This paper gives a brief account of English consonant cluster's structure and phonetic features from the perspective of the definition and cause of neutralization of English consonants as well as their distinctive...This paper gives a brief account of English consonant cluster's structure and phonetic features from the perspective of the definition and cause of neutralization of English consonants as well as their distinctive features and oppositions.It comes up with the final conclusion that neutralization exists in only thirteen English consonant clusters,among a large number of consonant clusters.展开更多
When study English phonetics,Chinese learners will meet many difficulties,which need teachers to deal with.This paper is to discuss about how to teach consonants.
In the paper, the author presents the negative transfer influence of Xinyang dialect on learners' English consonant pronunciation by comparing their differences in the segmental level, and proposes some suggestion...In the paper, the author presents the negative transfer influence of Xinyang dialect on learners' English consonant pronunciation by comparing their differences in the segmental level, and proposes some suggestions for English pronunciation teaching based on the theories of Contrastive Analysis, the Input Hypothesis.展开更多
Arabic and Chinese are one of the most difficult languages to learn in the world.The mark of Arabic is Pinyin characters plus pinyin symbols.On the other hand,the mark of Chinese is ideographic square shaped character...Arabic and Chinese are one of the most difficult languages to learn in the world.The mark of Arabic is Pinyin characters plus pinyin symbols.On the other hand,the mark of Chinese is ideographic square shaped characters;each pronunciation of a Chinese character is generally a syllable.There are great differences between Arabic and Chinese consonants,so this paper mainly discusses the similarities and differences between the two languages and their respective characteristics through the comparative analysis of Chinese and Arabic consonants.展开更多
The study is based on an observation of the pronunciation of a group of undergraduate students of English as a Second Language （ESL） whose mother tongue is Arabic and who have no formal training in the spoken variet...The study is based on an observation of the pronunciation of a group of undergraduate students of English as a Second Language （ESL） whose mother tongue is Arabic and who have no formal training in the spoken variety of English other than that received in the classroom. The study of acquisition of pronunciation of consonant clusters at morphological, particularly at the morphophonological levels indicates that the learners are sensitive to the syllabic structure viz., cccv type and cccvcc type, at the word-initial, medial and final positions. Samples of words with different consonant clusters were tested with a homogeneous group of students. Words of identical morphological categories were used as the data to test the students＇ level of perception. These were analyzed using Speech Analyzer Version 2.5. The data includes consonant clusters like plosive-fricative, plosive-plosive, fricative-fricative and plosive-fricative-trill/liquid combinations. The results varied according to the perceptual and articulatory abilities of the learners. It was observed that the plosive perception and acquisition of three-consonant clusters of plosive-plosive word initially, plosive-plosive combinations word finally and plosive-fricative type, posed more difficulty for the learners. The tendency to drop one of the consonants of the cluster was more pronounced with syllables ending in plural morphemes and those ending in -mp, -pt, -kt, -nt, -bt, etc. Difficulty was also noticed with the initial plosive＋/r/, plosive＋/1/combinations, especially in word initial positions. Across the syllable boundaries, these clusters are almost inaudible with some speakers. The difficulty in the articulation of these consonant clusters can be accounted for the mother tongue influence, as in the case of many other features. The results of the analysis have a pedagogical implication in the use of such words with consonant clusters, to teach reading skills to the students of undergraduate level in the present setting and promote self-learning through the use of speech tools.展开更多
It is well known that both bursts and formant transitions serve as separate cues to the place of articulation of initial stop consonants. In Vietnamese, final voiceless stop consonants/p, t, k/are unreleased （i.e., p...It is well known that both bursts and formant transitions serve as separate cues to the place of articulation of initial stop consonants. In Vietnamese, final voiceless stop consonants/p, t, k/are unreleased （i.e., produced without an audible burst）. This provides an opportunity to study these final stop consonants and to compare their characteristics with those of the corresponding initial stop consonants. As unreleased final consonants have not been previously studied, this paper analyses the Vowel-Consonant （VC） and Consonant-Vowel-Consonant （CVC） productions in terms of the transition duration, the starting formant transition values and the slopes of the VC transitions. Measurements have shown that in the same preceding vowel contexts, the 3 final stop consonants/p, t, k/are always clearly differentiated by at least one of the 3 slopes of Fl, F2 or F3. In perception tests, synthesized consonant C in the context/a/-C are recognized as/p/, or/t/, or/k/when the slopes of the/a/-C transition ofF2 and F3 are varied. It means that slopes of the VC transition are an important parameter that allows Vietnamese distinguishing the 3 final voiceless stop consonant/p, t, k/in Vietnamese language. These final stop consonants can also be differentiated in the locus equation space. The study also pointes out that the effects of the final consonants on either long vowels or short vowels. The results explain why Vietnamese can not pronounce the short vowels in isolation.展开更多
In this paper,we first prove that the retract of a consonant space(or co-consonant space)is consonant(co-consonant).Simultaneously,we consider the co-consonance of two powerspace constructions and proved that(1)the co...In this paper,we first prove that the retract of a consonant space(or co-consonant space)is consonant(co-consonant).Simultaneously,we consider the co-consonance of two powerspace constructions and proved that(1)the co-consonance of the Smyth powerspace PS(X)implies the co-consonance of X if X is strongly compact;(2)the co-consonance of X implies the co-consonance of the Smyth powerspace under some conditions;(3)if the lower powerspace P_(H)(X)is co-consonant,then X is co-consonant;(4)for a continuous poset P,the lower powerspace P_(H)(ΣP)is co-consonant.展开更多
We propose a novel clustering algorithm using fast global kernel fuzzy c-means-F(FGKFCM-F), where F refers to kernelized feature space. This algorithm proceeds in an incremental way to derive the near-optimal solution...We propose a novel clustering algorithm using fast global kernel fuzzy c-means-F(FGKFCM-F), where F refers to kernelized feature space. This algorithm proceeds in an incremental way to derive the near-optimal solution by solving all intermediate problems using kernel-based fuzzy c-means-F(KFCM-F) as a local search procedure. Due to the incremental nature and the nonlinear properties inherited from KFCM-F, this algorithm overcomes the two shortcomings of fuzzy c-means(FCM): sen- sitivity to initialization and inability to use nonlinear separable data. An accelerating scheme is developed to reduce the compu-tational complexity without significantly affecting the solution quality. Experiments are carried out to test the proposed algorithm on a nonlinear artificial dataset and a real-world dataset of speech signals for consonant/vowel segmentation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in improving clustering performance on both types of datasets.展开更多
This study investigated whether adults who stutter and normal adult speakers differ in the production of stop consonants in fluent reading Chinese Putonghua speech.Voice onset time（VOT） was measured and the spectral...This study investigated whether adults who stutter and normal adult speakers differ in the production of stop consonants in fluent reading Chinese Putonghua speech.Voice onset time（VOT） was measured and the spectral moments at the stop burst were calculated for the stutterers（both before and after the speech therapy） and also for the nonstutterers. The statistical results showed that there were no significant differences in VOT between the nonstutterers and stutterers either prior to or after therapy,although the mean VOT of the stutterers was slightly greater than that of the nonstutterers.The results also indicated that both the obstruction place and the subsequent syllabic final exhibited an influence to a greater extent on VOT for the stutterers.In the spectral domain,the spectral mean of the stuttering participants before therapy was significantly different from that of the normal participants, whereas the group difference became insignificant after the therapy session.The smaller spectral mean for the stutterers might be interpreted as a more posterior occlusion in the oral cavity when producing alveolars and velars.In addition,productions of the stutterers scattered with a wider range in the space of spectral moments.Furthermore,the smaller main effect of syllabic finals on the mean spectral frequency of the burst suggested that the stutterers exhibited weaker anticipatory coarticulation than the nonstutterers.展开更多
An objective method, using a multi-band analysis technique, was proposed for analyzing plosive consonants in cleft palate speech. At first, the speech signal is decomposed in frequency domain using an auditory filter-...An objective method, using a multi-band analysis technique, was proposed for analyzing plosive consonants in cleft palate speech. At first, the speech signal is decomposed in frequency domain using an auditory filter-bank. Then, the sample-based features, namely cumulative energy and its increment speed, in each band were computed. Finally, using principle component analysis, these features were fused into one combined feature vector for assessment. Since the algorithm is based on perceptual properties of human auditory ear using non-uniform and multi-band analysis, the improvements of the consistence between the proposed approach and subjective evaluation are obtained.展开更多
Nowadays English is more and more popular. There are a lot of books teaching people how to learn English. But it should be noted that although English is easy to learn,it is difficult to master. This paper analyzes th...Nowadays English is more and more popular. There are a lot of books teaching people how to learn English. But it should be noted that although English is easy to learn,it is difficult to master. This paper analyzes the reason why it is hard to master from three aspects:speech sounds,vocabulary,grammar.In this paper a large number of examples are given to illustrate the difficulties to master English.展开更多
This paper begins with a brief introduction to the two branches of the English language.Analyze the differences pronunciation between American English and British English,then demonstrates the reason why cause the dif...This paper begins with a brief introduction to the two branches of the English language.Analyze the differences pronunciation between American English and British English,then demonstrates the reason why cause the different.Firstly,about four hundred years ago,people from Britain,German,France and many other parts of the world came into the U.S.They not only brought their rich cultures but also their languages too.Secondly,because of its territory expansion and economic development,American English become stronger.And then in different vowels and consonants analyze the differences of pronunciation between American English and British English,and set some examples.展开更多
文摘This paper gives a brief account of English consonant cluster's structure and phonetic features from the perspective of the definition and cause of neutralization of English consonants as well as their distinctive features and oppositions.It comes up with the final conclusion that neutralization exists in only thirteen English consonant clusters,among a large number of consonant clusters.
文摘When study English phonetics,Chinese learners will meet many difficulties,which need teachers to deal with.This paper is to discuss about how to teach consonants.
文摘In the paper, the author presents the negative transfer influence of Xinyang dialect on learners' English consonant pronunciation by comparing their differences in the segmental level, and proposes some suggestions for English pronunciation teaching based on the theories of Contrastive Analysis, the Input Hypothesis.
文摘Arabic and Chinese are one of the most difficult languages to learn in the world.The mark of Arabic is Pinyin characters plus pinyin symbols.On the other hand,the mark of Chinese is ideographic square shaped characters;each pronunciation of a Chinese character is generally a syllable.There are great differences between Arabic and Chinese consonants,so this paper mainly discusses the similarities and differences between the two languages and their respective characteristics through the comparative analysis of Chinese and Arabic consonants.
文摘The study is based on an observation of the pronunciation of a group of undergraduate students of English as a Second Language （ESL） whose mother tongue is Arabic and who have no formal training in the spoken variety of English other than that received in the classroom. The study of acquisition of pronunciation of consonant clusters at morphological, particularly at the morphophonological levels indicates that the learners are sensitive to the syllabic structure viz., cccv type and cccvcc type, at the word-initial, medial and final positions. Samples of words with different consonant clusters were tested with a homogeneous group of students. Words of identical morphological categories were used as the data to test the students＇ level of perception. These were analyzed using Speech Analyzer Version 2.5. The data includes consonant clusters like plosive-fricative, plosive-plosive, fricative-fricative and plosive-fricative-trill/liquid combinations. The results varied according to the perceptual and articulatory abilities of the learners. It was observed that the plosive perception and acquisition of three-consonant clusters of plosive-plosive word initially, plosive-plosive combinations word finally and plosive-fricative type, posed more difficulty for the learners. The tendency to drop one of the consonants of the cluster was more pronounced with syllables ending in plural morphemes and those ending in -mp, -pt, -kt, -nt, -bt, etc. Difficulty was also noticed with the initial plosive＋/r/, plosive＋/1/combinations, especially in word initial positions. Across the syllable boundaries, these clusters are almost inaudible with some speakers. The difficulty in the articulation of these consonant clusters can be accounted for the mother tongue influence, as in the case of many other features. The results of the analysis have a pedagogical implication in the use of such words with consonant clusters, to teach reading skills to the students of undergraduate level in the present setting and promote self-learning through the use of speech tools.
文摘It is well known that both bursts and formant transitions serve as separate cues to the place of articulation of initial stop consonants. In Vietnamese, final voiceless stop consonants/p, t, k/are unreleased （i.e., produced without an audible burst）. This provides an opportunity to study these final stop consonants and to compare their characteristics with those of the corresponding initial stop consonants. As unreleased final consonants have not been previously studied, this paper analyses the Vowel-Consonant （VC） and Consonant-Vowel-Consonant （CVC） productions in terms of the transition duration, the starting formant transition values and the slopes of the VC transitions. Measurements have shown that in the same preceding vowel contexts, the 3 final stop consonants/p, t, k/are always clearly differentiated by at least one of the 3 slopes of Fl, F2 or F3. In perception tests, synthesized consonant C in the context/a/-C are recognized as/p/, or/t/, or/k/when the slopes of the/a/-C transition ofF2 and F3 are varied. It means that slopes of the VC transition are an important parameter that allows Vietnamese distinguishing the 3 final voiceless stop consonant/p, t, k/in Vietnamese language. These final stop consonants can also be differentiated in the locus equation space. The study also pointes out that the effects of the final consonants on either long vowels or short vowels. The results explain why Vietnamese can not pronounce the short vowels in isolation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12331016)。
文摘In this paper,we first prove that the retract of a consonant space(or co-consonant space)is consonant(co-consonant).Simultaneously,we consider the co-consonance of two powerspace constructions and proved that(1)the co-consonance of the Smyth powerspace PS(X)implies the co-consonance of X if X is strongly compact;(2)the co-consonance of X implies the co-consonance of the Smyth powerspace under some conditions;(3)if the lower powerspace P_(H)(X)is co-consonant,then X is co-consonant;(4)for a continuous poset P,the lower powerspace P_(H)(ΣP)is co-consonant.
基金Project supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF) of Korea(Nos.2013009458 and 2013068127)
文摘We propose a novel clustering algorithm using fast global kernel fuzzy c-means-F(FGKFCM-F), where F refers to kernelized feature space. This algorithm proceeds in an incremental way to derive the near-optimal solution by solving all intermediate problems using kernel-based fuzzy c-means-F(KFCM-F) as a local search procedure. Due to the incremental nature and the nonlinear properties inherited from KFCM-F, this algorithm overcomes the two shortcomings of fuzzy c-means(FCM): sen- sitivity to initialization and inability to use nonlinear separable data. An accelerating scheme is developed to reduce the compu-tational complexity without significantly affecting the solution quality. Experiments are carried out to test the proposed algorithm on a nonlinear artificial dataset and a real-world dataset of speech signals for consonant/vowel segmentation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in improving clustering performance on both types of datasets.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10874203,10925419, 90920302,61072124,11074275,11161140319,91120001,61271426)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA06030100,XDA06030500)+1 种基金National 863 Program(2012AA012503)CAS Priority Deployment Project(KGZD-EW-103-2)
文摘This study investigated whether adults who stutter and normal adult speakers differ in the production of stop consonants in fluent reading Chinese Putonghua speech.Voice onset time（VOT） was measured and the spectral moments at the stop burst were calculated for the stutterers（both before and after the speech therapy） and also for the nonstutterers. The statistical results showed that there were no significant differences in VOT between the nonstutterers and stutterers either prior to or after therapy,although the mean VOT of the stutterers was slightly greater than that of the nonstutterers.The results also indicated that both the obstruction place and the subsequent syllabic final exhibited an influence to a greater extent on VOT for the stutterers.In the spectral domain,the spectral mean of the stuttering participants before therapy was significantly different from that of the normal participants, whereas the group difference became insignificant after the therapy session.The smaller spectral mean for the stutterers might be interpreted as a more posterior occlusion in the oral cavity when producing alveolars and velars.In addition,productions of the stutterers scattered with a wider range in the space of spectral moments.Furthermore,the smaller main effect of syllabic finals on the mean spectral frequency of the burst suggested that the stutterers exhibited weaker anticipatory coarticulation than the nonstutterers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60875014,60772039)
文摘An objective method, using a multi-band analysis technique, was proposed for analyzing plosive consonants in cleft palate speech. At first, the speech signal is decomposed in frequency domain using an auditory filter-bank. Then, the sample-based features, namely cumulative energy and its increment speed, in each band were computed. Finally, using principle component analysis, these features were fused into one combined feature vector for assessment. Since the algorithm is based on perceptual properties of human auditory ear using non-uniform and multi-band analysis, the improvements of the consistence between the proposed approach and subjective evaluation are obtained.
文摘This article discusses the definitions,classifications and features of consonants and vowels by listing different varieties of languages as examples.
文摘Nowadays English is more and more popular. There are a lot of books teaching people how to learn English. But it should be noted that although English is easy to learn,it is difficult to master. This paper analyzes the reason why it is hard to master from three aspects:speech sounds,vocabulary,grammar.In this paper a large number of examples are given to illustrate the difficulties to master English.
文摘This paper begins with a brief introduction to the two branches of the English language.Analyze the differences pronunciation between American English and British English,then demonstrates the reason why cause the different.Firstly,about four hundred years ago,people from Britain,German,France and many other parts of the world came into the U.S.They not only brought their rich cultures but also their languages too.Secondly,because of its territory expansion and economic development,American English become stronger.And then in different vowels and consonants analyze the differences of pronunciation between American English and British English,and set some examples.
