Generation of good-quality distractors is a key and time-consuming task associated withmultiple-choice questions(MCQs),one of the assessment items that have dominated the educational field for years.Recent advances in...Generation of good-quality distractors is a key and time-consuming task associated withmultiple-choice questions(MCQs),one of the assessment items that have dominated the educational field for years.Recent advances in language models and architectures present an opportunity for helping teachers to generate and update these elements to the required speed and scale of widespread increase in online education.This study focuses on a text-to-text approach for joints generation of distractors for MCQs,where the context,question and correct answer are used as input,while the set of distractors corresponds to the output,allowing the generation of three distractors in a singlemodel inference.By fine-tuning FlanT5 models and LongT5 with TGlobal attention using a RACE-based dataset,the potential of this approach is explored,demonstrating an improvement in the BLEU and ROUGE-L metrics when compared to previous works and a GPT-3.5 baseline.Additionally,BERTScore is introduced in the evaluation,showing that the fine-tuned models generate distractors semantically close to the reference,but the GPT-3.5 baseline still outperforms in this area.A tendency toward duplicating distractors is noted,although models fine-tuned with Low-Rank Adaptation(LoRA)and 4-bit quantization showcased a significant reduction in duplicated distractors.展开更多
Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and co...Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and complex structures in the interface. Although an increasing number of studies are seriously focusing on the problem of achieving efficient color coding, few are able to determine the effects of target and distractor saturations on cognitive performance. To study the performances of target colors among distractors, a systematic experiment is conducted to assess the influence of high and low saturated targets on cognitive performance, and the affecting extent of different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors on targets. According to the analysis of the reaction time through the non-parametric statistical method, a calculation method of the cognitive performance of each color is proposed. Based on the calculation of the color differences and the accumulation of the reaction times, it is shown that with the different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors, the high saturated yellow targets perform better than the low saturated ones, and the green and blue targets have moderate performances. When searching for a singleton target placed oll a black background, the color difference between the target and the distractor should be more than 20AE＊ab units in the yellow saturation coding, whereas the color difference should be more than 40△E＊ab units in the blue and green saturation coding. In addition, as regards saturation coding, the influence of the color difference between the target and the background on cognitive performance is greater than that of the color difference between the target and the distractor. Seemingly, the hue attribute determines whether the saturation difference between the target and the distractor affects thc cognitive performance. Based on the experimental results, the simulation design of the instrument dials in a flight situation awareness interface is completed and tested. Simulation results show the feasibility of the method of choosing the target and distractor colors, and the proposed research provides the instruction for the color saturation design of the interface.展开更多
Background: Fracture of distal radius with involvement of the ulnar styloid process is a common clinical problem. It can be treated conservatively, usually involving wrist immobilization in plaster cast or surgically....Background: Fracture of distal radius with involvement of the ulnar styloid process is a common clinical problem. It can be treated conservatively, usually involving wrist immobilization in plaster cast or surgically. A key method of surgical fixation is external fixation by distractor. Distractor can be applied either only on the radial side or on both ulnar and radial sides. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized and comparative study of 1 year duration was conducted on 32 patients admitted in the Department of Orthopaedics of BSMC & H in the age group of 20 to 75 years old with AO types B and C distal radius fracture along with involvement of the ulnar styloid process. The parameters studied were restoration of radial length, restoration of radial angle, intracarpal step-off and palmar tilt which were statistically evaluated and Fisher’s exact test was performed. The two tailed P-value was calculated and both the groups were statistically compared. Results: In our study, 37.5% patients in Group A and 81.25% in Group B had a radial difference Table 1, Chart 1). 43.75% patients in Group A and 87.5% in Group B had radial angle Table 2, Chart 2). 31.25% in Group A and 75% had intra carpal step off Table 3, Chart 3). 62.5% had an abnormal palmar tilt in Group A while only 6.25% had an abnormal palmar tilt in Group B which is extremely statistically significant. On an average, 2 mm of distraction was required in 75% patients of Group A while only 30% patients in Group B required distraction (Table 4, Chart 4). Conclusion: In our study, the radial difference, radial angle, intra carpal step off and palmar tilt returned significantly to normal in the patients treated with distractor on radial side only when compared with distractor application on both radial and ulnar sides for distal radius fracture with ulnar styloid process involvement. Also post-operative distraction required under image intensifier was higher in the group treated with distractor on either side than those with distractor only on radial side.展开更多
Aim: Maxillofacial surgery has always aimed to find alternative therapies to treat severe maxillary hypoplasia. Distraction osteogenesis of the midface has become the technique with the best functional and aesthetic r...Aim: Maxillofacial surgery has always aimed to find alternative therapies to treat severe maxillary hypoplasia. Distraction osteogenesis of the midface has become the technique with the best functional and aesthetic results. Nevertheless, anchoring a distractor to the middle third of the face continues to involve complex planning. Plus, achieving the desired force vector can sometimes be cumbersome and uncomfortable. The aim of this study is to propose a novel skeletal anchorage technique for the rigid external distractor. Methods:Non-controlled, prospective study of 9 patients with severe midface hypoplasia who were treated with distraction osteogenesis using a rigid external distractor anchored to the infraorbital rims and the bilateral pyriform apertures. The activation phase started the first postoperative day at a rate of 1 mm per day. The consolidation period lasted 6 to 8 weeks. Results: Eight patients achieved the desired distraction objective (24.5 mm on average), with only 1 suffering a 5-mm relapse. None of the patients reported complications. Conclusion:Distraction osteogenesis of the midface by skeletal anchorage is an alternative method when treating patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia. It has significant advantages compared to traditional anchoring because it simplifies the procedure, diminishes the costs and complications.展开更多
Selective attention has been viewed as a dual- process mechanism, that is, exciting targets and inhibiting distractors. Most early studies concentrated mainly on the target-excitation, whereas recent investigations be...Selective attention has been viewed as a dual- process mechanism, that is, exciting targets and inhibiting distractors. Most early studies concentrated mainly on the target-excitation, whereas recent investigations began to pay more attention to the inhibitory selective attention mecha-nism. A measure named negative priming (NP) was exten-sively employed to probe into the inhibitory processes. The Houghton and Tipper Model put forward a notion: the inhi-bition that feeds back to the distractor is reactive. That means, the level of inhibition is determined by the activation state of the distractor. Distractors that are more salient and intrude into the control of action receive greater inhibitory feedbacks than less salient distractors. Because increasing attention to an object would enhance the early processing of this object, we thus hypothesized that augmenting the level of attention to a distractor might lead to a higher level of inhi-bition, revealed as a corresponding augmentation in the magnitude of NP effect. To test this assumption, an object- based identification task was then applied, and participants were asked to make the animate/inanimate categorization. Attention level was manipulated by varying the relative spa-tial locations of target and distractor (overlapped or sepa-rated). A reliable greater NP effect was found in the over-lapped than separated condition, indicating that distractors under the high-level attention condition (overlapped) got greater initial excitation, and then evoked greater subsequent inhibitory feedbacks, therefore resulting in a larger NP effect. These results provide direct evidence for the reactive inhibi-tion suggested by the Houghton and Tipper model. Mean-while a coincident greater positive priming (PP) effect was obtained under the overlapped than separated condition, which could be attributed to the higher level of target activa-tion in the overlapped condition. The covariation of NP and PP effects further confirmed that the way of our manipula-tion on attention level in this study was valid.展开更多
基金supported by the Universidad de Alcalá(UAH)under Grant PIUAH21/IA-010Comunidad Autonóma de Madrid under Grant CM/JIN/2021-034.
文摘Generation of good-quality distractors is a key and time-consuming task associated withmultiple-choice questions(MCQs),one of the assessment items that have dominated the educational field for years.Recent advances in language models and architectures present an opportunity for helping teachers to generate and update these elements to the required speed and scale of widespread increase in online education.This study focuses on a text-to-text approach for joints generation of distractors for MCQs,where the context,question and correct answer are used as input,while the set of distractors corresponds to the output,allowing the generation of three distractors in a singlemodel inference.By fine-tuning FlanT5 models and LongT5 with TGlobal attention using a RACE-based dataset,the potential of this approach is explored,demonstrating an improvement in the BLEU and ROUGE-L metrics when compared to previous works and a GPT-3.5 baseline.Additionally,BERTScore is introduced in the evaluation,showing that the fine-tuned models generate distractors semantically close to the reference,but the GPT-3.5 baseline still outperforms in this area.A tendency toward duplicating distractors is noted,although models fine-tuned with Low-Rank Adaptation(LoRA)and 4-bit quantization showcased a significant reduction in duplicated distractors.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71071032,71271053)
文摘Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and complex structures in the interface. Although an increasing number of studies are seriously focusing on the problem of achieving efficient color coding, few are able to determine the effects of target and distractor saturations on cognitive performance. To study the performances of target colors among distractors, a systematic experiment is conducted to assess the influence of high and low saturated targets on cognitive performance, and the affecting extent of different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors on targets. According to the analysis of the reaction time through the non-parametric statistical method, a calculation method of the cognitive performance of each color is proposed. Based on the calculation of the color differences and the accumulation of the reaction times, it is shown that with the different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors, the high saturated yellow targets perform better than the low saturated ones, and the green and blue targets have moderate performances. When searching for a singleton target placed oll a black background, the color difference between the target and the distractor should be more than 20AE＊ab units in the yellow saturation coding, whereas the color difference should be more than 40△E＊ab units in the blue and green saturation coding. In addition, as regards saturation coding, the influence of the color difference between the target and the background on cognitive performance is greater than that of the color difference between the target and the distractor. Seemingly, the hue attribute determines whether the saturation difference between the target and the distractor affects thc cognitive performance. Based on the experimental results, the simulation design of the instrument dials in a flight situation awareness interface is completed and tested. Simulation results show the feasibility of the method of choosing the target and distractor colors, and the proposed research provides the instruction for the color saturation design of the interface.
文摘Background: Fracture of distal radius with involvement of the ulnar styloid process is a common clinical problem. It can be treated conservatively, usually involving wrist immobilization in plaster cast or surgically. A key method of surgical fixation is external fixation by distractor. Distractor can be applied either only on the radial side or on both ulnar and radial sides. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized and comparative study of 1 year duration was conducted on 32 patients admitted in the Department of Orthopaedics of BSMC & H in the age group of 20 to 75 years old with AO types B and C distal radius fracture along with involvement of the ulnar styloid process. The parameters studied were restoration of radial length, restoration of radial angle, intracarpal step-off and palmar tilt which were statistically evaluated and Fisher’s exact test was performed. The two tailed P-value was calculated and both the groups were statistically compared. Results: In our study, 37.5% patients in Group A and 81.25% in Group B had a radial difference Table 1, Chart 1). 43.75% patients in Group A and 87.5% in Group B had radial angle Table 2, Chart 2). 31.25% in Group A and 75% had intra carpal step off Table 3, Chart 3). 62.5% had an abnormal palmar tilt in Group A while only 6.25% had an abnormal palmar tilt in Group B which is extremely statistically significant. On an average, 2 mm of distraction was required in 75% patients of Group A while only 30% patients in Group B required distraction (Table 4, Chart 4). Conclusion: In our study, the radial difference, radial angle, intra carpal step off and palmar tilt returned significantly to normal in the patients treated with distractor on radial side only when compared with distractor application on both radial and ulnar sides for distal radius fracture with ulnar styloid process involvement. Also post-operative distraction required under image intensifier was higher in the group treated with distractor on either side than those with distractor only on radial side.
文摘Aim: Maxillofacial surgery has always aimed to find alternative therapies to treat severe maxillary hypoplasia. Distraction osteogenesis of the midface has become the technique with the best functional and aesthetic results. Nevertheless, anchoring a distractor to the middle third of the face continues to involve complex planning. Plus, achieving the desired force vector can sometimes be cumbersome and uncomfortable. The aim of this study is to propose a novel skeletal anchorage technique for the rigid external distractor. Methods:Non-controlled, prospective study of 9 patients with severe midface hypoplasia who were treated with distraction osteogenesis using a rigid external distractor anchored to the infraorbital rims and the bilateral pyriform apertures. The activation phase started the first postoperative day at a rate of 1 mm per day. The consolidation period lasted 6 to 8 weeks. Results: Eight patients achieved the desired distraction objective (24.5 mm on average), with only 1 suffering a 5-mm relapse. None of the patients reported complications. Conclusion:Distraction osteogenesis of the midface by skeletal anchorage is an alternative method when treating patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia. It has significant advantages compared to traditional anchoring because it simplifies the procedure, diminishes the costs and complications.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30100053 & 30470570).
文摘Selective attention has been viewed as a dual- process mechanism, that is, exciting targets and inhibiting distractors. Most early studies concentrated mainly on the target-excitation, whereas recent investigations began to pay more attention to the inhibitory selective attention mecha-nism. A measure named negative priming (NP) was exten-sively employed to probe into the inhibitory processes. The Houghton and Tipper Model put forward a notion: the inhi-bition that feeds back to the distractor is reactive. That means, the level of inhibition is determined by the activation state of the distractor. Distractors that are more salient and intrude into the control of action receive greater inhibitory feedbacks than less salient distractors. Because increasing attention to an object would enhance the early processing of this object, we thus hypothesized that augmenting the level of attention to a distractor might lead to a higher level of inhi-bition, revealed as a corresponding augmentation in the magnitude of NP effect. To test this assumption, an object- based identification task was then applied, and participants were asked to make the animate/inanimate categorization. Attention level was manipulated by varying the relative spa-tial locations of target and distractor (overlapped or sepa-rated). A reliable greater NP effect was found in the over-lapped than separated condition, indicating that distractors under the high-level attention condition (overlapped) got greater initial excitation, and then evoked greater subsequent inhibitory feedbacks, therefore resulting in a larger NP effect. These results provide direct evidence for the reactive inhibi-tion suggested by the Houghton and Tipper model. Mean-while a coincident greater positive priming (PP) effect was obtained under the overlapped than separated condition, which could be attributed to the higher level of target activa-tion in the overlapped condition. The covariation of NP and PP effects further confirmed that the way of our manipula-tion on attention level in this study was valid.
