Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative patho...Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative pathogens.Previous studies reported that BAC-adapted Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the tolerance to PB.Herein,we present the novel finding that the combination of BAC and PB exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against P.aeruginosa.Time-killing assay demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial cell viability.Scanning electron microscopy,zeta potential analysis,hydrophobicity measurements,and fluorescence probe analyses collectively revealed severe disruption of the cell envelope and membrane potential induced by the combination of BAC and PB.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the BAC-PB combination notably downreg-ulated the expression of genes involved in lipid A modification and cell envelope production,including phoPQ,pmrAB,bamABCDE,lptABCDEG,lolB,yidC,and murJ.Additionally,the combination group exhibited augmented production of reactive oxygen species and diminished ATP synthesis.The expression of the genes associated with substance metabolism and energy generation was significantly impeded.This study provides significant implica-tions for the interactions of biocides and antibiotics on Gram-negative pathogens,while also addressing antibiotic resistance and developing the external treatment strategy for Pseudomonas-infected wounds and burns.展开更多
The utilization of discarded coral debris in cementitious material is a prominent research area for island construction projects.The aim of this study is to explore the use of environment-friendly cement and waste cor...The utilization of discarded coral debris in cementitious material is a prominent research area for island construction projects.The aim of this study is to explore the use of environment-friendly cement and waste coral sand in the preparation of coral mortar,while investigating its performance when exposed to a chloride environment.Three types of low-carbon cements were employed,such as rapid hardening sulphoaluminate(RCSA)cement,high belite sulphoaluminate(HBCSA)cement,and slag sulphoaluminate cement(SSC).The coulomb electric flux,mechanical properties,free chloride content,and mass change of the cement mortar under exposed to 3.5 wt%NaCl solution were examined at various time intervals.X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to identify the mineral phases present in the mortar samples.The results demonstrate that the flexural and compressive strength of the mortar consistently increase throughout the 360 days chloride exposure period.Incorporating coral sand into SSC-based mortars enhances their compressive strength from day 28 up until day 360.However,it adversely affects the strength of HBCSA-based mortars.The behavior of mortars exposed to a chloride-rich environment is closely associated with the amount of C-S-H gel present within them.SSC generates a significant quantity of C-S-H gel which possesses a large specific surface area capable of absorbing more chloride ions thereby reducing their concentration within the mortar matrix as well as increasing its mass and improving resistance against chloride ion penetration.展开更多
Chloride-based solid electrolytes are considered promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs).However,their relatively low oxidative decomposition threshold(~4.2 V vs.L...Chloride-based solid electrolytes are considered promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs).However,their relatively low oxidative decomposition threshold(~4.2 V vs.Li^(+)/Li)constrains their use in ultrahighvoltage systems(e.g.,4.8 V).In this work,ferroelectric Ba TiO_(3)(BTO)nanoparticles with optimized thickness of~50-100 nm were successfully coated onto Li_(2.5)Y_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Cl_(6)(LYZC@5BTO)electrolytes using a time-efficient ball-milling process.The nanoparticle-induced interfacial ionic conduction enhancement mechanism contributed to the preservation of LYZC’s high ionic conductivity,which remained at 1.06 m S cm^(-1)for LYZC@5BTO.Furthermore,this surface electric field engineering strategy effectively mitigates the voltage-induced self-decomposition of chloride-based solid electrolytes,suppresses parasitic interfacial reactions with single-crystal NCM811(SCNCM811),and inhibits the irreversible phase transition of SCNCM811.Consequently,the cycling stability of LYZC under high-voltage conditions(4.8 V vs.Li+/Li)is significantly improved.Specifically,ASSB cells employing LYZC@5BTO exhibited a superior discharge capacity of 95.4 m Ah g^(-1)over 200 cycles at 1 C,way outperforming cell using pristine LYZC that only shows a capacity of 55.4 m Ah g^(-1).Furthermore,time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that Metal-O-Cl by-products from cumulative interfacial side reactions accounted for 6% of the surface species initially,rising to 26% after 200 cycles in pristine LYZC.In contrast,LYZC@5BTO limited this increase to only 14%,confirming the effectiveness of BTO in stabilizing the interfacial chemistry.This electric field modulation strategy offers a promising route toward the commercialization of high-voltage solid-state electrolytes and energy-dense ASSBs.展开更多
Rare earths(REs) are of vital importance for the development of new materials and green energy.Magnesium bicarbonate is one of the most recyclable and environmental-friendly precipitant for REs recovery from leaching ...Rare earths(REs) are of vital importance for the development of new materials and green energy.Magnesium bicarbonate is one of the most recyclable and environmental-friendly precipitant for REs recovery from leaching solutions. Nd_2(CO_3)_3 has difficulties in industrial production. So in this study,the precipitation of neodymium from chloride solution by magnesium bicarbonate are investigated. The effects of feeding method, [HCO_3^-]/[Nd^(3+)] mole ratio, feeding speed and reaction temperature on yield and impurity(magnesia) content are systematically studied. Results show that the impurity(magnesia)content decreases to 0.010 wt% with a yield approaching to 100% obtained under the conditions of[HCO_3^-]/[Nd^(3+)] = 3.00 by parallel flow addition at 50 ℃. The major impurity(magnesia) in rare earth carbonates mainly presents in the form of physical absorption, which can be easily removed by scrubbing. Therefore, it offers a promising green process that uses magnesium bicarbonate to produce neodymium carbonate due to its cycling of carbon dioxide, magnesium salt and waste water.展开更多
The design of efficient heterogeneous catalysts in bicarbonate-activated hydrogen peroxide systems(BAP)is a hot topic in wastewater treatment.In this work,Cu_(2)O nanoparticles with different morphologies including cu...The design of efficient heterogeneous catalysts in bicarbonate-activated hydrogen peroxide systems(BAP)is a hot topic in wastewater treatment.In this work,Cu_(2)O nanoparticles with different morphologies including cubic shape(c-Cu_(2)O),octahedron shape(o-Cu_(2)O)and spherical shape(s-Cu_(2)O),were applied in BAP for the first time to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride(TC).Compared with Cu^(2+)ions and CuO,TC degradation was boosted in the presence of Cu_(2)O in the BAP system,with the degradation rate following the order c-Cu_(2)O>o-Cu_(2)O>s-Cu_(2)O.The morphology-dependent effects could be linearly correlated with the ratio of surface oxygen species(O_S),but not with the surface area or Cu(Ⅰ)ratio.The c-Cu_(2)O catalyst with exposure of(100)facets contained 76.6%O_Sas the active site for H_(2)O_(2)adsorption and activation,while the value was much lower for o-Cu_(2)O and s-Cu_(2)O with dominant(111)facets.The presence of HCO_(3)-enhanced the interactions among Cu_(2)O,H_(2)O_(2)and TC,leading to facile oxidation of Cu(Ⅰ)to Cu(Ⅱ)by H_(2)O_(2),and the formation of various reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals and Cu(Ⅲ)contributed to TC degradation.This work provides a new method for enhancing H_(2)O_(2)activation with heterogeneous catalysts by crystal facet engineering.展开更多
Yeasts represent an important category of microorganisms used in biocontrol of diseases affecting postharvest fruits or vegetables, food-born microorganisms being previously reported as also having important antimicro...Yeasts represent an important category of microorganisms used in biocontrol of diseases affecting postharvest fruits or vegetables, food-born microorganisms being previously reported as also having important antimicrobial activity against human pathogens. However, the action of yeasts against species with pathogen potential for plants or humans is less understood. Our research was conducted on three Metschnikowia pulcherrima yeast strains isolated from white grapes （SG1, SG2） and cherries （CPMI） from Romania. The screening tests performed on yeast peptone glucose （YPG） medium on isolates from human infections revealed reduced antimicrobial activity with narrow inhibition zones against strain M6 （Candidaparapsilosis）. In the presence of C3 （Candida albicans）, SGI was the most active forming wider halos, followed closely by SG2, while for CPM1, no activity was described. Improvement of antagonistic action was observed especially for mixtures of SG1 with 0.5% and 1% sodium bicarbonate （NaHCO3）, respectively, 1% and 2% calcium chloride （CaCI2）. Utilization of yeast malt extract agar （YMA） medium favoring mycelium formation in cultures representing potential sensitive substrates seemed to facilitate the antimicrobial action of SG1. When compared to reference M. pulcherrima MUCL 29874, the Metschnikowia strains isolated from fruits were better antagonists probably due to variation of gene regulation or existence of adaptative responses.展开更多
In the extraction of potassium from salt lakes,Mg is abundant in the form of bischofite(MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O),which is not utilized effectively,resulting in the waste of resources and environmental pressure.Anhydrous...In the extraction of potassium from salt lakes,Mg is abundant in the form of bischofite(MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O),which is not utilized effectively,resulting in the waste of resources and environmental pressure.Anhydrous MgCl_(2) prepared by the dehydration of bischofite is a high-quality raw material for the production of Mg.However,direct calcination of MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O in industrial dehydration processes leads to a large amount of hydrolysis.The by-products are harmful to the electrolysis process of Mg,causing problems such as sludge formation,low current efficiency,and corrosion in the electrodes.To obtain high-purity anhydrous MgCl_(2),different advanced dehydration processes have been proposed.In this review,we focus on the recent progress of the dehydration process.Firstly,we discuss the molecular structure of MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O and explain the reason why much hydrolysis occurs in dehydration.Secondly,we introduce the specific dehydration processes,mainly divided into direct dehydration processes and indirect dehydration processes.The direct dehydration processes are classified into gas protection heating and molecular sieve dehydration process.Indirect dehydration processes are classified into thermal dehydration of ammonium carnallite(NH_(4)Cl·MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O),thermal dehydration of potassium carnallite(KCl·MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O),thermal decomposition of the[HAE]Cl·MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O,organic solvent distillation,ionic liquid dehydration process and ammonia complexation process.In the meanwhile,purity of anhydrous MgCl_(2) of each dehydration process,as well as the advantages and disadvantages,is discussed.The characteristics of different processes with a simple economic budget are also given in this paper.Finally,the main challenges are evaluated with suggested directions in the future,aiming to guide the synthesis of high-purity anhydrous MgCl_(2).展开更多
In this study,synthetic wastewater containing 110μg/L arsenate(As(V)),0-20 mg/L fulvic acid(FA),and 0-12.3 mg/L phosphate was treated with 3 mg/L Fe3+.The mechanisms of FA and phosphate effects on As(V)removal by fer...In this study,synthetic wastewater containing 110μg/L arsenate(As(V)),0-20 mg/L fulvic acid(FA),and 0-12.3 mg/L phosphate was treated with 3 mg/L Fe3+.The mechanisms of FA and phosphate effects on As(V)removal by ferric chloride were determined using 0.22-10μm pore-size filtration,Zetasizer analysis,and in situ flow through cell ATR-FTIR.The results showed that up to 20mg/L FA had almost no effect on the solubility of ferric hydroxide precipitates and adsorption of As(V)by the precipitates.When FA concentration increased from 0 to 20 mg/L,the adsorption of FA led to higher negative zeta potential of the precipitates and the strong electrostatic repulsion between the precipitates decreased the particle size of ferric hydroxide flocs fromlarger than 10μmto smaller than 1μm.In the presence of 5-20 mg/L FA,46%-63%As(V)was adsorbed onto the flocs with particle size in the range of 0.45-1μm.On the other hand,phosphate did not affect the size of ferric hydroxide flocs and significantly increased the dissolved As(V)concentration because it competed with As(V)for adsorption sites on ferric hydroxide precipitates.The addition of 5mg/L cationic organic flocculant significantly reduced the effect of FA on As(V)removal,but did not reduce the effect of phosphate on As(V)removal.The findings of this study will help develop effective arsenic treatment techniques and predict the mobility of arsenic in the environment.展开更多
This paper focuses on the preparation of rare earth oxide products from rare earth chloride solutions during the rare earth extraction and separation processes,as well as the recycling of magnesium chloride solutions....This paper focuses on the preparation of rare earth oxide products from rare earth chloride solutions during the rare earth extraction and separation processes,as well as the recycling of magnesium chloride solutions.It proposes the idea of introducing spray pyrolysis technology into the rare earth extraction and separation processes.This paper briefly describes the development history of chloride spray pyrolysis technology,focusing on the research status and application progress of rare earth chloride solution and magnesium chloride solution spray pyrolysis technology,as well as spray pyrolysis equipment.The paper also analyzes the challenges and technical intricacies associated with applying spray pyrolysis technology to chloride solutions in the rare earth extraction and separation processes.Additionally,it explores future trends and proposes strategies to facilitate the full recycling of acids and bases,streamline the process flow,and enhance the prospects for green and low-carbon rare earth metallurgy.展开更多
This study aims to develop a chloride diffusion simulation method that considers the hydration microstructure and pore solution properties during the hydration of tricalcium silicate(C3S).The method combines the hydra...This study aims to develop a chloride diffusion simulation method that considers the hydration microstructure and pore solution properties during the hydration of tricalcium silicate(C3S).The method combines the hydration simulation,thermodynamic calculation,and finite element analysis to examine the effects of pore solution,including effect of electrochemical potential,effect of chemical activity,and effect of mechanical interactions between ions,on the chloride effective diffusion coefficient of hydrated C3S paste.The results indicate that the effect of electrochemical potential on chloride diffusion becomes stronger with increasing hydration age due to the increase in the content of hydrated calcium silicate;as the hydration age increases,the effect of chemical activity on chloride diffusion weakens when the number of diffusible elements decreases;the effect of mechanical interactions between ions on chloride diffusion decreases with the increase of hydration age.展开更多
Recycling plastic waste into triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)presents a sustainable approach to energy harvesting,self-powered sensing,and environmental remediation.This study investigates the recycling of polyviny...Recycling plastic waste into triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)presents a sustainable approach to energy harvesting,self-powered sensing,and environmental remediation.This study investigates the recycling of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)pipe waste polymers into nanofibers(NFs)optimized for TENG applications.We focused on optimizing the morphology of recycled PVC polymer to NFs and enhancing their piezoelectric properties by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles(NPs).The optimized PVC/0.5 wt%ZnO NFs were tested with Nylon-6 NFs,and copper(Cu)electrodes.The Nylon-6 NFs exhibited a power density of 726.3μWcm^(-2)—1.13 times higher than Cu and maintained 90%stability after 172800 cycles,successfully powering various colored LEDs.Additionally,a 3D-designed device was developed to harvest energy from biomechanical movements such as finger tapping,hand tapping,and foot pressing,making it suitable for wearable energy harvesting,automatic switches,and invisible sensors in surveillance systems.This study demonstrates that recycling polymers for TENG devices can effectively address energy,sensor,and environmental challenges.展开更多
The chloride penetration resistance of cement-based grout materials was improved by nano-silica emulsion.Specimens of mixtures containing different nano-silica particles or emulsions were exposed in sodium chloride so...The chloride penetration resistance of cement-based grout materials was improved by nano-silica emulsion.Specimens of mixtures containing different nano-silica particles or emulsions were exposed in sodium chloride solutions of specific concentrations with different test ages.Hardened properties of the mixes were assessed in terms of weight loss and compressive strength.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of mixes were performed to analysis the phase evolution and microstructure.The results demonstrated that the introduction of nano-SiO_(2) emulsion significantly decreased the compressive strength loss and calcium hydroxide(CH)crystal content of hydration production,and then enhanced the resistance of cement-based grouting materials to chloride ion penetration.This improvement derives from the filling and pozzolanic effects of nano-SiO_(2) particles,which were incorporated via an emulsion and attributed to a well dispersion in grouting matrix.展开更多
Background: Chemotherapy induced mucositis is one of the deterring factors influencing adherence to cancer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate mouth wash was recently shown to increase patients’ compliance. However, the co...Background: Chemotherapy induced mucositis is one of the deterring factors influencing adherence to cancer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate mouth wash was recently shown to increase patients’ compliance. However, the cost implication of this strategy was never explored. Aim: This study is designed to explore the compounding of sodium bicarbonate 2% mouth wash from sodium bicarbonate powder USP and commercially procured intravenous solution, and to determine the estimated cost implication for patients using this strategy. Materials and Methods: Sodium bicarbonate 2% were compounded using commercially procured sterile intravenous 8.4% solution and powder USP, diluted and dissolved in sterile water for irrigation respectively. The estimated cost savings between the 2 methods were compared to each other as well as to savings from when used in preventing or in adjuvant therapy for chemotherapy induced mucositis. Ethical approval not required by UVA Institutional Review Board. Study conducted according to the International Standards of Good Practice. Result: We came up with a new recipe, sodium bicarbonate 2% mouth wash using commercially procured sterile liquid formulation. Due to shortage, we compounded with sodium bicarbonate powder USP. Using USP 795 regulation, we assigned 14 days beyond use date with refrigeration to these formulations. These formulations resulted in estimated cost savings of $3597.52 and $3686.56 respectively if patients were to be treated for chemotherapy induced mucositis for 21 days. When compared to commercially procured sterile liquid formulation, the use of powder USP, will lead to additional estimated 60 to 66.67% savings for patients. Conclusion: By using sodium bicarbonate powder or solution to compound a 2% mouth wash, we came up with a cheap product that could be used by patients in the moment in the hospital. We were also able to suggest ways that an estimated cost savings for patients undergoing cancer treatment that use this product can be computed.展开更多
Chloride ions(Cl^(-))have been shown to impact the long-lasting nature of reinforced concrete.However,Cl^(-)that are already bound inside the concrete will not lead to the deterioration of the concrete’s characterist...Chloride ions(Cl^(-))have been shown to impact the long-lasting nature of reinforced concrete.However,Cl^(-)that are already bound inside the concrete will not lead to the deterioration of the concrete’s characteristics.The composition of the cement-based material,including the type of cement and auxiliary materials,greatly influences the ability of the material to bind Cl^(-),and varied components result in varying binding beha-vior of the Cl^(-).Simultaneously,the Cl^(-)binding process in concrete is influenced by both the internal and exterior surroundings,as well as the curing practices.These factors impact the hydration process of the cement and the internal pore structure of the concrete.Currently,mathematical theories and molecular dynamics simulations have increasingly been employed as the prevalent methods for examining the binding behaviors of Cl^(-)in concrete.These techniques are extensively utilized for predicting the lifespan and conducting microscopic studies of reinforced concrete in Cl^(-)settings.This work proposes recommendations for future research based on a summary of experimental and simulation investigations on Cl^(-)binding.Which will offer theoretical guidance for studying the binding of Cl^(-)in cement-based materials.展开更多
By using a newly developed 4-hydroxy picolinohydrazide as the ligand,Cu-catalyzed coupling of(hetero)aryl chlorides with sodium aryl sulfonates proceeded smoothly at 130℃to give a series of biarylsulfones in 53%~96%y...By using a newly developed 4-hydroxy picolinohydrazide as the ligand,Cu-catalyzed coupling of(hetero)aryl chlorides with sodium aryl sulfonates proceeded smoothly at 130℃to give a series of biarylsulfones in 53%~96%yields.This represents the first metal-catalyzed coupling reaction of(hetero)aryl chlorides with sodium aryl sulfonates.Aryl and heteroaryl chlorides bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups were applicable for this coupling reaction.展开更多
The production of C_(2)H_(3)Cl from CH_(3)Cl(MCTV)represents a promising non-petroleum route for synthesizing C_(2)alkenes from C_(1)molecules.Exploration of new MCTV catalysts is crucial for advancing sustainable che...The production of C_(2)H_(3)Cl from CH_(3)Cl(MCTV)represents a promising non-petroleum route for synthesizing C_(2)alkenes from C_(1)molecules.Exploration of new MCTV catalysts is crucial for advancing sustainable chemical production.In this study,we present NaVO_(3)as a surface-confined coupling center for·CH_(2)Cl radicals,demonstrating its superior performance in the selective coupling of methyl chloride to synthesize vinyl chloride.By incorporating NaVO_(3)onto the surface of CeO_(2),the catalyst enables effective capture of·CH_(2)Cl radicals during the CH_(3)Cl oxidative pyrolysis and their subsequent conversion into C_(2)H_(3)Cl.We experimentally validate the capability of highly dispersed Na-VO_(3)to controllably couple·CH_(2)Cl radicals through in-situ synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry.The results demonstrate that the dispersion of NaVO_(3)on the catalyst surface has a considerable impact on the reaction efficiency of·CH_(2)Cl radicals and the overall MCTV performance.This discovery holds substantial implications for the controlled C_(1)radical transformation and provides a guidance for the design of catalysts for sustainable production of C_(2)H_(3)Cl.展开更多
Persulfate(PS)is a widely used oxidant for the chemical oxidation of organic pollutants.The accurate measurement of PS concentration is crucial for the practical application process.The iodometry is the most recommend...Persulfate(PS)is a widely used oxidant for the chemical oxidation of organic pollutants.The accurate measurement of PS concentration is crucial for the practical application process.The iodometry is the most recommended method for PS determination,and its principle is based on the redox reaction between S_(2)O_(8)^(2−)and iodide ions.However,hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),an important intermediate product in the process of PS use,often leads to abnormally high determination concentrations of PS.Given this,a novel method was developed for the determination of PS based on the principle of the oxidation of chloride ion(Cl^(−)).The concentration of PS is calculated according to the consumption of Cl^(−)concentration,which is not disturbed by H_(2)O_(2).The optimized test conditions were explored as:C(H^(+))=2 mol/L,T=80◦C,C(Cl^(−)):C(PS)=4:1 and t=30 min.Under the optimized conditions,the limit of detection and the limit of quantification of PS concentration determined by this method were 0.26 and 0.85 g/L,respectively.And the linear range of the PS determination was 1–100 g/L with an error of 0.53%-12.06%.The spike recovery rate for determining PS concentration in the actual wastewater ranged from 94.07%-109.52%.Interfering factors such as H_(2)O_(2),Fe^(3+),MnO_(2)and natural organic matter had almost no effect on the results.This method could not only accurately determine the concentration of PS in industrial wastewater,but also determine the purity of PS industrial products.展开更多
BACKGROUND Kidney dysfunction and reduced filtration capacity due to chronic kidney disease(CKD)lead to a shift in the body's acid-base balance,ultimately causing metabolic acidosis(MA).Sodium bicarbonate has been...BACKGROUND Kidney dysfunction and reduced filtration capacity due to chronic kidney disease(CKD)lead to a shift in the body's acid-base balance,ultimately causing metabolic acidosis(MA).Sodium bicarbonate has been used as a supplement to alleviate the symptoms and reverse the acidosis,and it may even slow the progression of CKD.However,its safety profile and overall effectiveness are uncertain.AIM To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing sodium bicarbonate's safety and efficacy for treating CKD-induced MA.METHODS Medline,Scopus,EMBASE,and Cochrane Central were systematically searched from inception until May 2024 to select all relevant randomized control trials(RCTs)and non-RCT(NRCTs)evaluating the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate in correcting MA in end-stage renal disease patients.In addition,ClinicalTrials.gov,Medrxiv.org,and Google Scholar were searched for other literature.A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to derive mean differences(MD)and risk ratios(RR)with their 95%CI for continuous and dichotomous outcomes respectively.RESULTS Following a systematic search of the databases,20 RCTs and 2 and NRCTs comprising 2932 patients were included in our study.The results revealed that sodium bicarbonate significantly increased serum bicarbonate in CKD patients(MD:2.59,95%CI:0.95-4.22;P=0.02;I2=95%).However,there was a non-significant increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)in patients on sodium bicarbonate therapy(MD:0.93,95%CI:-1.88-3.75;P=0.52;I2=93%).Upon assessment of the safety profile of sodium bicarbonate,no significant association was found in the outcomes of death/prolonged hospitalization(RR:1.05,95%CI:0.84-1.32;P=0.66;I2=0%),or gastrointestinal disorders(RR:1.64,95%CI:0.35-7.66;P=0.53;I2=76%),or worsening edema(RR:1.26,95%CI:0.94-1.68;P=0.12;I2=37%)when compared to control.CONCLUSION Sodium bicarbonate therapy may halt worsening kidney function by correcting serum bicarbonate levels and treating MA.Although sodium bicarbonate does not significantly improve the eGFR,it may potentially prevent CKD progression while maintaining an overall favorable safety profile.展开更多
The effect of Cl^(–)and SO_(4)^(2–)on corrosion behavior of pure copper in simulated groundwater was investigated by electrochemical testing techniques,scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy,X-r...The effect of Cl^(–)and SO_(4)^(2–)on corrosion behavior of pure copper in simulated groundwater was investigated by electrochemical testing techniques,scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and X-ray diffraction in 0.1 mol/L NaHCO_(3)solutions.The results indicate that increasing Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)reduces the corrosion resistance of Cu.Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)can promote anodic dissolution of Cu and deteriorate the passivation property.The breakdown potential(Eb)of Cu decreases with the increase in Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–).With the increase in immersion time,the polarization resistance in different solutions tends to be stable.After 55 days,polarization resistance(Rp)was almost equal in 0 and 0.01 mol/L Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)solutions.In 0.05 mol/L Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2−)solution,Rp was lower.HCO3–has a certain corrosion effect on Cu and the pits size increased with the increase in Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–).The corrosion products(Cu_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3))and CuO were detected in solutions without or at low Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)contents.The corrosion product after immersion in the solution containing 0.05 mol/L Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)was Cu_(2)O.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32170121).
文摘Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative pathogens.Previous studies reported that BAC-adapted Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the tolerance to PB.Herein,we present the novel finding that the combination of BAC and PB exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against P.aeruginosa.Time-killing assay demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial cell viability.Scanning electron microscopy,zeta potential analysis,hydrophobicity measurements,and fluorescence probe analyses collectively revealed severe disruption of the cell envelope and membrane potential induced by the combination of BAC and PB.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the BAC-PB combination notably downreg-ulated the expression of genes involved in lipid A modification and cell envelope production,including phoPQ,pmrAB,bamABCDE,lptABCDEG,lolB,yidC,and murJ.Additionally,the combination group exhibited augmented production of reactive oxygen species and diminished ATP synthesis.The expression of the genes associated with substance metabolism and energy generation was significantly impeded.This study provides significant implica-tions for the interactions of biocides and antibiotics on Gram-negative pathogens,while also addressing antibiotic resistance and developing the external treatment strategy for Pseudomonas-infected wounds and burns.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51708290)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘The utilization of discarded coral debris in cementitious material is a prominent research area for island construction projects.The aim of this study is to explore the use of environment-friendly cement and waste coral sand in the preparation of coral mortar,while investigating its performance when exposed to a chloride environment.Three types of low-carbon cements were employed,such as rapid hardening sulphoaluminate(RCSA)cement,high belite sulphoaluminate(HBCSA)cement,and slag sulphoaluminate cement(SSC).The coulomb electric flux,mechanical properties,free chloride content,and mass change of the cement mortar under exposed to 3.5 wt%NaCl solution were examined at various time intervals.X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to identify the mineral phases present in the mortar samples.The results demonstrate that the flexural and compressive strength of the mortar consistently increase throughout the 360 days chloride exposure period.Incorporating coral sand into SSC-based mortars enhances their compressive strength from day 28 up until day 360.However,it adversely affects the strength of HBCSA-based mortars.The behavior of mortars exposed to a chloride-rich environment is closely associated with the amount of C-S-H gel present within them.SSC generates a significant quantity of C-S-H gel which possesses a large specific surface area capable of absorbing more chloride ions thereby reducing their concentration within the mortar matrix as well as increasing its mass and improving resistance against chloride ion penetration.
基金financially supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20240813142900001)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety。
文摘Chloride-based solid electrolytes are considered promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs).However,their relatively low oxidative decomposition threshold(~4.2 V vs.Li^(+)/Li)constrains their use in ultrahighvoltage systems(e.g.,4.8 V).In this work,ferroelectric Ba TiO_(3)(BTO)nanoparticles with optimized thickness of~50-100 nm were successfully coated onto Li_(2.5)Y_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Cl_(6)(LYZC@5BTO)electrolytes using a time-efficient ball-milling process.The nanoparticle-induced interfacial ionic conduction enhancement mechanism contributed to the preservation of LYZC’s high ionic conductivity,which remained at 1.06 m S cm^(-1)for LYZC@5BTO.Furthermore,this surface electric field engineering strategy effectively mitigates the voltage-induced self-decomposition of chloride-based solid electrolytes,suppresses parasitic interfacial reactions with single-crystal NCM811(SCNCM811),and inhibits the irreversible phase transition of SCNCM811.Consequently,the cycling stability of LYZC under high-voltage conditions(4.8 V vs.Li+/Li)is significantly improved.Specifically,ASSB cells employing LYZC@5BTO exhibited a superior discharge capacity of 95.4 m Ah g^(-1)over 200 cycles at 1 C,way outperforming cell using pristine LYZC that only shows a capacity of 55.4 m Ah g^(-1).Furthermore,time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that Metal-O-Cl by-products from cumulative interfacial side reactions accounted for 6% of the surface species initially,rising to 26% after 200 cycles in pristine LYZC.In contrast,LYZC@5BTO limited this increase to only 14%,confirming the effectiveness of BTO in stabilizing the interfacial chemistry.This electric field modulation strategy offers a promising route toward the commercialization of high-voltage solid-state electrolytes and energy-dense ASSBs.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2015BAB16B03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51504034,51674037)
文摘Rare earths(REs) are of vital importance for the development of new materials and green energy.Magnesium bicarbonate is one of the most recyclable and environmental-friendly precipitant for REs recovery from leaching solutions. Nd_2(CO_3)_3 has difficulties in industrial production. So in this study,the precipitation of neodymium from chloride solution by magnesium bicarbonate are investigated. The effects of feeding method, [HCO_3^-]/[Nd^(3+)] mole ratio, feeding speed and reaction temperature on yield and impurity(magnesia) content are systematically studied. Results show that the impurity(magnesia)content decreases to 0.010 wt% with a yield approaching to 100% obtained under the conditions of[HCO_3^-]/[Nd^(3+)] = 3.00 by parallel flow addition at 50 ℃. The major impurity(magnesia) in rare earth carbonates mainly presents in the form of physical absorption, which can be easily removed by scrubbing. Therefore, it offers a promising green process that uses magnesium bicarbonate to produce neodymium carbonate due to its cycling of carbon dioxide, magnesium salt and waste water.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51978542)the Opening Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing&Finishing (No.STRZ202113)。
文摘The design of efficient heterogeneous catalysts in bicarbonate-activated hydrogen peroxide systems(BAP)is a hot topic in wastewater treatment.In this work,Cu_(2)O nanoparticles with different morphologies including cubic shape(c-Cu_(2)O),octahedron shape(o-Cu_(2)O)and spherical shape(s-Cu_(2)O),were applied in BAP for the first time to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride(TC).Compared with Cu^(2+)ions and CuO,TC degradation was boosted in the presence of Cu_(2)O in the BAP system,with the degradation rate following the order c-Cu_(2)O>o-Cu_(2)O>s-Cu_(2)O.The morphology-dependent effects could be linearly correlated with the ratio of surface oxygen species(O_S),but not with the surface area or Cu(Ⅰ)ratio.The c-Cu_(2)O catalyst with exposure of(100)facets contained 76.6%O_Sas the active site for H_(2)O_(2)adsorption and activation,while the value was much lower for o-Cu_(2)O and s-Cu_(2)O with dominant(111)facets.The presence of HCO_(3)-enhanced the interactions among Cu_(2)O,H_(2)O_(2)and TC,leading to facile oxidation of Cu(Ⅰ)to Cu(Ⅱ)by H_(2)O_(2),and the formation of various reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals and Cu(Ⅲ)contributed to TC degradation.This work provides a new method for enhancing H_(2)O_(2)activation with heterogeneous catalysts by crystal facet engineering.
文摘Yeasts represent an important category of microorganisms used in biocontrol of diseases affecting postharvest fruits or vegetables, food-born microorganisms being previously reported as also having important antimicrobial activity against human pathogens. However, the action of yeasts against species with pathogen potential for plants or humans is less understood. Our research was conducted on three Metschnikowia pulcherrima yeast strains isolated from white grapes （SG1, SG2） and cherries （CPMI） from Romania. The screening tests performed on yeast peptone glucose （YPG） medium on isolates from human infections revealed reduced antimicrobial activity with narrow inhibition zones against strain M6 （Candidaparapsilosis）. In the presence of C3 （Candida albicans）, SGI was the most active forming wider halos, followed closely by SG2, while for CPM1, no activity was described. Improvement of antagonistic action was observed especially for mixtures of SG1 with 0.5% and 1% sodium bicarbonate （NaHCO3）, respectively, 1% and 2% calcium chloride （CaCI2）. Utilization of yeast malt extract agar （YMA） medium favoring mycelium formation in cultures representing potential sensitive substrates seemed to facilitate the antimicrobial action of SG1. When compared to reference M. pulcherrima MUCL 29874, the Metschnikowia strains isolated from fruits were better antagonists probably due to variation of gene regulation or existence of adaptative responses.
基金funded by Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022D01F60)Tianshan Talents Plan of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022TSYCJC0001)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22368051)Science and Technology Plan Project of Karamay(20232023hjcxrc0038 and 2024hjcxrc0118)Projects of Talents Recruitment of GDUPT(2023rcyj2005)。
文摘In the extraction of potassium from salt lakes,Mg is abundant in the form of bischofite(MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O),which is not utilized effectively,resulting in the waste of resources and environmental pressure.Anhydrous MgCl_(2) prepared by the dehydration of bischofite is a high-quality raw material for the production of Mg.However,direct calcination of MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O in industrial dehydration processes leads to a large amount of hydrolysis.The by-products are harmful to the electrolysis process of Mg,causing problems such as sludge formation,low current efficiency,and corrosion in the electrodes.To obtain high-purity anhydrous MgCl_(2),different advanced dehydration processes have been proposed.In this review,we focus on the recent progress of the dehydration process.Firstly,we discuss the molecular structure of MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O and explain the reason why much hydrolysis occurs in dehydration.Secondly,we introduce the specific dehydration processes,mainly divided into direct dehydration processes and indirect dehydration processes.The direct dehydration processes are classified into gas protection heating and molecular sieve dehydration process.Indirect dehydration processes are classified into thermal dehydration of ammonium carnallite(NH_(4)Cl·MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O),thermal dehydration of potassium carnallite(KCl·MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O),thermal decomposition of the[HAE]Cl·MgCl_(2)·6H_(2)O,organic solvent distillation,ionic liquid dehydration process and ammonia complexation process.In the meanwhile,purity of anhydrous MgCl_(2) of each dehydration process,as well as the advantages and disadvantages,is discussed.The characteristics of different processes with a simple economic budget are also given in this paper.Finally,the main challenges are evaluated with suggested directions in the future,aiming to guide the synthesis of high-purity anhydrous MgCl_(2).
基金financially supported by the New Jersey Department of Environmental ProtectionUS EPA。
文摘In this study,synthetic wastewater containing 110μg/L arsenate(As(V)),0-20 mg/L fulvic acid(FA),and 0-12.3 mg/L phosphate was treated with 3 mg/L Fe3+.The mechanisms of FA and phosphate effects on As(V)removal by ferric chloride were determined using 0.22-10μm pore-size filtration,Zetasizer analysis,and in situ flow through cell ATR-FTIR.The results showed that up to 20mg/L FA had almost no effect on the solubility of ferric hydroxide precipitates and adsorption of As(V)by the precipitates.When FA concentration increased from 0 to 20 mg/L,the adsorption of FA led to higher negative zeta potential of the precipitates and the strong electrostatic repulsion between the precipitates decreased the particle size of ferric hydroxide flocs fromlarger than 10μmto smaller than 1μm.In the presence of 5-20 mg/L FA,46%-63%As(V)was adsorbed onto the flocs with particle size in the range of 0.45-1μm.On the other hand,phosphate did not affect the size of ferric hydroxide flocs and significantly increased the dissolved As(V)concentration because it competed with As(V)for adsorption sites on ferric hydroxide precipitates.The addition of 5mg/L cationic organic flocculant significantly reduced the effect of FA on As(V)removal,but did not reduce the effect of phosphate on As(V)removal.The findings of this study will help develop effective arsenic treatment techniques and predict the mobility of arsenic in the environment.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3504501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274355)。
文摘This paper focuses on the preparation of rare earth oxide products from rare earth chloride solutions during the rare earth extraction and separation processes,as well as the recycling of magnesium chloride solutions.It proposes the idea of introducing spray pyrolysis technology into the rare earth extraction and separation processes.This paper briefly describes the development history of chloride spray pyrolysis technology,focusing on the research status and application progress of rare earth chloride solution and magnesium chloride solution spray pyrolysis technology,as well as spray pyrolysis equipment.The paper also analyzes the challenges and technical intricacies associated with applying spray pyrolysis technology to chloride solutions in the rare earth extraction and separation processes.Additionally,it explores future trends and proposes strategies to facilitate the full recycling of acids and bases,streamline the process flow,and enhance the prospects for green and low-carbon rare earth metallurgy.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20241529)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M750736)。
文摘This study aims to develop a chloride diffusion simulation method that considers the hydration microstructure and pore solution properties during the hydration of tricalcium silicate(C3S).The method combines the hydration simulation,thermodynamic calculation,and finite element analysis to examine the effects of pore solution,including effect of electrochemical potential,effect of chemical activity,and effect of mechanical interactions between ions,on the chloride effective diffusion coefficient of hydrated C3S paste.The results indicate that the effect of electrochemical potential on chloride diffusion becomes stronger with increasing hydration age due to the increase in the content of hydrated calcium silicate;as the hydration age increases,the effect of chemical activity on chloride diffusion weakens when the number of diffusible elements decreases;the effect of mechanical interactions between ions on chloride diffusion decreases with the increase of hydration age.
基金supported by the research projects AP23486880 from the Ministry of Higher EducationScience of the Republic of Kazakhstan and 111024CRP2010,20122022FD4135 from Nazarbayev University.
文摘Recycling plastic waste into triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)presents a sustainable approach to energy harvesting,self-powered sensing,and environmental remediation.This study investigates the recycling of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)pipe waste polymers into nanofibers(NFs)optimized for TENG applications.We focused on optimizing the morphology of recycled PVC polymer to NFs and enhancing their piezoelectric properties by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles(NPs).The optimized PVC/0.5 wt%ZnO NFs were tested with Nylon-6 NFs,and copper(Cu)electrodes.The Nylon-6 NFs exhibited a power density of 726.3μWcm^(-2)—1.13 times higher than Cu and maintained 90%stability after 172800 cycles,successfully powering various colored LEDs.Additionally,a 3D-designed device was developed to harvest energy from biomechanical movements such as finger tapping,hand tapping,and foot pressing,making it suitable for wearable energy harvesting,automatic switches,and invisible sensors in surveillance systems.This study demonstrates that recycling polymers for TENG devices can effectively address energy,sensor,and environmental challenges.
基金Funded by a Science and Technology Project from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China(No.2019-K-047)Yangzhou Government-Yangzhou University Cooperative Platform Project for Science and Technology Innovation(No.YZ2020262)。
文摘The chloride penetration resistance of cement-based grout materials was improved by nano-silica emulsion.Specimens of mixtures containing different nano-silica particles or emulsions were exposed in sodium chloride solutions of specific concentrations with different test ages.Hardened properties of the mixes were assessed in terms of weight loss and compressive strength.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of mixes were performed to analysis the phase evolution and microstructure.The results demonstrated that the introduction of nano-SiO_(2) emulsion significantly decreased the compressive strength loss and calcium hydroxide(CH)crystal content of hydration production,and then enhanced the resistance of cement-based grouting materials to chloride ion penetration.This improvement derives from the filling and pozzolanic effects of nano-SiO_(2) particles,which were incorporated via an emulsion and attributed to a well dispersion in grouting matrix.
文摘Background: Chemotherapy induced mucositis is one of the deterring factors influencing adherence to cancer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate mouth wash was recently shown to increase patients’ compliance. However, the cost implication of this strategy was never explored. Aim: This study is designed to explore the compounding of sodium bicarbonate 2% mouth wash from sodium bicarbonate powder USP and commercially procured intravenous solution, and to determine the estimated cost implication for patients using this strategy. Materials and Methods: Sodium bicarbonate 2% were compounded using commercially procured sterile intravenous 8.4% solution and powder USP, diluted and dissolved in sterile water for irrigation respectively. The estimated cost savings between the 2 methods were compared to each other as well as to savings from when used in preventing or in adjuvant therapy for chemotherapy induced mucositis. Ethical approval not required by UVA Institutional Review Board. Study conducted according to the International Standards of Good Practice. Result: We came up with a new recipe, sodium bicarbonate 2% mouth wash using commercially procured sterile liquid formulation. Due to shortage, we compounded with sodium bicarbonate powder USP. Using USP 795 regulation, we assigned 14 days beyond use date with refrigeration to these formulations. These formulations resulted in estimated cost savings of $3597.52 and $3686.56 respectively if patients were to be treated for chemotherapy induced mucositis for 21 days. When compared to commercially procured sterile liquid formulation, the use of powder USP, will lead to additional estimated 60 to 66.67% savings for patients. Conclusion: By using sodium bicarbonate powder or solution to compound a 2% mouth wash, we came up with a cheap product that could be used by patients in the moment in the hospital. We were also able to suggest ways that an estimated cost savings for patients undergoing cancer treatment that use this product can be computed.
文摘Chloride ions(Cl^(-))have been shown to impact the long-lasting nature of reinforced concrete.However,Cl^(-)that are already bound inside the concrete will not lead to the deterioration of the concrete’s characteristics.The composition of the cement-based material,including the type of cement and auxiliary materials,greatly influences the ability of the material to bind Cl^(-),and varied components result in varying binding beha-vior of the Cl^(-).Simultaneously,the Cl^(-)binding process in concrete is influenced by both the internal and exterior surroundings,as well as the curing practices.These factors impact the hydration process of the cement and the internal pore structure of the concrete.Currently,mathematical theories and molecular dynamics simulations have increasingly been employed as the prevalent methods for examining the binding behaviors of Cl^(-)in concrete.These techniques are extensively utilized for predicting the lifespan and conducting microscopic studies of reinforced concrete in Cl^(-)settings.This work proposes recommendations for future research based on a summary of experimental and simulation investigations on Cl^(-)binding.Which will offer theoretical guidance for studying the binding of Cl^(-)in cement-based materials.
文摘By using a newly developed 4-hydroxy picolinohydrazide as the ligand,Cu-catalyzed coupling of(hetero)aryl chlorides with sodium aryl sulfonates proceeded smoothly at 130℃to give a series of biarylsulfones in 53%~96%yields.This represents the first metal-catalyzed coupling reaction of(hetero)aryl chlorides with sodium aryl sulfonates.Aryl and heteroaryl chlorides bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups were applicable for this coupling reaction.
文摘The production of C_(2)H_(3)Cl from CH_(3)Cl(MCTV)represents a promising non-petroleum route for synthesizing C_(2)alkenes from C_(1)molecules.Exploration of new MCTV catalysts is crucial for advancing sustainable chemical production.In this study,we present NaVO_(3)as a surface-confined coupling center for·CH_(2)Cl radicals,demonstrating its superior performance in the selective coupling of methyl chloride to synthesize vinyl chloride.By incorporating NaVO_(3)onto the surface of CeO_(2),the catalyst enables effective capture of·CH_(2)Cl radicals during the CH_(3)Cl oxidative pyrolysis and their subsequent conversion into C_(2)H_(3)Cl.We experimentally validate the capability of highly dispersed Na-VO_(3)to controllably couple·CH_(2)Cl radicals through in-situ synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry.The results demonstrate that the dispersion of NaVO_(3)on the catalyst surface has a considerable impact on the reaction efficiency of·CH_(2)Cl radicals and the overall MCTV performance.This discovery holds substantial implications for the controlled C_(1)radical transformation and provides a guidance for the design of catalysts for sustainable production of C_(2)H_(3)Cl.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21976192).
文摘Persulfate(PS)is a widely used oxidant for the chemical oxidation of organic pollutants.The accurate measurement of PS concentration is crucial for the practical application process.The iodometry is the most recommended method for PS determination,and its principle is based on the redox reaction between S_(2)O_(8)^(2−)and iodide ions.However,hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),an important intermediate product in the process of PS use,often leads to abnormally high determination concentrations of PS.Given this,a novel method was developed for the determination of PS based on the principle of the oxidation of chloride ion(Cl^(−)).The concentration of PS is calculated according to the consumption of Cl^(−)concentration,which is not disturbed by H_(2)O_(2).The optimized test conditions were explored as:C(H^(+))=2 mol/L,T=80◦C,C(Cl^(−)):C(PS)=4:1 and t=30 min.Under the optimized conditions,the limit of detection and the limit of quantification of PS concentration determined by this method were 0.26 and 0.85 g/L,respectively.And the linear range of the PS determination was 1–100 g/L with an error of 0.53%-12.06%.The spike recovery rate for determining PS concentration in the actual wastewater ranged from 94.07%-109.52%.Interfering factors such as H_(2)O_(2),Fe^(3+),MnO_(2)and natural organic matter had almost no effect on the results.This method could not only accurately determine the concentration of PS in industrial wastewater,but also determine the purity of PS industrial products.
文摘BACKGROUND Kidney dysfunction and reduced filtration capacity due to chronic kidney disease(CKD)lead to a shift in the body's acid-base balance,ultimately causing metabolic acidosis(MA).Sodium bicarbonate has been used as a supplement to alleviate the symptoms and reverse the acidosis,and it may even slow the progression of CKD.However,its safety profile and overall effectiveness are uncertain.AIM To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing sodium bicarbonate's safety and efficacy for treating CKD-induced MA.METHODS Medline,Scopus,EMBASE,and Cochrane Central were systematically searched from inception until May 2024 to select all relevant randomized control trials(RCTs)and non-RCT(NRCTs)evaluating the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate in correcting MA in end-stage renal disease patients.In addition,ClinicalTrials.gov,Medrxiv.org,and Google Scholar were searched for other literature.A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to derive mean differences(MD)and risk ratios(RR)with their 95%CI for continuous and dichotomous outcomes respectively.RESULTS Following a systematic search of the databases,20 RCTs and 2 and NRCTs comprising 2932 patients were included in our study.The results revealed that sodium bicarbonate significantly increased serum bicarbonate in CKD patients(MD:2.59,95%CI:0.95-4.22;P=0.02;I2=95%).However,there was a non-significant increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)in patients on sodium bicarbonate therapy(MD:0.93,95%CI:-1.88-3.75;P=0.52;I2=93%).Upon assessment of the safety profile of sodium bicarbonate,no significant association was found in the outcomes of death/prolonged hospitalization(RR:1.05,95%CI:0.84-1.32;P=0.66;I2=0%),or gastrointestinal disorders(RR:1.64,95%CI:0.35-7.66;P=0.53;I2=76%),or worsening edema(RR:1.26,95%CI:0.94-1.68;P=0.12;I2=37%)when compared to control.CONCLUSION Sodium bicarbonate therapy may halt worsening kidney function by correcting serum bicarbonate levels and treating MA.Although sodium bicarbonate does not significantly improve the eGFR,it may potentially prevent CKD progression while maintaining an overall favorable safety profile.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22B2065).
文摘The effect of Cl^(–)and SO_(4)^(2–)on corrosion behavior of pure copper in simulated groundwater was investigated by electrochemical testing techniques,scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and X-ray diffraction in 0.1 mol/L NaHCO_(3)solutions.The results indicate that increasing Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)reduces the corrosion resistance of Cu.Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)can promote anodic dissolution of Cu and deteriorate the passivation property.The breakdown potential(Eb)of Cu decreases with the increase in Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–).With the increase in immersion time,the polarization resistance in different solutions tends to be stable.After 55 days,polarization resistance(Rp)was almost equal in 0 and 0.01 mol/L Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)solutions.In 0.05 mol/L Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2−)solution,Rp was lower.HCO3–has a certain corrosion effect on Cu and the pits size increased with the increase in Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–).The corrosion products(Cu_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3))and CuO were detected in solutions without or at low Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)contents.The corrosion product after immersion in the solution containing 0.05 mol/L Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2–)was Cu_(2)O.
