Freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate prey species commonly rely on chemosensory information, including non-injury released disturbance cues, to assess local predation threats. We conducted laboratory studies to （1...Freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate prey species commonly rely on chemosensory information, including non-injury released disturbance cues, to assess local predation threats. We conducted laboratory studies to （1） determine if urea can function as a disturbance cue in juvenile convict cichlids and rainbow trout and （2） determine if the background level of urea influences the behavioral response to a subsequent pulse of urea （＇background noise＇ hypothesis）. In the first series of trials, juve- nile cichlids and trout were exposed to urea at varying concentrations （0 to 0.5 mg L-1 for cichlids and 0 to 1.0 mg L1 for trout）. Our results suggest that both cichilds and trout exhibited functionally similar responses to urea and conspecific disturbance cues and that increasing the concentration of urea results in an increase intensity of antipredator behaviour. In the second series of trials, we pre-exposed cichlids or trout to intermediate or high concentrations of urea （or a distilled water control） and then tested for the response to a second pulse of urea at at intermediate or high concentrations （versus a distilled water control）. Our results demon- strate that pre-exposure to urea reduces or eliminates the response to a second pulse of urea, supporting the background noise hy- pothesis. Together, our results suggest that pulses of urea, released by disturbed or stressed individuals, may function as an early warning signal in freshwater prey species展开更多
Charles Darwin discovers that the theory of the species＇ creation by a miraculous being has reached a double impasse, due to the science ＂speech＂ evolution. There is an expositive impasse （it can＇t explain some f...Charles Darwin discovers that the theory of the species＇ creation by a miraculous being has reached a double impasse, due to the science ＂speech＂ evolution. There is an expositive impasse （it can＇t explain some facts any more） and a communication-comprehensive impasse （within its limits, some facts are not communicable or understandable）. In order to endorse his theory of evolutionism, Darwin develops an argumentative communicating science based on two axes： the facts and the axiomatics. His communicating science follows the next structure： （1） a relation with the starting thesis is established; （2） some evidence are promoted; （3） as the base of the evidence, a motivation is emphasized; （4） as a reason, an axiomatics is assigned to this base; and （5） finally, the facts and the quantifiers are explained by valid conclusions.展开更多
Incredible ! Prisons have extended financial or material help to convicts’ families in difficulty. But it is tree. That is what the Chifeng Prison in North China initiated. See the following cases: Convict Li Guoqian...Incredible ! Prisons have extended financial or material help to convicts’ families in difficulty. But it is tree. That is what the Chifeng Prison in North China initiated. See the following cases: Convict Li Guoqiang was thrown into prison in 1994, leaving a heavy burden on his family. Apart from a heap of debts, there are two young children. His elder son dropped school dne to inability to pay tuition. Li felt very much downhearted in prison. Knowing this, the prison warders volunteer to contribute money and clothing. In just five days, the展开更多
The ways in which researchers present the results of their research and make claims about them are determined by the conventions of academic writing held by the scientific community.This article examines the use of he...The ways in which researchers present the results of their research and make claims about them are determined by the conventions of academic writing held by the scientific community.This article examines the use of hedges and boosters in the published articles of PhD students in a Moroccan university,and to what extent these students are conscious of their semantic and pragmatic meanings and use them adequately following established conventions.Textual analysis was implemented to study the use of these discourse markers in the published articles.We additionally carried out qualitative and quantitative research in the form of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to gain a better understanding of hedge and booster use.While the students may use hedges in contexts in which the results are deemed uncertain and unsatisfactory,expressing conviction through boosters is a common practice.These results indicate a lack of appropriate adherence to academic conventions and that cultural influences and other contextual variables are in play.Thus,revising textbooks and methodologies in Moroccan universities based on scientific data and conventions is required.展开更多
I. Protection of Human Rights of the Convicted Human rights of the convicted refer to the rights enjoyed or due to be enjoyed by people subject to criminal punishment by virtue of its natural and social attributes. I...I. Protection of Human Rights of the Convicted Human rights of the convicted refer to the rights enjoyed or due to be enjoyed by people subject to criminal punishment by virtue of its natural and social attributes. In terms of natural attribute, the convicted are people, despite the fact that they have been sentenced to crmainal punishments. So they should still enjoy human rights. In terms of social attribute, criminals are a special group of people because they have received a negative appraisal by the criminal law due to their criminal behavior （in most cases, a crime is a serious violation of human rights） and, therefore, they enjoy a special legal status, which has made it impossible and improper for them to enjoy the complete human rights just like ordinary people.展开更多
The pure land conviction was quite prevalent in the Peace Time when The Tale of Genji was published.Murasaki Shikibuestablished the pure land conviction in The Tale of Genjialong with the skeleton which expands from t...The pure land conviction was quite prevalent in the Peace Time when The Tale of Genji was published.Murasaki Shikibuestablished the pure land conviction in The Tale of Genjialong with the skeleton which expands from the decline of aristocracy to the consciousness of the mappōand the eschatology,and then to the abominate toward impure land as well as the desire for pure land.Besides,she assimilated the doctrines and aesthetics from the pure land classics as well as inaugurated the disparities from the original pure land doctrines,endowing the pure land conviction in the work with rich color of worldly interests.展开更多
文摘Freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate prey species commonly rely on chemosensory information, including non-injury released disturbance cues, to assess local predation threats. We conducted laboratory studies to （1） determine if urea can function as a disturbance cue in juvenile convict cichlids and rainbow trout and （2） determine if the background level of urea influences the behavioral response to a subsequent pulse of urea （＇background noise＇ hypothesis）. In the first series of trials, juve- nile cichlids and trout were exposed to urea at varying concentrations （0 to 0.5 mg L-1 for cichlids and 0 to 1.0 mg L1 for trout）. Our results suggest that both cichilds and trout exhibited functionally similar responses to urea and conspecific disturbance cues and that increasing the concentration of urea results in an increase intensity of antipredator behaviour. In the second series of trials, we pre-exposed cichlids or trout to intermediate or high concentrations of urea （or a distilled water control） and then tested for the response to a second pulse of urea at at intermediate or high concentrations （versus a distilled water control）. Our results demon- strate that pre-exposure to urea reduces or eliminates the response to a second pulse of urea, supporting the background noise hy- pothesis. Together, our results suggest that pulses of urea, released by disturbed or stressed individuals, may function as an early warning signal in freshwater prey species
文摘Charles Darwin discovers that the theory of the species＇ creation by a miraculous being has reached a double impasse, due to the science ＂speech＂ evolution. There is an expositive impasse （it can＇t explain some facts any more） and a communication-comprehensive impasse （within its limits, some facts are not communicable or understandable）. In order to endorse his theory of evolutionism, Darwin develops an argumentative communicating science based on two axes： the facts and the axiomatics. His communicating science follows the next structure： （1） a relation with the starting thesis is established; （2） some evidence are promoted; （3） as the base of the evidence, a motivation is emphasized; （4） as a reason, an axiomatics is assigned to this base; and （5） finally, the facts and the quantifiers are explained by valid conclusions.
文摘Incredible ! Prisons have extended financial or material help to convicts’ families in difficulty. But it is tree. That is what the Chifeng Prison in North China initiated. See the following cases: Convict Li Guoqiang was thrown into prison in 1994, leaving a heavy burden on his family. Apart from a heap of debts, there are two young children. His elder son dropped school dne to inability to pay tuition. Li felt very much downhearted in prison. Knowing this, the prison warders volunteer to contribute money and clothing. In just five days, the
文摘The ways in which researchers present the results of their research and make claims about them are determined by the conventions of academic writing held by the scientific community.This article examines the use of hedges and boosters in the published articles of PhD students in a Moroccan university,and to what extent these students are conscious of their semantic and pragmatic meanings and use them adequately following established conventions.Textual analysis was implemented to study the use of these discourse markers in the published articles.We additionally carried out qualitative and quantitative research in the form of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to gain a better understanding of hedge and booster use.While the students may use hedges in contexts in which the results are deemed uncertain and unsatisfactory,expressing conviction through boosters is a common practice.These results indicate a lack of appropriate adherence to academic conventions and that cultural influences and other contextual variables are in play.Thus,revising textbooks and methodologies in Moroccan universities based on scientific data and conventions is required.
文摘I. Protection of Human Rights of the Convicted Human rights of the convicted refer to the rights enjoyed or due to be enjoyed by people subject to criminal punishment by virtue of its natural and social attributes. In terms of natural attribute, the convicted are people, despite the fact that they have been sentenced to crmainal punishments. So they should still enjoy human rights. In terms of social attribute, criminals are a special group of people because they have received a negative appraisal by the criminal law due to their criminal behavior （in most cases, a crime is a serious violation of human rights） and, therefore, they enjoy a special legal status, which has made it impossible and improper for them to enjoy the complete human rights just like ordinary people.
文摘The pure land conviction was quite prevalent in the Peace Time when The Tale of Genji was published.Murasaki Shikibuestablished the pure land conviction in The Tale of Genjialong with the skeleton which expands from the decline of aristocracy to the consciousness of the mappōand the eschatology,and then to the abominate toward impure land as well as the desire for pure land.Besides,she assimilated the doctrines and aesthetics from the pure land classics as well as inaugurated the disparities from the original pure land doctrines,endowing the pure land conviction in the work with rich color of worldly interests.
