Transition metal oxides with high capacity are considered a promising electrode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Nevertheless,the huge volume expansion and poor conductivity severely hamper their practical app...Transition metal oxides with high capacity are considered a promising electrode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Nevertheless,the huge volume expansion and poor conductivity severely hamper their practical application.In this work,a carbon riveting method is reported to address the above issues by designing multilayered N-doped carbon(N-carbon) enveloped Fe3O4/graphene nanosheets.When evaluated as a negative electrode,the N-carbon/Fe3O4/graphene nanocomposites demonstrate greatly enhanced electrochemical properties compared with Fe3O4/graphene.The N-carbon/Fe3O4/graphene presents a superior reversible capacity(807 mAh/g) over Fe3O4/graphene(540 mAh/g).Furthermore,it affords a considerable capacity of 550 mAh/g at 1 A/g over 700 cycles,indicating supe rb cycling stability.The structure-property correlation studies reveal that the carbon riveting layer is essential for enhancing the lithium diffusion kinetics.The good electrochemical properties and effective structure design make the carbon riveting strategy quite general and reliable to manipulate high performance electrodes for future LIBs.展开更多
The mycotoxin, patulin （4-hydroxy-4H-furo [3, 2c] pyran-2 [6H]-one）, is produced by a number of fungi common to fruit and vegetable-based products, most notably apples. Patulin contamination within apple products po...The mycotoxin, patulin （4-hydroxy-4H-furo [3, 2c] pyran-2 [6H]-one）, is produced by a number of fungi common to fruit and vegetable-based products, most notably apples. Patulin contamination within apple products poses a serious health risk to consumers. Studies done on laboratory animals have demonstrated that patulin has a broad spectrum of toxicity, including mutagen city and carcinogenicity. The aim of the experiment was studying influence of selectively acting activated carbon powder--Ercarbon SH （Erbsloh, Germany） which is special produced for lowering HMF （hydroxy methyl furfural）, on reduction of patulin content in clear apple juice. Industrial apple row material with some damaged parts was pressed, juice was pasteurized at 95 ℃ during 2 min. After cooling on 55 ℃, enzymatic treated and clarified juice were filtered by 0.45 [am pore sizes membrane filter, Apple clear juice sample was divided for five parts. The samples of apple juice were diluted to 11.5° Brix and contacted with concentrations of 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 g/L activated carbon powder for 30 min. After filtration in the experimental samples, putulin was quantitatively determined by HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography with UV） detector at 276 nm. The research revealed that the best results were achieved by treatment with activated carbon in its powder form at concentration of 2.5 g/L with 30 min contact time.展开更多
Nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis involving the cathodic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)combined with the anodic methanol oxidation reaction(MOR)is a viable way to synchronously produce ammonia(NH_(3))and formate ...Nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis involving the cathodic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)combined with the anodic methanol oxidation reaction(MOR)is a viable way to synchronously produce ammonia(NH_(3))and formate via gentle,sustainable and energy-saving“E-refining”and“E-reforming”means.An efficient bifunctional catalyst for the NO_(3)RR and MOR is pivotal to achieve such a goal.In this work,a nitrogen-doped carbon-encapsulated nickel iron phosphide hybrid(Ni_(2)FeP@NC)was prepared as a bifunctional catalyst for the NO_(3)RR and MOR,and its electrochemical performance for nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis was investigated.The Ni_(2)FeP@NC catalyst exhibited a high NH_(3) yield(0.47 mmol h^(-1) cm^(-2) at-0.35 V)and faradaic efficiency(FE,93%at-0.15 V)for the NO_(3)RR and simultaneously demonstrated high MOR efficiency for formate production(yield of 1.62 mmol h^(-1) cm^(-2) at 1.7 V and FE of around 95%).The bifunctional catalytic features of the nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis system enabled the concurrent production of NH_(3) and formate at low input voltage.This work provides a viable paradigm for pairwise electrosynthesis of valuable chemicals via“E-refining”and“E-reforming”through the rational design of bifunctional catalysts.展开更多
Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model versi...Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with a machine-learning-integrated four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module, we quantify global BC aging responses to emission reductions for 2011–2018 and for 2050 and 2100 under carbon neutrality. During 2011–18, global trends in BC aging degree(mass ratio of coatings to BC, R_(BC)) exhibited marked regional disparities, with a significant increase in China(5.4% yr^(-1)), which contrasts with minimal changes in the USA, Europe, and India. The divergence is attributed to opposing trends in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) and sulfate coatings, driven by regional changes in the emission ratios of corresponding coating precursors to BC(volatile organic compounds-VOCs/BC and SO_(2)/BC). Projections under carbon neutrality reveal that R_(BC) will increase globally by 47%(118%) in 2050(2100), with strong convergent increases expected across major source regions. The R_(BC) increase, primarily driven by enhanced SOA coatings due to sharper BC reductions relative to VOCs, will enhance the global BC mass absorption cross-section(MAC) by 11%(17%) in 2050(2100).Consequently, although the global BC burden will decline sharply by 60%(76%), the enhanced MAC partially offsets the magnitude of the decline in the BC direct radiative effect, resulting in the moderation of global BC DRE decreases to 88%(92%) of the BC burden reductions in 2050(2100). This study highlights the globally enhanced BC aging and light absorption capacity under carbon neutrality, thereby partly offsetting the impact of BC direct emission reductions on future changes in BC radiative effects globally.展开更多
Carbon superstructures with multiscale hierarchies and functional attributes represent an appealing cathode candidate for zinc hybrid capacitors,but their tailor-made design to optimize the capacitive activity remains...Carbon superstructures with multiscale hierarchies and functional attributes represent an appealing cathode candidate for zinc hybrid capacitors,but their tailor-made design to optimize the capacitive activity remains a confusing topic.Here we develop a hydrogen-bond-oriented interfacial super-assembly strategy to custom-tailor nanosheet-intertwined spherical carbon superstructures(SCSs)for Zn-ion storage with double-high capacitive activity and durability.Tetrachlorobenzoquinone(H-bond acceptor)and dimethylbenzidine(H-bond donator)can interact to form organic nanosheet modules,which are sequentially assembled,orientally compacted and densified into well-orchestrated superstructures through multiple H-bonds(N-H···O).Featured with rich surface-active heterodiatomic motifs,more exposed nanoporous channels,and successive charge migration paths,SCSs cathode promises high accessibility of built-in zincophilic sites and rapid ion diffusion with low energy barriers(3.3Ωs-0.5).Consequently,the assembled Zn||SCSs capacitor harvests all-round improvement in Zn-ion storage metrics,including high energy density(166 Wh kg-1),high-rate performance(172 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)),and long-lasting cycling lifespan(95.5%capacity retention after 500,000 cycles).An opposite chargecarrier storage mechanism is rationalized for SCSs cathode to maximize spatial capacitive charge storage,involving high-kinetics physical Zn^(2+)/CF_(3)SO_(3)-adsorption and chemical Zn^(2+)redox with carbonyl/pyridine groups.This work gives insights into H-bond-guided interfacial superassembly design of superstructural carbons toward advanced energy storage.展开更多
Biological nitrogen fixation(BNF)and photosynthetic carbon fixation underpin food production and climate mitigation,yet natural systems are constrained by oxygen sensitivity,high energy demand,and inefficient catalyst...Biological nitrogen fixation(BNF)and photosynthetic carbon fixation underpin food production and climate mitigation,yet natural systems are constrained by oxygen sensitivity,high energy demand,and inefficient catalysts.This review synthesizes advances that recast these processes as engineering targets and proposes a conceptual roadmap that bridges synthetic symbioses with the synthetic biology of enzymes and pathways.For BNF,progress spans cross-kingdom strategies—from refactoring nif gene sets and targeting nitrogenase assembly to eukaryotic organelles,to engineering plant-associated diazotrophs,rhizosphere control circuits,and emerging nodule-like microenvironments.For carbon assimilation,new-to-nature CO_(2)-fixation modules and photorespiratory bypasses illustrate how pathway redesign and alternative carboxylases can circumvent key Calvin–Benson–Bassham limitations,and expanding photosynthetic light capture offers additional leverage.Across these domains,we extract common design principles:(i)nitrogenase output is increasingly governed by carbon/energy supply and electron delivery as much as by oxygen protection;(ii)robust function requires compartment-aware enzyme–chassis coordination,substrate channeling,and dynamic regulation using sensors and control circuits;and(iii)scalable implementation may benefit from distributing metabolic labor across engineered consortia rather than forcing all functions into a single host.We discuss enabling technologies—including AI-guided protein design and directed evolution,cell-free prototyping,chassis toolkits,and materials/bioelectrochemical interfaces—that can accelerate design–build–test–learn cycles and reduce barriers to deployment.Together,these insights define a path toward integrated nitrogen and carbon fixation systems for low-emission agriculture and biomanufacturing.展开更多
Under the backdrop of“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”(dual carbon)goal in China,the methane-carbon dioxide reforming reaction has attracted considerable attention due to its environmental benefits of converting t...Under the backdrop of“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”(dual carbon)goal in China,the methane-carbon dioxide reforming reaction has attracted considerable attention due to its environmental benefits of converting two greenhouse gases(methane and carbon dioxide)into syngas and its promising industrial applications.Nickel(Ni)-based catalysts,with high catalytic activity,low cost,and abundant resources,are considered ideal candidates for industrial applications.In this article,three reaction kinetic models were briefly introduced,namely the Power-Law(PL)model,the Eley-Rideal(ER)model,and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson(LHHW)model.Based on the LHHW model,the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of different catalytic systems were systematically discussed,including the properties of supports,the doping of noble metals and transition metals,the role of promoters,and the influence of the geometric and electronic structures of Ni on the reaction mechanism.Furthermore,the kinetics of carbon deposition and elimination on various catalysts were analyzed.Based on the reaction rate expressions for carbon elimination,the reasons for the high activity of transition metal iron(Fe)-doped catalysts and core-shell structured catalysts in carbon elimination were explained.Based on the detailed collation and comparative analysis of the reaction mechanisms and kinetic characteristics across diverse Ni-based catalytic systems,a theoretical guidance for the designing of high-performance catalysts was provided in this work.展开更多
Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs)are a means of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent scalability,safety,long cycling life,and decoupled power and energy capacities.However,the slow redox kinetics of va...Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs)are a means of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent scalability,safety,long cycling life,and decoupled power and energy capacities.However,the slow redox kinetics of vanadium species on conventional carbon electrodes remains a major limitation to their performance.We investigated the deposition of carbon black,carbon nanotubes,and electrochemically exfoliated graphene(Exf-Gr)onto thermally-activated carbon paper(ACP)by spray coating to increase the electrode electrocatalytic activity.The modified electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron microscopy,and surface area analysis,while their electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and singlecell VRFB testing.Among the modified electrodes,Exf-Gr/ACP had the best performance,achieving a 2.9-fold reduction in charge transfer resistance compared to pristine ACP and delivering 2.5 times the discharge capacity in single-cell tests.This improvement is attributed to Exf-Gr’s high surface area,favorable catalytic activity,and excellent dispersion on the ACP substrate.Surface modification with electrochemically exfoliated graphene is a highly effective strategy for improving the electrode performance in VRFB systems,with significant implications for large-scale energy storage.展开更多
Aiming at the problems of insufficient activity and selectivity of Cu-based catalysts in CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,Al_(2)O_(3),ZrO_(2)and CeO_(2)modified Cu-ZnO catalysts by the co-precipitation method were prep...Aiming at the problems of insufficient activity and selectivity of Cu-based catalysts in CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,Al_(2)O_(3),ZrO_(2)and CeO_(2)modified Cu-ZnO catalysts by the co-precipitation method were prepared,and the influence mechanism of additives on the structure-performance relationship of the catalysts was systematically explored.Through a variety of characterization methods such as XRD,N2 physical adsorption-desorption,TEM,H_(2)-TPR,CO_(2)-TPD and XPS,combined with catalytic performance evaluation experiments,the correlation between the microstructure of catalysts and the reaction performance of CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol was analyzed in depth.The results show that metal additives significantly improve the performance of catalysts.After the introduction of additives,the specific surface area and pore volume of the catalysts increase,the grain size of Cu decreases,and its dispersion improves.The Ce-modified CZC catalyst exhibited the best performance,with the grain size of CuO as small as 11.41 nm,and the surface oxygen vacancy concentration(OⅡ/OⅠ=3.15)was significantly higher than that of other samples.The reaction performance test shows that under the conditions of 2.8 MPa,8000 h−1 and 280℃,the CO_(2)conversion of the CZC catalyst reached 18.83%,the methanol selectivity was 68.40%,and the methanol yield was 12.88%,all of which are superior to other catalysts.Its excellent performance can be attributed to the fact that CeO_(2)enhances the metal-support interaction,increases the surface basicity,promotes the adsorption and activation of CO_(2),and simultaneously inhibits the reverse water-gas shift side reaction.This study clarifies the structure-activity regulation mechanism of additive modification on Cu-ZnO catalysts,providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for the development of efficient catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol.展开更多
Pitch is an excellent precursor for the production of hard carbon,with pre-oxidation crucial process in the fabrication.The structural changes in the different molecular components of pitch during thermochemical treat...Pitch is an excellent precursor for the production of hard carbon,with pre-oxidation crucial process in the fabrication.The structural changes in the different molecular components of pitch during thermochemical treatment are a key factor in determining the sodium-ion storage of pitchbased hard carbon anodes.We investigated the effects of the different molecular structures in the asphaltene precursor,including aromatic rings and aliphatic chains,on the sodiumion storage behavior of the resulting carbon.We found that polar oxygen functional groups limit the steric hindrance caused by the aromatic rings in pitch,and thus facilitate the introduction of cross-linked structures.During high-temperature carbonization,aromatic rings form a rigid carbon framework that prevents the rearrangement of ordered carbon layers,leading to a short-range disordered carbon structure and promotes the production of closed pores.For example,a material prepared from asphaltene,which contains a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups and macromolecular aromatic rings,using pre-oxidation at 300℃ and carbonization at 1200℃ had a reversible capacity of 316.7 mAh g^(−1) when used as the anode for sodium ion batteries.Our research provides a theoretical basis for the selection of raw materials for the development of high-quality pitch-based hard carbons.展开更多
In this study,melamine and cyanuric acid were used as precursors to form supramolecular crystals via hydrogen-bond-assisted self-assembly followed by hydrothermal treatment.Subsequent high-temperature calcination yiel...In this study,melamine and cyanuric acid were used as precursors to form supramolecular crystals via hydrogen-bond-assisted self-assembly followed by hydrothermal treatment.Subsequent high-temperature calcination yielded a novel brush-like three-dimensional carbon nitride.The brush-like 3D architecture was found to expose more accessible active sites,markedly accelerate electron transfer,and suppress the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers.The resulting superoxide(O_(2)^(-·))and hydroxyl(·OH)radicals generated via electron reduction were identified as the key reactive species in the photocatalytic process.Moreover,the surface of the brush-like structure is enriched with nitrogen vacancies,which enhance the catalyst’s ability to harvest visible light.The photocatalytic performance of the brush-like CNS-650 catalyst was evaluated for rhodamine B(RhB)degradation.Under red-light irradiation(660 nm),its degradation rate was 7.4 times higher than that of bulk CN.This work provides valuable insights into the design and application of efficient metal-free 3D photocatalysts.展开更多
Carbon-based materials have gained significant attention in anticancer treatment because of their exceptional biocompatibility,yet critical challenges persist in establishing definitive correlations between their poro...Carbon-based materials have gained significant attention in anticancer treatment because of their exceptional biocompatibility,yet critical challenges persist in establishing definitive correlations between their porous structures and functional performance.We report the use of a silica template to guide pore formation in the design of mesoporous carbon spheres(mC)with tailored pore structures for improved combined photothermal-chemotherapy.The mesopore size of mC has been adjusted by kinetic control of the resin polymerization and silica hydrolysis.Structural characterization showed that 4.4 nm mesopores enabled an exceptional gemcitabine loading of 228 mg g^(−1) and a sustained pH/thermal dual-responsive release with>70%drug release under near-infrared(NIR)irradiation.Finite element analysis demonstrated pore size-dependent heat transfer dynamics,with the improved mC achieving a superior photothermal conversion efficiency of 62%by a combination of N-doping and defect engineering.In vitro evaluations confirmed outstanding biocompatibility with>95%cell viability at 200μg mL^(−1) and potent tumor suppression in pancreatic and biliary cancer models with an~5%cell viability at 25μg mL^(−1) where combined therapy showed a 3.7-fold increased cytotoxicity over monotherapy.The improved structure of mC facilitated cascade therapeutic effects with enhanced tumor permeability derived from NIR-triggered hyperthermia and prolonged therapeutic exposure due to pH-responsive drug release.This pore engineering strategy establishes a structure-function process for next-generation theranostic platforms,addressing the critical limitations of conventional pancreatic and biliary cancer therapies through spatiotemporal control of multimodal treatment.展开更多
To deepen understanding of the evolution of coal char microstructural properties of coal char during the co-pyrolysis of coking coal with additives,this study incorporated two typical additives,coal tar pitch(CTP)and ...To deepen understanding of the evolution of coal char microstructural properties of coal char during the co-pyrolysis of coking coal with additives,this study incorporated two typical additives,coal tar pitch(CTP)and waste plastic(HDPE),into a blended coal sample and carried out pyrolysis experiments.The pyrolysis process and the microstructure of char were systematically characterized using various analytical techniques,including thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Raman spectroscopy.Data correlation analysis was performed to reveal the mechanism of carbon structural ordering evolution within the critical temperature range(350−600℃)from colloidal layer formation to semi-coke conversion in coking coal,and to elucidate the regulatory effects of different additives on coal pyrolysis pathways.The results indicate that HDPE releases free radicals during high-temperature pyrolysis,accelerating the pyrolysis reaction and increase the yield of volatile components.Conversely,CTP facilitates pyrolysis at low temperatures through its light components,thereby delaying high-temperature reactions due to the colloidal layer’s effect.XRD results indicate that during the process of pyrolysis,there is a progressive decrease in the interlayer spacing of aromatic layers(d002),while the aromatic ring stacking height(L_(c))and lateral size(L_(a))undergo significant of carbon skeleton ordering.Further comparative reveals that CTP partially suppresses structural ordering at low temperatures,whereas HDPE promotes the condensation and alignment of aromatic clusters via a free radical mechanism.Raman spectroscopy reveals a two-stage reorganization mechanism in the microstructure of the coal char:the decrease in the I_(D)/I_(G)ratio between 350 and 550℃is primarily attributed to the cleavage of aliphatic side chains and cross-linking bonds,leading to a reduction in defective structures;whereas the increase in ID/IG between 550 and 600℃is closely associated with enhanced condensation reactions of aromatic structures.Correlation analysis further demonstrates progressive graphitization during pyrolysis,with a significant positive correlation(R^(2)>0.85)observed between d002 and the full width at half maximum of the G-band(FWHM-G).展开更多
Lignin contains abundant aromatic ring structures,which can be converted into green sustainable aviation fuelrange arenes through hydrodeoxygenation(HDO).A series of supported FeMoS/NC catalysts were synthesized by a ...Lignin contains abundant aromatic ring structures,which can be converted into green sustainable aviation fuelrange arenes through hydrodeoxygenation(HDO).A series of supported FeMoS/NC catalysts were synthesized by a hydrothermal method.The HDO performance of the catalysts was evaluated using 4-ethylguaiacol as a model compound at 340℃ under 3 MPa H2.The MoS_(2)/NC catalyst exhibited a deoxygenation degree of 83.4%,whereas the Fe-modified catalyst(Fe_(0.3)MoS/NC)attained complete deoxygenation(100%)with an arenes selectivity of 78.6%.Beyond the optimal ratio,the deoxygenation degree is inversely proportional to the Fe/Mo molar ratio.The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),low-temperature nitrogen adsorption(BET method)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The characterization results indicated that the introduction of Fe enhanced the uniform dispersion of MoS_(2)on the NC support surface.This modification further increased the acidity of the catalyst surface and raised the concentration of sulfur vacancies,thereby promoting the adsorption of oxygencontaining compounds.Furthermore,the HDO performance of the Fe_(0.3)MoS/NC catalyst was evaluated using actual lignin as a feedstock under the conditions of 340℃,3 MPa H2 and 12 h.The results showed a green hydrocarbon yield of 65.5%,of which the C_(8)-C_(16)fraction accounted for 54.4%of the total hydrocarbons.Within this fraction,aromatic compounds constituted 63.4%,suggesting its potential use as green aviation fuel-range arenes.This work thus establishes a viable catalytic pathway for efficient conversion of lignin to arenes.展开更多
Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries are promisingcandidates for next-generation energy storagegiven their high energy density and potential low cost.Chemically activated carbon(CAC)is often used fortheir cathodes,because ...Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries are promisingcandidates for next-generation energy storagegiven their high energy density and potential low cost.Chemically activated carbon(CAC)is often used fortheir cathodes,because it has a high specific surfacearea for sulfur loading.We have developed a pressurizedphysical activation(PPA)method that producedan activated carbon(PPAC)with a high specific surfacearea comparable to that of CAC.The pore structure of PPAC could be changed and its use as a cathode material for Li–Sbatteries was investigated.Battery tests at different capacity rates(C-rates)showed that it had a much improved high-rate performancewith a discharge capacity of 900 mAh/(g of sulfur)at 1 C,in contrast to only 600 mAh/(g of sulfur)for CAC.Porestructure analyses showed that PPAC prepared at a high activation temperature(1000℃)had unusual channel-like mesoporesbetween the microdomains that are the basic structural units of artificial carbon materials.These are connected to microporesdeveloped in each microdomain,and deliver ions from the surroundings to the internal pores and vice versa.The well-developedmicropores and mesopores of PPAC respectively ensured the high adsorption of lithium polysulfides and a high rate ofion diffusion.Compared to CAC,PPAC is a high-performance,low-cost cathode material that is promising for use in futureLi–S batteries.展开更多
Zinc-ion supercapacitors(ZISCs)have received considerable interest for energy storage because of their low cost,high safety,and minimal environmental impact.However,they have a low energy density and poor cycling perf...Zinc-ion supercapacitors(ZISCs)have received considerable interest for energy storage because of their low cost,high safety,and minimal environmental impact.However,they have a low energy density and poor cycling performance.The design of a better cathode material is needed to overcome these limitations.A simple method was used to synthesize binder-free electrochemically exfoliated carbon paper(EECP)which modifies the surface of the paper by introducing oxygen functional groups and thus improves its pseudocapacitance.When used in a Zn-ion supercapacitor(ZISC),an EECPbased cathode provides a large surface area and quick charge transfer.As a result,the ZISC had remarkable charge storage properties and had a dominant capacitive-type charge storage mechanism with 78.8%retention of capacity at 10 mV/s of the total storage.Furthermore,at 1 A/g,the EECP electrode had a maximum capacitance of 252.5 F/g.The EECP electrode retained 81.7%of its capacitance after 10000 cycles,indicating its promise for use in the growing renewable energy sector.A ZISC was also constructed using EECP as the positive electrode and Zn as the negative electrode with a 1 mol L^(−1) ZnSO_(4) electrolyte.It had a capacitance of 186.22 F/g at 1 A/g and a 97.01%retention rate after 10000 cycles.It also had an excellent energy density of 46.6 Wh/kg at a power density of 500.4 W/kg.The material is therefore suitable for use in high-rate next-generation ZISCs.展开更多
The development of materials with excellent microwave absorption(MWA)and electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding performances has currently received attention.Herein,mesophase pitch-based carbon foam(MPCF)with 3D i...The development of materials with excellent microwave absorption(MWA)and electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding performances has currently received attention.Herein,mesophase pitch-based carbon foam(MPCF)with 3D interconnected pore structure was prepared through the high pressure pyrolysis of mesophase coal tar pitch.It is found that the 3D interconnected cellular pores of MPCF facilitate multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves,which results in the minimum reflection loss(RLmin)value of MPCF reaches-37.84 dB with the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 5.44 GHz at a thickness of 2.70 mm,and the total average electromagnetic shielding effectiveness(SE_(T))under 3.00 mm thickness achieves 26.52 dB in X-band.Subsequently,MPCF is activated by KOH to obtain activated carbon foam(A-MPCF).The average SE_(T)of A-MPCF achieves 103.00 dB for abundant nanopores on the pore cell walls,which leads to a transition from the multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves on the walls to diffuse reflection.Unfortunately,the reflection coefficient(R)of A-MPCF increases from 0.78 to 0.90.To reduce the R value,Fe_(3)O_(4)/A-MPCF was fabricated via the in situ growth of nano Fe_(3)O_(4)on A-MPCF.Consequently,the R value of Fe_(3)O_(4)/A-MPCF was reduced from 0.90 to 0.74,whereas the MWA performance was only slightly decreased.This work proposes a simple strategy for simultaneously adjusting MWA and EMI shielding performances of materials.展开更多
Analysis Method of ^(131)I Activity in Carbon Cartridge and Internal Dose Assessment for Nuclear Medicine Workers.Shuo Wang1,Fei Tuo1,Jian-feng Zhang1,Xiao-liang Li1,Bao-lu Yang1,Qiang Zhou1,Ze-shu Li1,Shu-ying Kong1,...Analysis Method of ^(131)I Activity in Carbon Cartridge and Internal Dose Assessment for Nuclear Medicine Workers.Shuo Wang1,Fei Tuo1,Jian-feng Zhang1,Xiao-liang Li1,Bao-lu Yang1,Qiang Zhou1,Ze-shu Li1,Shu-ying Kong1,and Wei-hao Qin1(1.National Institute for Radiological Protection,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing,100088,China.)展开更多
CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development o...CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51602167,51972182 and 61971252)Shandong Provincial Science Foundation(No.ZR2017JL021)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Program(No.2018GGX102033)Qingdao Applied Fundamental Research Project(No.17-1-1-81-jch)"Distinguished Taishan Scholar"Project。
文摘Transition metal oxides with high capacity are considered a promising electrode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Nevertheless,the huge volume expansion and poor conductivity severely hamper their practical application.In this work,a carbon riveting method is reported to address the above issues by designing multilayered N-doped carbon(N-carbon) enveloped Fe3O4/graphene nanosheets.When evaluated as a negative electrode,the N-carbon/Fe3O4/graphene nanocomposites demonstrate greatly enhanced electrochemical properties compared with Fe3O4/graphene.The N-carbon/Fe3O4/graphene presents a superior reversible capacity(807 mAh/g) over Fe3O4/graphene(540 mAh/g).Furthermore,it affords a considerable capacity of 550 mAh/g at 1 A/g over 700 cycles,indicating supe rb cycling stability.The structure-property correlation studies reveal that the carbon riveting layer is essential for enhancing the lithium diffusion kinetics.The good electrochemical properties and effective structure design make the carbon riveting strategy quite general and reliable to manipulate high performance electrodes for future LIBs.
文摘The mycotoxin, patulin （4-hydroxy-4H-furo [3, 2c] pyran-2 [6H]-one）, is produced by a number of fungi common to fruit and vegetable-based products, most notably apples. Patulin contamination within apple products poses a serious health risk to consumers. Studies done on laboratory animals have demonstrated that patulin has a broad spectrum of toxicity, including mutagen city and carcinogenicity. The aim of the experiment was studying influence of selectively acting activated carbon powder--Ercarbon SH （Erbsloh, Germany） which is special produced for lowering HMF （hydroxy methyl furfural）, on reduction of patulin content in clear apple juice. Industrial apple row material with some damaged parts was pressed, juice was pasteurized at 95 ℃ during 2 min. After cooling on 55 ℃, enzymatic treated and clarified juice were filtered by 0.45 [am pore sizes membrane filter, Apple clear juice sample was divided for five parts. The samples of apple juice were diluted to 11.5° Brix and contacted with concentrations of 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 g/L activated carbon powder for 30 min. After filtration in the experimental samples, putulin was quantitatively determined by HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography with UV） detector at 276 nm. The research revealed that the best results were achieved by treatment with activated carbon in its powder form at concentration of 2.5 g/L with 30 min contact time.
基金supported by NSFC(No.51802084)the 111 Project(No.D17007)Henan Center for Outstanding Oversea Scientists(No.GZS_(2)022017).
文摘Nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis involving the cathodic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)combined with the anodic methanol oxidation reaction(MOR)is a viable way to synchronously produce ammonia(NH_(3))and formate via gentle,sustainable and energy-saving“E-refining”and“E-reforming”means.An efficient bifunctional catalyst for the NO_(3)RR and MOR is pivotal to achieve such a goal.In this work,a nitrogen-doped carbon-encapsulated nickel iron phosphide hybrid(Ni_(2)FeP@NC)was prepared as a bifunctional catalyst for the NO_(3)RR and MOR,and its electrochemical performance for nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis was investigated.The Ni_(2)FeP@NC catalyst exhibited a high NH_(3) yield(0.47 mmol h^(-1) cm^(-2) at-0.35 V)and faradaic efficiency(FE,93%at-0.15 V)for the NO_(3)RR and simultaneously demonstrated high MOR efficiency for formate production(yield of 1.62 mmol h^(-1) cm^(-2) at 1.7 V and FE of around 95%).The bifunctional catalytic features of the nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis system enabled the concurrent production of NH_(3) and formate at low input voltage.This work provides a viable paradigm for pairwise electrosynthesis of valuable chemicals via“E-refining”and“E-reforming”through the rational design of bifunctional catalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42505149,41925023,U2342223,42105069,and 91744208)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M770303)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (14380230)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change。
文摘Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with a machine-learning-integrated four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module, we quantify global BC aging responses to emission reductions for 2011–2018 and for 2050 and 2100 under carbon neutrality. During 2011–18, global trends in BC aging degree(mass ratio of coatings to BC, R_(BC)) exhibited marked regional disparities, with a significant increase in China(5.4% yr^(-1)), which contrasts with minimal changes in the USA, Europe, and India. The divergence is attributed to opposing trends in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) and sulfate coatings, driven by regional changes in the emission ratios of corresponding coating precursors to BC(volatile organic compounds-VOCs/BC and SO_(2)/BC). Projections under carbon neutrality reveal that R_(BC) will increase globally by 47%(118%) in 2050(2100), with strong convergent increases expected across major source regions. The R_(BC) increase, primarily driven by enhanced SOA coatings due to sharper BC reductions relative to VOCs, will enhance the global BC mass absorption cross-section(MAC) by 11%(17%) in 2050(2100).Consequently, although the global BC burden will decline sharply by 60%(76%), the enhanced MAC partially offsets the magnitude of the decline in the BC direct radiative effect, resulting in the moderation of global BC DRE decreases to 88%(92%) of the BC burden reductions in 2050(2100). This study highlights the globally enhanced BC aging and light absorption capacity under carbon neutrality, thereby partly offsetting the impact of BC direct emission reductions on future changes in BC radiative effects globally.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22272118,22172111,and 22309134)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(Nos.22ZR1464100,20ZR1460300,and 19DZ2271500)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M712402),the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(23YF1449200)the Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Project(2022C01182)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023-3-YB-07)。
文摘Carbon superstructures with multiscale hierarchies and functional attributes represent an appealing cathode candidate for zinc hybrid capacitors,but their tailor-made design to optimize the capacitive activity remains a confusing topic.Here we develop a hydrogen-bond-oriented interfacial super-assembly strategy to custom-tailor nanosheet-intertwined spherical carbon superstructures(SCSs)for Zn-ion storage with double-high capacitive activity and durability.Tetrachlorobenzoquinone(H-bond acceptor)and dimethylbenzidine(H-bond donator)can interact to form organic nanosheet modules,which are sequentially assembled,orientally compacted and densified into well-orchestrated superstructures through multiple H-bonds(N-H···O).Featured with rich surface-active heterodiatomic motifs,more exposed nanoporous channels,and successive charge migration paths,SCSs cathode promises high accessibility of built-in zincophilic sites and rapid ion diffusion with low energy barriers(3.3Ωs-0.5).Consequently,the assembled Zn||SCSs capacitor harvests all-round improvement in Zn-ion storage metrics,including high energy density(166 Wh kg-1),high-rate performance(172 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)),and long-lasting cycling lifespan(95.5%capacity retention after 500,000 cycles).An opposite chargecarrier storage mechanism is rationalized for SCSs cathode to maximize spatial capacitive charge storage,involving high-kinetics physical Zn^(2+)/CF_(3)SO_(3)-adsorption and chemical Zn^(2+)redox with carbonyl/pyridine groups.This work gives insights into H-bond-guided interfacial superassembly design of superstructural carbons toward advanced energy storage.
基金supported by the funds of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2019YFA0904700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471477)to Cheng Qi.
文摘Biological nitrogen fixation(BNF)and photosynthetic carbon fixation underpin food production and climate mitigation,yet natural systems are constrained by oxygen sensitivity,high energy demand,and inefficient catalysts.This review synthesizes advances that recast these processes as engineering targets and proposes a conceptual roadmap that bridges synthetic symbioses with the synthetic biology of enzymes and pathways.For BNF,progress spans cross-kingdom strategies—from refactoring nif gene sets and targeting nitrogenase assembly to eukaryotic organelles,to engineering plant-associated diazotrophs,rhizosphere control circuits,and emerging nodule-like microenvironments.For carbon assimilation,new-to-nature CO_(2)-fixation modules and photorespiratory bypasses illustrate how pathway redesign and alternative carboxylases can circumvent key Calvin–Benson–Bassham limitations,and expanding photosynthetic light capture offers additional leverage.Across these domains,we extract common design principles:(i)nitrogenase output is increasingly governed by carbon/energy supply and electron delivery as much as by oxygen protection;(ii)robust function requires compartment-aware enzyme–chassis coordination,substrate channeling,and dynamic regulation using sensors and control circuits;and(iii)scalable implementation may benefit from distributing metabolic labor across engineered consortia rather than forcing all functions into a single host.We discuss enabling technologies—including AI-guided protein design and directed evolution,cell-free prototyping,chassis toolkits,and materials/bioelectrochemical interfaces—that can accelerate design–build–test–learn cycles and reduce barriers to deployment.Together,these insights define a path toward integrated nitrogen and carbon fixation systems for low-emission agriculture and biomanufacturing.
基金Supported by Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2024RS-CXTD-53,2024ZC-KJXX-096)the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(2022QCY-LL-69)Xi’an Science and Technology Project(24GXFW0089)。
文摘Under the backdrop of“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”(dual carbon)goal in China,the methane-carbon dioxide reforming reaction has attracted considerable attention due to its environmental benefits of converting two greenhouse gases(methane and carbon dioxide)into syngas and its promising industrial applications.Nickel(Ni)-based catalysts,with high catalytic activity,low cost,and abundant resources,are considered ideal candidates for industrial applications.In this article,three reaction kinetic models were briefly introduced,namely the Power-Law(PL)model,the Eley-Rideal(ER)model,and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson(LHHW)model.Based on the LHHW model,the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of different catalytic systems were systematically discussed,including the properties of supports,the doping of noble metals and transition metals,the role of promoters,and the influence of the geometric and electronic structures of Ni on the reaction mechanism.Furthermore,the kinetics of carbon deposition and elimination on various catalysts were analyzed.Based on the reaction rate expressions for carbon elimination,the reasons for the high activity of transition metal iron(Fe)-doped catalysts and core-shell structured catalysts in carbon elimination were explained.Based on the detailed collation and comparative analysis of the reaction mechanisms and kinetic characteristics across diverse Ni-based catalytic systems,a theoretical guidance for the designing of high-performance catalysts was provided in this work.
基金supported by the University of Seoul’s 2025 Research Fund.
文摘Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs)are a means of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent scalability,safety,long cycling life,and decoupled power and energy capacities.However,the slow redox kinetics of vanadium species on conventional carbon electrodes remains a major limitation to their performance.We investigated the deposition of carbon black,carbon nanotubes,and electrochemically exfoliated graphene(Exf-Gr)onto thermally-activated carbon paper(ACP)by spray coating to increase the electrode electrocatalytic activity.The modified electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron microscopy,and surface area analysis,while their electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and singlecell VRFB testing.Among the modified electrodes,Exf-Gr/ACP had the best performance,achieving a 2.9-fold reduction in charge transfer resistance compared to pristine ACP and delivering 2.5 times the discharge capacity in single-cell tests.This improvement is attributed to Exf-Gr’s high surface area,favorable catalytic activity,and excellent dispersion on the ACP substrate.Surface modification with electrochemically exfoliated graphene is a highly effective strategy for improving the electrode performance in VRFB systems,with significant implications for large-scale energy storage.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1503400)。
文摘Aiming at the problems of insufficient activity and selectivity of Cu-based catalysts in CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,Al_(2)O_(3),ZrO_(2)and CeO_(2)modified Cu-ZnO catalysts by the co-precipitation method were prepared,and the influence mechanism of additives on the structure-performance relationship of the catalysts was systematically explored.Through a variety of characterization methods such as XRD,N2 physical adsorption-desorption,TEM,H_(2)-TPR,CO_(2)-TPD and XPS,combined with catalytic performance evaluation experiments,the correlation between the microstructure of catalysts and the reaction performance of CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol was analyzed in depth.The results show that metal additives significantly improve the performance of catalysts.After the introduction of additives,the specific surface area and pore volume of the catalysts increase,the grain size of Cu decreases,and its dispersion improves.The Ce-modified CZC catalyst exhibited the best performance,with the grain size of CuO as small as 11.41 nm,and the surface oxygen vacancy concentration(OⅡ/OⅠ=3.15)was significantly higher than that of other samples.The reaction performance test shows that under the conditions of 2.8 MPa,8000 h−1 and 280℃,the CO_(2)conversion of the CZC catalyst reached 18.83%,the methanol selectivity was 68.40%,and the methanol yield was 12.88%,all of which are superior to other catalysts.Its excellent performance can be attributed to the fact that CeO_(2)enhances the metal-support interaction,increases the surface basicity,promotes the adsorption and activation of CO_(2),and simultaneously inhibits the reverse water-gas shift side reaction.This study clarifies the structure-activity regulation mechanism of additive modification on Cu-ZnO catalysts,providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for the development of efficient catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol.
文摘Pitch is an excellent precursor for the production of hard carbon,with pre-oxidation crucial process in the fabrication.The structural changes in the different molecular components of pitch during thermochemical treatment are a key factor in determining the sodium-ion storage of pitchbased hard carbon anodes.We investigated the effects of the different molecular structures in the asphaltene precursor,including aromatic rings and aliphatic chains,on the sodiumion storage behavior of the resulting carbon.We found that polar oxygen functional groups limit the steric hindrance caused by the aromatic rings in pitch,and thus facilitate the introduction of cross-linked structures.During high-temperature carbonization,aromatic rings form a rigid carbon framework that prevents the rearrangement of ordered carbon layers,leading to a short-range disordered carbon structure and promotes the production of closed pores.For example,a material prepared from asphaltene,which contains a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups and macromolecular aromatic rings,using pre-oxidation at 300℃ and carbonization at 1200℃ had a reversible capacity of 316.7 mAh g^(−1) when used as the anode for sodium ion batteries.Our research provides a theoretical basis for the selection of raw materials for the development of high-quality pitch-based hard carbons.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 22578376,52374283)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant BK20240332)。
文摘In this study,melamine and cyanuric acid were used as precursors to form supramolecular crystals via hydrogen-bond-assisted self-assembly followed by hydrothermal treatment.Subsequent high-temperature calcination yielded a novel brush-like three-dimensional carbon nitride.The brush-like 3D architecture was found to expose more accessible active sites,markedly accelerate electron transfer,and suppress the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers.The resulting superoxide(O_(2)^(-·))and hydroxyl(·OH)radicals generated via electron reduction were identified as the key reactive species in the photocatalytic process.Moreover,the surface of the brush-like structure is enriched with nitrogen vacancies,which enhance the catalyst’s ability to harvest visible light.The photocatalytic performance of the brush-like CNS-650 catalyst was evaluated for rhodamine B(RhB)degradation.Under red-light irradiation(660 nm),its degradation rate was 7.4 times higher than that of bulk CN.This work provides valuable insights into the design and application of efficient metal-free 3D photocatalysts.
文摘Carbon-based materials have gained significant attention in anticancer treatment because of their exceptional biocompatibility,yet critical challenges persist in establishing definitive correlations between their porous structures and functional performance.We report the use of a silica template to guide pore formation in the design of mesoporous carbon spheres(mC)with tailored pore structures for improved combined photothermal-chemotherapy.The mesopore size of mC has been adjusted by kinetic control of the resin polymerization and silica hydrolysis.Structural characterization showed that 4.4 nm mesopores enabled an exceptional gemcitabine loading of 228 mg g^(−1) and a sustained pH/thermal dual-responsive release with>70%drug release under near-infrared(NIR)irradiation.Finite element analysis demonstrated pore size-dependent heat transfer dynamics,with the improved mC achieving a superior photothermal conversion efficiency of 62%by a combination of N-doping and defect engineering.In vitro evaluations confirmed outstanding biocompatibility with>95%cell viability at 200μg mL^(−1) and potent tumor suppression in pancreatic and biliary cancer models with an~5%cell viability at 25μg mL^(−1) where combined therapy showed a 3.7-fold increased cytotoxicity over monotherapy.The improved structure of mC facilitated cascade therapeutic effects with enhanced tumor permeability derived from NIR-triggered hyperthermia and prolonged therapeutic exposure due to pH-responsive drug release.This pore engineering strategy establishes a structure-function process for next-generation theranostic platforms,addressing the critical limitations of conventional pancreatic and biliary cancer therapies through spatiotemporal control of multimodal treatment.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378180,22078141)Education Department Foundation of Liaoning Province(JYTMS20230960)。
文摘To deepen understanding of the evolution of coal char microstructural properties of coal char during the co-pyrolysis of coking coal with additives,this study incorporated two typical additives,coal tar pitch(CTP)and waste plastic(HDPE),into a blended coal sample and carried out pyrolysis experiments.The pyrolysis process and the microstructure of char were systematically characterized using various analytical techniques,including thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Raman spectroscopy.Data correlation analysis was performed to reveal the mechanism of carbon structural ordering evolution within the critical temperature range(350−600℃)from colloidal layer formation to semi-coke conversion in coking coal,and to elucidate the regulatory effects of different additives on coal pyrolysis pathways.The results indicate that HDPE releases free radicals during high-temperature pyrolysis,accelerating the pyrolysis reaction and increase the yield of volatile components.Conversely,CTP facilitates pyrolysis at low temperatures through its light components,thereby delaying high-temperature reactions due to the colloidal layer’s effect.XRD results indicate that during the process of pyrolysis,there is a progressive decrease in the interlayer spacing of aromatic layers(d002),while the aromatic ring stacking height(L_(c))and lateral size(L_(a))undergo significant of carbon skeleton ordering.Further comparative reveals that CTP partially suppresses structural ordering at low temperatures,whereas HDPE promotes the condensation and alignment of aromatic clusters via a free radical mechanism.Raman spectroscopy reveals a two-stage reorganization mechanism in the microstructure of the coal char:the decrease in the I_(D)/I_(G)ratio between 350 and 550℃is primarily attributed to the cleavage of aliphatic side chains and cross-linking bonds,leading to a reduction in defective structures;whereas the increase in ID/IG between 550 and 600℃is closely associated with enhanced condensation reactions of aromatic structures.Correlation analysis further demonstrates progressive graphitization during pyrolysis,with a significant positive correlation(R^(2)>0.85)observed between d002 and the full width at half maximum of the G-band(FWHM-G).
基金Supported by grants from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFB4205903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274308,U22B20144,22278440 and 22078362)Shandong Provincial Technology Innovation Guidance Plan(YDZX2023060)。
文摘Lignin contains abundant aromatic ring structures,which can be converted into green sustainable aviation fuelrange arenes through hydrodeoxygenation(HDO).A series of supported FeMoS/NC catalysts were synthesized by a hydrothermal method.The HDO performance of the catalysts was evaluated using 4-ethylguaiacol as a model compound at 340℃ under 3 MPa H2.The MoS_(2)/NC catalyst exhibited a deoxygenation degree of 83.4%,whereas the Fe-modified catalyst(Fe_(0.3)MoS/NC)attained complete deoxygenation(100%)with an arenes selectivity of 78.6%.Beyond the optimal ratio,the deoxygenation degree is inversely proportional to the Fe/Mo molar ratio.The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),low-temperature nitrogen adsorption(BET method)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The characterization results indicated that the introduction of Fe enhanced the uniform dispersion of MoS_(2)on the NC support surface.This modification further increased the acidity of the catalyst surface and raised the concentration of sulfur vacancies,thereby promoting the adsorption of oxygencontaining compounds.Furthermore,the HDO performance of the Fe_(0.3)MoS/NC catalyst was evaluated using actual lignin as a feedstock under the conditions of 340℃,3 MPa H2 and 12 h.The results showed a green hydrocarbon yield of 65.5%,of which the C_(8)-C_(16)fraction accounted for 54.4%of the total hydrocarbons.Within this fraction,aromatic compounds constituted 63.4%,suggesting its potential use as green aviation fuel-range arenes.This work thus establishes a viable catalytic pathway for efficient conversion of lignin to arenes.
文摘Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries are promisingcandidates for next-generation energy storagegiven their high energy density and potential low cost.Chemically activated carbon(CAC)is often used fortheir cathodes,because it has a high specific surfacearea for sulfur loading.We have developed a pressurizedphysical activation(PPA)method that producedan activated carbon(PPAC)with a high specific surfacearea comparable to that of CAC.The pore structure of PPAC could be changed and its use as a cathode material for Li–Sbatteries was investigated.Battery tests at different capacity rates(C-rates)showed that it had a much improved high-rate performancewith a discharge capacity of 900 mAh/(g of sulfur)at 1 C,in contrast to only 600 mAh/(g of sulfur)for CAC.Porestructure analyses showed that PPAC prepared at a high activation temperature(1000℃)had unusual channel-like mesoporesbetween the microdomains that are the basic structural units of artificial carbon materials.These are connected to microporesdeveloped in each microdomain,and deliver ions from the surroundings to the internal pores and vice versa.The well-developedmicropores and mesopores of PPAC respectively ensured the high adsorption of lithium polysulfides and a high rate ofion diffusion.Compared to CAC,PPAC is a high-performance,low-cost cathode material that is promising for use in futureLi–S batteries.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472194)the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University through Large Research Project(RGP-2/687/46).
文摘Zinc-ion supercapacitors(ZISCs)have received considerable interest for energy storage because of their low cost,high safety,and minimal environmental impact.However,they have a low energy density and poor cycling performance.The design of a better cathode material is needed to overcome these limitations.A simple method was used to synthesize binder-free electrochemically exfoliated carbon paper(EECP)which modifies the surface of the paper by introducing oxygen functional groups and thus improves its pseudocapacitance.When used in a Zn-ion supercapacitor(ZISC),an EECPbased cathode provides a large surface area and quick charge transfer.As a result,the ZISC had remarkable charge storage properties and had a dominant capacitive-type charge storage mechanism with 78.8%retention of capacity at 10 mV/s of the total storage.Furthermore,at 1 A/g,the EECP electrode had a maximum capacitance of 252.5 F/g.The EECP electrode retained 81.7%of its capacitance after 10000 cycles,indicating its promise for use in the growing renewable energy sector.A ZISC was also constructed using EECP as the positive electrode and Zn as the negative electrode with a 1 mol L^(−1) ZnSO_(4) electrolyte.It had a capacitance of 186.22 F/g at 1 A/g and a 97.01%retention rate after 10000 cycles.It also had an excellent energy density of 46.6 Wh/kg at a power density of 500.4 W/kg.The material is therefore suitable for use in high-rate next-generation ZISCs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378181).
文摘The development of materials with excellent microwave absorption(MWA)and electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding performances has currently received attention.Herein,mesophase pitch-based carbon foam(MPCF)with 3D interconnected pore structure was prepared through the high pressure pyrolysis of mesophase coal tar pitch.It is found that the 3D interconnected cellular pores of MPCF facilitate multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves,which results in the minimum reflection loss(RLmin)value of MPCF reaches-37.84 dB with the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 5.44 GHz at a thickness of 2.70 mm,and the total average electromagnetic shielding effectiveness(SE_(T))under 3.00 mm thickness achieves 26.52 dB in X-band.Subsequently,MPCF is activated by KOH to obtain activated carbon foam(A-MPCF).The average SE_(T)of A-MPCF achieves 103.00 dB for abundant nanopores on the pore cell walls,which leads to a transition from the multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves on the walls to diffuse reflection.Unfortunately,the reflection coefficient(R)of A-MPCF increases from 0.78 to 0.90.To reduce the R value,Fe_(3)O_(4)/A-MPCF was fabricated via the in situ growth of nano Fe_(3)O_(4)on A-MPCF.Consequently,the R value of Fe_(3)O_(4)/A-MPCF was reduced from 0.90 to 0.74,whereas the MWA performance was only slightly decreased.This work proposes a simple strategy for simultaneously adjusting MWA and EMI shielding performances of materials.
文摘Analysis Method of ^(131)I Activity in Carbon Cartridge and Internal Dose Assessment for Nuclear Medicine Workers.Shuo Wang1,Fei Tuo1,Jian-feng Zhang1,Xiao-liang Li1,Bao-lu Yang1,Qiang Zhou1,Ze-shu Li1,Shu-ying Kong1,and Wei-hao Qin1(1.National Institute for Radiological Protection,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing,100088,China.)
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2025YFE0109700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106150)。
文摘CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.
