological and flowering phenological similarities between E.chilensis and E.mutabilis suggest the evolution of a shared advertising display,potentially indicative of floral mimicry,wherein both species benefit from attracting shared bee pollinators.Genomic analyses reveal distinct pollinator-driven selection pressures,with E.chilensis/E.albidiflora exhibiting traits that promote reproductive isolation from E.litoralis,supporting a scenario of rapid speciation occurring within the past half of million years in the absence of geographic barriers.These findings underscore the pivotal role of pollinator interactions in shaping angiosperm speciation and biodiversity,highlighting their dynamic influence on ecological and evolutionary processes.展开更多
A Bayesian network reconstruction method based on norm minimization is proposed to address the sparsity and iterative divergence issues in network reconstruction caused by noise and missing values.This method achieves...A Bayesian network reconstruction method based on norm minimization is proposed to address the sparsity and iterative divergence issues in network reconstruction caused by noise and missing values.This method achieves precise adjustment of the network structure by constructing a preliminary random network model and introducing small-world network characteristics and combines L1 norm minimization regularization techniques to control model complexity and optimize the inference process of variable dependencies.In the experiment of game network reconstruction,when the success rate of the L1 norm minimization model’s existence connection reconstruction reaches 100%,the minimum data required is about 40%,while the minimum data required for a sparse Bayesian learning network is about 45%.In terms of operational efficiency,the running time for minimizing the L1 normis basically maintained at 1.0 s,while the success rate of connection reconstruction increases significantly with an increase in data volume,reaching a maximum of 13.2 s.Meanwhile,in the case of a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB,the L1 model achieves a 100% success rate in the reconstruction of existing connections,while the sparse Bayesian network had the highest success rate of 90% in the reconstruction of non-existent connections.In the analysis of actual cases,the maximum lift and drop track of the research method is 0.08 m.The mean square error is 5.74 cm^(2).The results indicate that this norm minimization-based method has good performance in data efficiency and model stability,effectively reducing the impact of outliers on the reconstruction results to more accurately reflect the actual situation.展开更多
Sechium edule(chayote)is an important vegetable crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family.To decipher the chayote genome,a highquality chromosome-level chayote genome was obtained by genome sequencing and bioinformat...Sechium edule(chayote)is an important vegetable crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family.To decipher the chayote genome,a highquality chromosome-level chayote genome was obtained by genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.The total length was612.91 Mb,and 25755 genes were detected in the chayote genome.The contig N50 was more than 20.01 Mb,and the scaffold N50 was over47.11 Mb.Of the genome,60.35%were composed of repetitive sequences,and 31.18%of genome sequences belonged to long-terminal repeats.A global alignment of homologous regions in chayote and other Cucurbitaceae plant genomes was constructed using grape as a reference.Based on this genome-wide and global alignment map,researchers can easily identify homologous collinear genes of the studied genomes in most Cucurbitaceae species.Twenty-five chayote accessions were divided into two subgroups based on phylogenetic tree,population structure analysis,and principal component analysis using genome re-sequencing data.The chayote genome,re-sequencing dataset,and comprehensive genomic analysis will accelerate comparative and functional genomic analysis of chayote and other Cucurbitaceae species in the future.展开更多
Successful non-native species can exhibit rapid divergence of key phenotypic traits to facilitate population persistence and further range expansion.Such phenotypic shifts can be sex-dependent as males and females usu...Successful non-native species can exhibit rapid divergence of key phenotypic traits to facilitate population persistence and further range expansion.Such phenotypic shifts can be sex-dependent as males and females usually have distinct reproductive and dispersal modes responding to relevant selective forces.Here,we showed significant phenotypic divergence in a set of fitness-related traits among males but not among females in the introduced oriental fire-bellied toads(Bombina orientalis),which established a non-native population in Beijing after being introduced in 1927.Specifically,compared with the native counterparts,introduced males displayed younger age and reduced body size,but increased hindlimb length and eye size after controlling the age effect.As the toads have male-biased sex ratio and male-biased dispersal during breeding season,the observed shifts may suggest that the male-biased selective forces have induced increased energy allocation to dispersal and foraging,and thus decreased allocation to maintain longevity in males.Overall,our study provides evidence for the modification of fitness-related phenotypic traits in a non-native anuran population compared with native populations and extends our understanding of key trait divergence in established non-native amphibian under sexual-unbalanced selective forces.展开更多
The dynamic kinetic resolution(DKR)process remains a highly efficacious approach for constructing chiral amino alcohols via the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation ofα-amino ketones.We report herein a highly efficient...The dynamic kinetic resolution(DKR)process remains a highly efficacious approach for constructing chiral amino alcohols via the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation ofα-amino ketones.We report herein a highly efficient and enantioselective anti-selective dynamic kinetic asymmetric hydrogenation ofα-amino ketones catalyzed by Ir-(S)-f-phamidol system,providing various chiral amino alcohols and chiral oxazolidin-2-ones divergently with high diastereo-and enantioselectivity(up to 99%yield,up to 99%ee and up to 99:1 dr).In addition,the reaction could be performed on the gram-scale,and the resulting chiral amino alcohols are key intermediates of norephedrine and metaraminol.展开更多
This study examines the moderating role of entrepreneurs’creative cognitive styles in the relationship between resource constraints and bricolage.Drawing on insights from cognitive psychology and entrepreneurial rese...This study examines the moderating role of entrepreneurs’creative cognitive styles in the relationship between resource constraints and bricolage.Drawing on insights from cognitive psychology and entrepreneurial research,we explore how divergent and convergent thinking influence the extent to which entrepreneurs engage in bricolage under resource limitations.Bricolage refers to the creative recombination of available resources to address challenges and seize opportunities,a process often adopted by firms facing financial or knowledge constraints.Yet,individual cognitive differences may determine how effectively entrepreneurs can employ bricolage as a strategic response to scarcity.We propose that divergent thinking—the capacity to generate multiple creative solutions and identify novel resource combinations—strengthens the positive association between resource constraints and bricolage.In contrast,convergent thinking,which emphasizes logical analysis and the pursuit of a single optimal solution,weakens this association.To test these propositions,we collected survey data from 183 entrepreneurs in the United States and employed moderated regression analyses to examine the interactions among cognitive styles,resource constraints,and bricolage behaviors.Our findings reveal that divergent thinking significantly enhances the effect of both financial and knowledge constraints on bricolage,enabling entrepreneurs to creatively leverage limited resources.Conversely,convergent thinking appears to diminish the likelihood of engaging in bricolage when resources are scarce.These results highlight the importance of individual cognitive styles in shaping strategic responses to resource scarcity and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of entrepreneurial bricolage.The study offers practical implications for firms operating in resource-constrained environments by suggesting that enhancing divergent thinking abilities may facilitate more effective resource recombination.Future research should investigate additional cognitive factors and employ longitudinal designs to capture the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial decision-making.These insights open new avenues for further innovative entrepreneurial practices.展开更多
Hybridization is a driving force in ecological transitions and speciation,yet direct evidence linking it to adaptive differentiation in natural systems remains limited.This study evaluates the role of hybridization in...Hybridization is a driving force in ecological transitions and speciation,yet direct evidence linking it to adaptive differentiation in natural systems remains limited.This study evaluates the role of hybridization in the speciation of Pinus densata,a keystone forest species on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.By creating artificialinterspecificF1s and a long-term common garden experiment on the plateau,we provide in situ assessments on 44 growth and physiological traits across four seasons,along with RNA sequencing.We found significantphenotypic divergence between P.densata and its putative parental species P.tabuliformis and P.yunnanensis,with P.densata demonstrating superior growth and dynamic balance between photosynthesis and photoprotection.The F1s closely resembled P.densata in most traits.Gene expression revealed 19%–10%of 34,000 examined genes as differentially expressed in P.densata and F1s relative to mid-parent expression values.Both additive(4%)and non-additive gene actions(5%–6%in F1s,10%–12%in P.densata)were common,while transgressive expression occurred more frequently in the stabilized natural hybrids,illustrating transcriptomic reprogramming brought by hybridization and further divergence by natural selection.We provide compelling evidence for hybridization-derived phenotypic divergence at both physiological and gene expression levels that could have contributed to the adaptation of P.densata to high plateau habitat where both parental species have low fitness.The altered physiology and gene expression in hybrids serve both as a substrate for novel ecological adaptation and as a mechanism for the initiation of reproductive isolation.展开更多
Long-term niche differentiation will lead to the evolution of diverse adaptive strategies for species in diverse environments. The present study selected two Forsythia species, Forsythia mandshurica(Fm)-which naturall...Long-term niche differentiation will lead to the evolution of diverse adaptive strategies for species in diverse environments. The present study selected two Forsythia species, Forsythia mandshurica(Fm)-which naturally occurs in a cold temperate zone and Forsythia suspensa(Fs)-which thrives in a warm temperate zone-to reveal their differential chilling defense mechanisms by integrating morpho-physiological,transcriptomic, and metabolomic data. Transcriptome results show that Fm has evolved in a series of adaptive mechanisms designed to help the plants to cope with chilling stress by enhancing sugar, amino acid, hormone, polyamine, and phenol content to improve cell osmotic potential and to mitigate petal browning. Metabolomic data suggested the increased chilling resistance of Fm relies on in the plant being rich in a-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, as well as two amino acids, Phe and Trp, and has low levels of cinnamic acid and gramine in flowers compared to Fs. A higher abundance of glutathione disulfide and NADPH regulated by glutathione peroxidases and NADPH improved the ability of the cellular antioxidant and reduction-oxidation system stability in Fm;Additionally, the elevated levels of pyruvate, a-ketoglutaric acid, and oxaloacetic acid in Fm contributed to a significantly enhanced ATP production in mitochondria. Through Ka/Ks and gene expression analysis,four transcription factors, EVM0025036(bHLH), EVM0010639 and EVM0007275(AP2), and EVM0025908(bZIP) were identified that may contribute to the high cold tolerance of Fm. These adaptations highlight the intricate interplay between genetic and physiological processes that shape the survival strategies of plants in response to their specific ecological niches.展开更多
Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Pers...Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Persicaria nepalensis,Persicaria japonica,Persicaria chinensis,Persicaria filiformis,Persicaria perfoliata,Persicaria pubescens,Persicaria hnydropiper.Methods:The Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used for the first time for P.capitata cp genome sequencing.NOVOPlasty and CpGAVAS2 were used for assembly and annotation,and Codon W,DnaSP,and MISA were used to conduct a series of comparative genomic analyses between the plant and seven species of the same genus.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood(ML)and neighbor-joining(NJ)methods,and divergence time was estimated using BEAST.Results:The total length of P.capitata cp genome was 158,821 bp,with a guanine and cytosine(GC)content of 38.0%,exhibiting a typical circular tetrad structure.The genome contains 127 annotated genes,including 82 protein-coding and 45 tRNA-encoding genes.The cp genome harbors simple sequence repeat(SSR)loci primarily composed of A/T.The conserved species structure of this genus is reinforced by the expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat(IR)region.The non-coding regions of the cp genomes exhibited significant differences among the genera.Six different mutation hotspots(psbK-psbI,atpI-rps2,petN-psbD,atpB-rbcL,cemA-petA,ndhI-ndhA-ycf1)were screened from the non-coding regions of genes with high nucleotide variability(pI).These hotspots were expected to define the phylogenetic species of Persicaria.Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis of Polygonaceae plants showed that P.capitata was more closely related to P.chinensis than P.nepalensis.Analysis of divergence time indicated that Polygonaceae originated in the Late Cretaceous(~180 Ma)and began to differentiate during the Middle Miocene.Persicaria differentiated~66.44 million years ago,during the Miocene.Conclusions:Our findings will serve as a scientific basis for further research on species identification and evolution,population genetics,and phylogenetic analysis of P.capitata.Further,we provide valuable information for understanding the origin and evolution of Persicaria in Polygonaceae and estimating the differentiation time of Persicaria and its population.展开更多
Uncertainty and ambiguity are pervasive in real-world intelligent systems,necessitating advanced mathematical frameworks for effective modeling and analysis.Fermatean fuzzy sets(FFSs),as a recent extension of classica...Uncertainty and ambiguity are pervasive in real-world intelligent systems,necessitating advanced mathematical frameworks for effective modeling and analysis.Fermatean fuzzy sets(FFSs),as a recent extension of classical fuzzy theory,provide enhanced flexibility for representing complex uncertainty.In this paper,we propose a unified parametric divergence operator for FFSs,which comprehensively captures the interplay among membership,nonmembership,and hesitation degrees.The proposed operator is rigorously analyzed with respect to key mathematical properties,including non-negativity,non-degeneracy,and symmetry.Notably,several well-known divergence operators,such as Jensen-Shannon divergence,Hellinger distance,andχ2-divergence,are shown to be special cases within our unified framework.Extensive experiments on pattern classification,hierarchical clustering,and multiattribute decision-making tasks demonstrate the competitive performance and stability of the proposed operator.These results confirm both the theoretical significance and practical value of our method for advanced fuzzy information processing in machine learning and intelligent decision-making.展开更多
文摘As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinicians or basic scientists define as such.
文摘This article tries to find out the few discrepancies between the teachers and their scholars as to oral activity, which shows that scholars＇ expectations and needs are not quite responded to. The versions chosen as a sample for this study come from different schools in the academy of Rabat Sal~ Zemmour Zaer area and belong to three different educational levels including common core, first year, and second year in addition to a total number of 40 teachers who have contributed to this research throughout the whole process. This research has relied on different instruments to collect the data including questionnaires, interviews, and class observation grids. Results showed that scholars＇ perceptions highly favour thematic variety. Findings also reported match findings of previous research in highlighting the importance of using tech facilities and multimedia to improve oral activity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32002140,32050410304)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-39-21)+3 种基金Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2021JCW-11)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Xinjiang(2022 XJRMY-01)Special Fund for Animal Husbandry of Shaanxi(K3030821073)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M682446)。
文摘DEAR EDITOR,Understanding the different immune responses of wild and domestic caprid species is critical for addressing certain zoonotic diseases.In this study,we generated blood transcriptomes of 13 Siberian ibex and domestic goat hybrids and performed allele-specific expression and splicing analyses.Results showed that genes exhibiting significant imbalance between the ibex and goat were highly related to the Toll-like receptor(TLR),antigen recognition,and immune activation pathways.Comparative genomic analysis of the species revealed that immune function-related genes were under strong selection pressure in the domestic goat.
基金The research was supported by a PhD scholarship of the Hungarian Ministry of Education(A.F.)a scholarship(no.2008/A/19 E)of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences(A.F.).
文摘Aims Possible shifts in the phenotypic performance along invasive plants’spreading route are rarely examined due to the discontinuous and incomplete records of exotic species.As the invasion history of common ragweed(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)is well documented in Hungary,its residence time is known for each location.By sampling a sequence of older to more recently established populations,we aimed to determine(i)whether there are phenotypic divergences along the historical spreading route of A.artemisiifolia;(ii)which traits are under selection during the invasion process and(iii)the extent of maternal effects on the individual’s performance.Methods We used a hierarchical sampling design to collect seeds from 64 individuals belonging to eight sites in four residence time categories(seven populations along the historical spreading route of ragweed in Hungary and one recently invaded site in Romania).We selected four large and four small individual plants in each population to control for maternal effects.The offspring were reared in a common garden located in Romania.Five vegetative phenotypic traits were measured at the end of the experiments and used in the subsequent analysis(plant height,basal diameter,number of secondary axes,length of the longest secondary axis and biomass).To summarize the variation of these highly correlated traits,principal component analysis was performed first and then the important components were used in linear mixed effect models.Important Findings The residence time categories were significantly distinguished by the first component,which compresses the variation of all five measured traits.The measures gradually decrease from populations with the longest residence time(introduced more than 65 years ago)towards the most recently established populations(established less than 30 years ago).These differences might reflect the invasion history of the populations:the longer the residence time the higher the chance to develop relevant traits beneficial in invasion process.The size of the mother plant significantly influenced not only the seed mass(inversely)but also the adult performance of its offspring(directly).
基金supported by DST-FIST(Government of India)(Grant No.SR/FIST/MS-1/2017/13)and Seed Money Project(Grant No.DoRDC/733).
文摘This study numerically examines the heat and mass transfer characteristics of two ternary nanofluids via converging and diverg-ing channels.Furthermore,the study aims to assess two ternary nanofluids combinations to determine which configuration can provide better heat and mass transfer and lower entropy production,while ensuring cost efficiency.This work bridges the gap be-tween academic research and industrial feasibility by incorporating cost analysis,entropy generation,and thermal efficiency.To compare the velocity,temperature,and concentration profiles,we examine two ternary nanofluids,i.e.,TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O and TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Cu/H_(2)O,while considering the shape of nanoparticles.The velocity slip and Soret/Dufour effects are taken into consideration.Furthermore,regression analysis for Nusselt and Sherwood numbers of the model is carried out.The Runge-Kutta fourth-order method with shooting technique is employed to acquire the numerical solution of the governed system of ordinary differential equations.The flow pattern attributes of ternary nanofluids are meticulously examined and simulated with the fluc-tuation of flow-dominating parameters.Additionally,the influence of these parameters is demonstrated in the flow,temperature,and concentration fields.For variation in Eckert and Dufour numbers,TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O has a higher temperature than TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Cu/H_(2)O.The results obtained indicate that the ternary nanofluid TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O has a higher heat transfer rate,lesser entropy generation,greater mass transfer rate,and lower cost than that of TiO_(2)+SiO_(2)+Cu/H_(2)O ternary nanofluid.
基金the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Small Research Project under grant number RGP1/141/46.
文摘While interval-valued picture fuzzy sets(IvPFSs)provide a powerful tool for modeling uncertainty and ambiguity in various fields,existing divergence measures for IvPFSs remain limited and often produce counterintuitive results.To address these shortcomings,this paper introduces two novel divergencemeasures for IvPFSs,inspired by the Jensen-Shannon divergence.The fundamental properties of the proposed measures-non-degeneracy,symmetry,triangular inequality,and boundedness-are rigorously proven.Comparative analyses with existing measures are conducted through specific cases and numerical examples,clearly demonstrating the advantages of our approach.Furthermore,we apply the new divergence measures to develop an enhanced interval-valued picture fuzzy TOPSIS method for risk assessment in construction projects,showing the practical applicability and effectiveness of our contributions.
基金funded by the National Research Foundation of South Africa,Dimensions of Biodiversity Program(Grant no.136381).
文摘Adaptation to different environments can lead to local adaptations that facilitate morphological divergence between closely related taxa,potentially leading to speciation.Quantifying habitat variation can thus provide valuable insights into evolutionary processes.Arboreal dwarf chameleons of the genus Bradypodion exhibit 3 distinct ecomorphological forms:forest,shrub,and“little brown chameleons”(LBCs).It is assumed these ecomorphs are the result of convergence among species that are in similar habitats regardless of ancestry,or in some cases,morphological conservatism and retention of an ancestral form that is adapted to a shared habitat type.If so,then the habitat of different ecomorphs would differ in vegetation structure.Our results show that vegetation structure in fynbos/grassy habitats is characterized by significantly narrower perches than shrubby habitats,but both have a largely vertical perch orientation.In contrast,forests have significantly fewer vertical perches than fynbos/grassy habitats with significantly thicker diameter perches.Accordingly,LBC and shrub species used more vertically oriented perches than forest species,suggesting that perch use corresponds with the most widely available perch angles.Although LBC chameleons used the smallest diameter perches,when corrected for body size,there was no difference in perch diameter among ecomorphs.These results suggest that the body size of LBC chameleons is constrained by the prevalence of small-diameter perches in their habitat.Species in habitats with wider perches attain larger body size.These findings support the notion that variation in perch structure is critical for phenotypic convergence that has resulted in the 3 Bradypodion ecomorphs.
基金supported by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnologico[1160583 and 1211441 to P.C.G.,1240877 to G.O.C.]the Comision Nacional de Investigacion Científica y Tecnologica PIA[REDII 170031 to P.C.G., G.O.C.]+3 种基金ANID PIA/BASAL[FB210006]to the Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad(IEB)ANID PIA/BASAL[PFB210018]to the Cape Horn International Center(CHIC)A.V.M.acknowledges the support of ANID/BASAL FB210006 by the Institute of EcologyBiodiversity(IEB)with counterpart contributions from the Anglo-American Foundation.B.M.M.is grateful to the ANID Scholarship 20210673.
文摘Pollination niches,which encompass the factors influencing pollen exchange among angiosperms,are fundamental to understanding reproductive success and the intricate eco-evolutionary dynamics of plants.In this study,we investigated pollination niche shift among four sympatric Eriosyce cacti with restricted distributions in the South American Mediterranean region.Utilizing a comprehensive approachdincluding pollination niche analysis,pollinator color perception studies,reproductive output assessments,molecular phylogenetics,gene flow analyses,and species distribution modelingdwe revealed a significant pollination niche displacement in E.chilensis and its variety,E.chilensis var.albidiflora.These taxa transitioned from a hummingbird-pollinated system prevalent in the Eriosyce sect.Neoporteria,characteristic of their sister species E.litoralis,to a bee-pollination strategy akin to that of the co-occurring species E.mutabilis.This shift highlights a simultaneous convergence of E.chilensis toward E.mutabilis and divergence from E.litoralis in pollination strategies,providing adaptive advantages by reducing pollen limitation and enhancing seed production.The morphological and flowering phenological similarities between E.chilensis and E.mutabilis suggest the evolution of a shared advertising display,potentially indicative of floral mimicry,wherein both species benefit from attracting shared bee pollinators.Genomic analyses reveal distinct pollinator-driven selection pressures,with E.chilensis/E.albidiflora exhibiting traits that promote reproductive isolation from E.litoralis,supporting a scenario of rapid speciation occurring within the past half of million years in the absence of geographic barriers.These findings underscore the pivotal role of pollinator interactions in shaping angiosperm speciation and biodiversity,highlighting their dynamic influence on ecological and evolutionary processes.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Developing Scheme of Jilin Province,China(No.20240101371JC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62107008).
文摘A Bayesian network reconstruction method based on norm minimization is proposed to address the sparsity and iterative divergence issues in network reconstruction caused by noise and missing values.This method achieves precise adjustment of the network structure by constructing a preliminary random network model and introducing small-world network characteristics and combines L1 norm minimization regularization techniques to control model complexity and optimize the inference process of variable dependencies.In the experiment of game network reconstruction,when the success rate of the L1 norm minimization model’s existence connection reconstruction reaches 100%,the minimum data required is about 40%,while the minimum data required for a sparse Bayesian learning network is about 45%.In terms of operational efficiency,the running time for minimizing the L1 normis basically maintained at 1.0 s,while the success rate of connection reconstruction increases significantly with an increase in data volume,reaching a maximum of 13.2 s.Meanwhile,in the case of a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB,the L1 model achieves a 100% success rate in the reconstruction of existing connections,while the sparse Bayesian network had the highest success rate of 90% in the reconstruction of non-existent connections.In the analysis of actual cases,the maximum lift and drop track of the research method is 0.08 m.The mean square error is 5.74 cm^(2).The results indicate that this norm minimization-based method has good performance in data efficiency and model stability,effectively reducing the impact of outliers on the reconstruction results to more accurately reflect the actual situation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project(Grant No.32260097)the National Guidance Foundation for Local Science and Technology Development of China(Grant No.[2023]009)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei(Grant No.C2022209010)。
文摘Sechium edule(chayote)is an important vegetable crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family.To decipher the chayote genome,a highquality chromosome-level chayote genome was obtained by genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.The total length was612.91 Mb,and 25755 genes were detected in the chayote genome.The contig N50 was more than 20.01 Mb,and the scaffold N50 was over47.11 Mb.Of the genome,60.35%were composed of repetitive sequences,and 31.18%of genome sequences belonged to long-terminal repeats.A global alignment of homologous regions in chayote and other Cucurbitaceae plant genomes was constructed using grape as a reference.Based on this genome-wide and global alignment map,researchers can easily identify homologous collinear genes of the studied genomes in most Cucurbitaceae species.Twenty-five chayote accessions were divided into two subgroups based on phylogenetic tree,population structure analysis,and principal component analysis using genome re-sequencing data.The chayote genome,re-sequencing dataset,and comprehensive genomic analysis will accelerate comparative and functional genomic analysis of chayote and other Cucurbitaceae species in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171657,32301459)the grant from Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences (2023IOZ0104)the grant from Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y201920)。
文摘Successful non-native species can exhibit rapid divergence of key phenotypic traits to facilitate population persistence and further range expansion.Such phenotypic shifts can be sex-dependent as males and females usually have distinct reproductive and dispersal modes responding to relevant selective forces.Here,we showed significant phenotypic divergence in a set of fitness-related traits among males but not among females in the introduced oriental fire-bellied toads(Bombina orientalis),which established a non-native population in Beijing after being introduced in 1927.Specifically,compared with the native counterparts,introduced males displayed younger age and reduced body size,but increased hindlimb length and eye size after controlling the age effect.As the toads have male-biased sex ratio and male-biased dispersal during breeding season,the observed shifts may suggest that the male-biased selective forces have induced increased energy allocation to dispersal and foraging,and thus decreased allocation to maintain longevity in males.Overall,our study provides evidence for the modification of fitness-related phenotypic traits in a non-native anuran population compared with native populations and extends our understanding of key trait divergence in established non-native amphibian under sexual-unbalanced selective forces.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1500201)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(No.KQTD20150717103157174)+6 种基金Stable Support Plan Program of Shenzhen Natural Science Fund(No.20200925161222002)Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2020B010188001)Innovative Team of Universities in Guangdong Province(No.2020KCXTD016)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21991113)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21901107 and 22171129)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022B1515020055)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(No.JCYJ20210324104202007)for financial support。
文摘The dynamic kinetic resolution(DKR)process remains a highly efficacious approach for constructing chiral amino alcohols via the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation ofα-amino ketones.We report herein a highly efficient and enantioselective anti-selective dynamic kinetic asymmetric hydrogenation ofα-amino ketones catalyzed by Ir-(S)-f-phamidol system,providing various chiral amino alcohols and chiral oxazolidin-2-ones divergently with high diastereo-and enantioselectivity(up to 99%yield,up to 99%ee and up to 99:1 dr).In addition,the reaction could be performed on the gram-scale,and the resulting chiral amino alcohols are key intermediates of norephedrine and metaraminol.
文摘This study examines the moderating role of entrepreneurs’creative cognitive styles in the relationship between resource constraints and bricolage.Drawing on insights from cognitive psychology and entrepreneurial research,we explore how divergent and convergent thinking influence the extent to which entrepreneurs engage in bricolage under resource limitations.Bricolage refers to the creative recombination of available resources to address challenges and seize opportunities,a process often adopted by firms facing financial or knowledge constraints.Yet,individual cognitive differences may determine how effectively entrepreneurs can employ bricolage as a strategic response to scarcity.We propose that divergent thinking—the capacity to generate multiple creative solutions and identify novel resource combinations—strengthens the positive association between resource constraints and bricolage.In contrast,convergent thinking,which emphasizes logical analysis and the pursuit of a single optimal solution,weakens this association.To test these propositions,we collected survey data from 183 entrepreneurs in the United States and employed moderated regression analyses to examine the interactions among cognitive styles,resource constraints,and bricolage behaviors.Our findings reveal that divergent thinking significantly enhances the effect of both financial and knowledge constraints on bricolage,enabling entrepreneurs to creatively leverage limited resources.Conversely,convergent thinking appears to diminish the likelihood of engaging in bricolage when resources are scarce.These results highlight the importance of individual cognitive styles in shaping strategic responses to resource scarcity and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of entrepreneurial bricolage.The study offers practical implications for firms operating in resource-constrained environments by suggesting that enhancing divergent thinking abilities may facilitate more effective resource recombination.Future research should investigate additional cognitive factors and employ longitudinal designs to capture the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial decision-making.These insights open new avenues for further innovative entrepreneurial practices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171816)T4F program Sweden.
文摘Hybridization is a driving force in ecological transitions and speciation,yet direct evidence linking it to adaptive differentiation in natural systems remains limited.This study evaluates the role of hybridization in the speciation of Pinus densata,a keystone forest species on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.By creating artificialinterspecificF1s and a long-term common garden experiment on the plateau,we provide in situ assessments on 44 growth and physiological traits across four seasons,along with RNA sequencing.We found significantphenotypic divergence between P.densata and its putative parental species P.tabuliformis and P.yunnanensis,with P.densata demonstrating superior growth and dynamic balance between photosynthesis and photoprotection.The F1s closely resembled P.densata in most traits.Gene expression revealed 19%–10%of 34,000 examined genes as differentially expressed in P.densata and F1s relative to mid-parent expression values.Both additive(4%)and non-additive gene actions(5%–6%in F1s,10%–12%in P.densata)were common,while transgressive expression occurred more frequently in the stabilized natural hybrids,illustrating transcriptomic reprogramming brought by hybridization and further divergence by natural selection.We provide compelling evidence for hybridization-derived phenotypic divergence at both physiological and gene expression levels that could have contributed to the adaptation of P.densata to high plateau habitat where both parental species have low fitness.The altered physiology and gene expression in hybrids serve both as a substrate for novel ecological adaptation and as a mechanism for the initiation of reproductive isolation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant NO.32360307).
文摘Long-term niche differentiation will lead to the evolution of diverse adaptive strategies for species in diverse environments. The present study selected two Forsythia species, Forsythia mandshurica(Fm)-which naturally occurs in a cold temperate zone and Forsythia suspensa(Fs)-which thrives in a warm temperate zone-to reveal their differential chilling defense mechanisms by integrating morpho-physiological,transcriptomic, and metabolomic data. Transcriptome results show that Fm has evolved in a series of adaptive mechanisms designed to help the plants to cope with chilling stress by enhancing sugar, amino acid, hormone, polyamine, and phenol content to improve cell osmotic potential and to mitigate petal browning. Metabolomic data suggested the increased chilling resistance of Fm relies on in the plant being rich in a-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, as well as two amino acids, Phe and Trp, and has low levels of cinnamic acid and gramine in flowers compared to Fs. A higher abundance of glutathione disulfide and NADPH regulated by glutathione peroxidases and NADPH improved the ability of the cellular antioxidant and reduction-oxidation system stability in Fm;Additionally, the elevated levels of pyruvate, a-ketoglutaric acid, and oxaloacetic acid in Fm contributed to a significantly enhanced ATP production in mitochondria. Through Ka/Ks and gene expression analysis,four transcription factors, EVM0025036(bHLH), EVM0010639 and EVM0007275(AP2), and EVM0025908(bZIP) were identified that may contribute to the high cold tolerance of Fm. These adaptations highlight the intricate interplay between genetic and physiological processes that shape the survival strategies of plants in response to their specific ecological niches.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060913).
文摘Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Persicaria nepalensis,Persicaria japonica,Persicaria chinensis,Persicaria filiformis,Persicaria perfoliata,Persicaria pubescens,Persicaria hnydropiper.Methods:The Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used for the first time for P.capitata cp genome sequencing.NOVOPlasty and CpGAVAS2 were used for assembly and annotation,and Codon W,DnaSP,and MISA were used to conduct a series of comparative genomic analyses between the plant and seven species of the same genus.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood(ML)and neighbor-joining(NJ)methods,and divergence time was estimated using BEAST.Results:The total length of P.capitata cp genome was 158,821 bp,with a guanine and cytosine(GC)content of 38.0%,exhibiting a typical circular tetrad structure.The genome contains 127 annotated genes,including 82 protein-coding and 45 tRNA-encoding genes.The cp genome harbors simple sequence repeat(SSR)loci primarily composed of A/T.The conserved species structure of this genus is reinforced by the expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat(IR)region.The non-coding regions of the cp genomes exhibited significant differences among the genera.Six different mutation hotspots(psbK-psbI,atpI-rps2,petN-psbD,atpB-rbcL,cemA-petA,ndhI-ndhA-ycf1)were screened from the non-coding regions of genes with high nucleotide variability(pI).These hotspots were expected to define the phylogenetic species of Persicaria.Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis of Polygonaceae plants showed that P.capitata was more closely related to P.chinensis than P.nepalensis.Analysis of divergence time indicated that Polygonaceae originated in the Late Cretaceous(~180 Ma)and began to differentiate during the Middle Miocene.Persicaria differentiated~66.44 million years ago,during the Miocene.Conclusions:Our findings will serve as a scientific basis for further research on species identification and evolution,population genetics,and phylogenetic analysis of P.capitata.Further,we provide valuable information for understanding the origin and evolution of Persicaria in Polygonaceae and estimating the differentiation time of Persicaria and its population.
文摘Uncertainty and ambiguity are pervasive in real-world intelligent systems,necessitating advanced mathematical frameworks for effective modeling and analysis.Fermatean fuzzy sets(FFSs),as a recent extension of classical fuzzy theory,provide enhanced flexibility for representing complex uncertainty.In this paper,we propose a unified parametric divergence operator for FFSs,which comprehensively captures the interplay among membership,nonmembership,and hesitation degrees.The proposed operator is rigorously analyzed with respect to key mathematical properties,including non-negativity,non-degeneracy,and symmetry.Notably,several well-known divergence operators,such as Jensen-Shannon divergence,Hellinger distance,andχ2-divergence,are shown to be special cases within our unified framework.Extensive experiments on pattern classification,hierarchical clustering,and multiattribute decision-making tasks demonstrate the competitive performance and stability of the proposed operator.These results confirm both the theoretical significance and practical value of our method for advanced fuzzy information processing in machine learning and intelligent decision-making.
