The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.Howev...The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.However,the transcriptional regulation of capsaicinoid biosynthesis remains largely unknown.In this study,two AP2/ERF transcription factors(TFs),CaERF102 and CaERF111,were characterized for their role in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis process.Expression analysis of two ERFs and capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes(CBGs)suggested that they were associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis.Both ERFs encode nuclear-localized proteins and function as transcriptional activators through their C-terminal activation motifs.The two ERF TFs participated in capsaicinoid biosynthesis by directly activating the promoters of key CBGs,and this activation was significantly enhanced when CaMYC2 was co-expressed.Moreover,CaERF102 and CaERF111 were found to interact with CaMYC2.This study helps elucidate the AP2/ERF TF regulatory network that governs capsaicinoid biosynthesis in Capsicum species.展开更多
Pepper(Capsicum annuum)is one of the most important horticultural crops worldwide,which makes the development of an effective protoplast system for transient gene expression highly significant.Typically,plant protopla...Pepper(Capsicum annuum)is one of the most important horticultural crops worldwide,which makes the development of an effective protoplast system for transient gene expression highly significant.Typically,plant protoplasts are initially isolated through enzymatic digestion and then used for transient transformations mediated by polyethylene glycol(PEG).However,PEG-mediated protoplast transformation suffers from low and inconsistent efficiency,is influenced by various factors,and requires greater operator expertise.Here,we present a simple and efficient protoplast system for transient gene expression in C.annuum and Nicotiana benthamiana,without PEG-mediated transfection.This procedure involved using the first and second fully expanded true leaves of pepper and N.benthamiana plants at the six-leaf stage for Agrobacterium infiltration,followed by enzymatic digestion for protoplast isolation.The resulting protoplast transfections achieved remarkably high efficiencies,facilitating functional analyses such as subcellular localization and protein—protein interaction studies(for example,BiFC,Co-IP,and Split-LUC assays).Thus,we have demonstrated a simplified and highly efficient transient expression system for protoplasts and potential wide-ranging applications in C.annuum and N.benthamiana while bypassing PEG-mediated transfection.展开更多
The phenotypic variation and its distribution among species,morphotypes,and among and within populations was estimated in 71 populations pertaining to 15 morphotypes of three domesticated species of Capsicum from Mexi...The phenotypic variation and its distribution among species,morphotypes,and among and within populations was estimated in 71 populations pertaining to 15 morphotypes of three domesticated species of Capsicum from Mexico.Collections were made in the states of Sinaloa,Nayarit,Oaxaca,Tabasco,and Yucatán in two agroecosystems:Backyard-garden and monoculture.Fifteen phenotypic characteristics were analyzed through one-way variance analysis and multivariate analyses of principal components analysis(PCA)and hierarchical clustering using Ward’s method.The study was performed in a uniform greenhouse experiment.A high variation was found among and within populations in all the measured characteristics.Of the total variation,13.0%was distributed among species,27.9%among morphotypes,8.1%among populations,and 51.0%within populations.Because plants grew in a uniform environment,these results indicate that the differences observed among and within species,morphotypes,and populations have a genetic basis.Univariate and multivariate analyses clearly differentiated morphotypes,suggesting that the category of morphotypes must be used to nominate the infraspecific variation in the domesticated Capsicum.The principal components analysis identified a total of 15 principal components that contributed to explain the total variation.The first two components explained 59.64%of the total variation and seven components explained more than 90%of the total variation.Among the measured characteristics,number of seed per fruit,weight of the fruit,width of the fruit,length of the fruit,stem diameter,days to flowering,and height of the plant contributed to component 1 variation,whereas width of the leaf,length of the leaf,and number of locules,number of fruits and number of seeds per plant contributed to component 2.The hierarchical clustering separated the populations and the morphotypes in two large different groups.One group consisted of populations collected in monoculture conditions and the other group corresponded to population collected from backyard-garden conditions.The monoculture populations were characterized mainly by their longer,wider,and higher weight fruits,plants were of less height,had smaller stem diameters,and lower number of fruits than the populations collected from the backyard-garden conditions.The backyard-garden populations of the Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens species,considered wild or semi-domesticated,constituted a non-differentiated phenotypic group that does not allow dividing them in different species.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to screen out hot pepper germplasms highly resistant to Meloidogyne incognita, thereby providing resistant resources for hot pep- per breeding. [Method] Comprehensive analysis combining cl...[Objective] This study aimed to screen out hot pepper germplasms highly resistant to Meloidogyne incognita, thereby providing resistant resources for hot pep- per breeding. [Method] Comprehensive analysis combining cluster analysis and sub- ordinate function was conducted through determining related resistance indexes of 67 hot pepper germplasms 50 days after inoculated with M. incognita. [Result] The effects of M. incognita on related resistance indexes were significantly different am- ong the hot pepper germplasms. Egg index and gall index had abundant genetic variation with variation coefficients of 143.16% and 118.95%, respectively. Based on the gall indexes, cluster analysis of hot pepper germplasms was performed. The 67 hot pepper germplasms were divided into 4 groups （resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and high susceptible）. The resistance intensity of the hot pepper germplasms were ranked according to the sum of subordinate function values of various resistance indexes. The total function values of Rela 2 and L506M were the largest （2.00）, indicating that these two germplasms were immune to M. incognita. The total function values of L287-2, L522-1M, L504M, L515-2, 13SM100-1, L512M, L292-1, L319, L316, L317, 13SM87-1 and Rela 5 were larger than 1.95, indicating that these germplasms were highly resistant to M. incognita. [Conclusion] This study could provide certain resistant resources for resistance breeding of hot pepper to M. incognita.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to improve the genetic property of peppers, the mutant population of Capsicum annuum L cultivar ＂6421＂ was constructed. [Method] The seeds of ＂6421＂ were treated with 0.2% to 1.2% ethyl met...[Objective] The aim was to improve the genetic property of peppers, the mutant population of Capsicum annuum L cultivar ＂6421＂ was constructed. [Method] The seeds of ＂6421＂ were treated with 0.2% to 1.2% ethyl methane sulfonate to identified LD50, and then 10 000 LD^o of treated seeds were sowed to construct mutant population. The agronomic characters and genetic regularity of dwarf mutants in M4 generation were analyzed. [Result] Our results showed that GR and SSR were 45.2% and 40.2% respectively at 1.0% EMS, close to LD50, with GI （17.6） and seed Ⅵ （19.7） being half of that of control; 562 M4 mutants were identified in 2015, and the mutation could be characterized according 11 major categories and 32 subcategories; Simultaneously, we found that plant height, plant width, diameter of mainstem, length of main-stem, the number of main-stem nodes and branch of lines E29, E58, E142 and E312 were all significantly different from that of the control. The mutation of lines E29, E58 and E312 was all controlled by a single recessive gene. [Conclusionl The study first created a pepper mutant population, which provides not only the germplasm resources for further breeding but also direct and effective materials for genomic study of the pepper.展开更多
[Objective] To study the effects of microwave blanching treatment on POD activity and crispness in Capsicum frutescens L., and to compare the effects of microwave blanching method, normal blanching method, boiling wat...[Objective] To study the effects of microwave blanching treatment on POD activity and crispness in Capsicum frutescens L., and to compare the effects of microwave blanching method, normal blanching method, boiling water blanching and steam blanching. [Methods] In order to obtain the optimal condition for microwave blanching, response surface methodology was used to construct a quadratic regression model describing the effects of microwave power, microwave time and calcium lactate concentration on the POD activity in C. frutescens. [Results] The optimal technology was obtained based on central composite design： 525 W microwave power, 64.5 s microwave time, and 0.08% calcium lactate concentration. Under this condition, POD enzyme activity of C. frutescens was desactivated and crispness of C. frutescens was 68.77 N. [Conclusions] This research would provide references for the crispness protection and enzyme deactivation of C. frutescens.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to explore the effect of different culture conditions on sporulation quantity of Phytophthora capsici in Capsicum annuum L.var.dactylus M.in Xunhua.[Method] The effects of light hours,pH,medi...[Objective] The paper was to explore the effect of different culture conditions on sporulation quantity of Phytophthora capsici in Capsicum annuum L.var.dactylus M.in Xunhua.[Method] The effects of light hours,pH,medium and temperature on sporulation quantity during isolation and culture process of P.capsici were studied.[Result] The sporulation quantity of P.capsici under the conditions of 24 h/day light,pH 7.0,potato medium（PSA） and 30 ℃ was the largest,and pH,basal medium and temperature had greater impact on sporulation quantity.[Conclusion]The study laid foundation for the study on natural incidence condition of C.annuum in Xunhua.展开更多
[ Objective ] The paper was to study the residue dynamics of mancozeb in Capsicum annuum Linn and soil. [ Method ] Field spraying test and indoor analysis were carried out in three places of Changsha, Guangzhou and Be...[ Objective ] The paper was to study the residue dynamics of mancozeb in Capsicum annuum Linn and soil. [ Method ] Field spraying test and indoor analysis were carried out in three places of Changsha, Guangzhou and Beijing City during 2008 -2009 to study the digestion dynamics and the final residue of man- cozeb in C. annuum and soil, and gas chromatography was used for quantitative analysis. [ Result]The average recovery rates of mancozeb in C. annuum and soil were 86.59%-93.03% and 92.57%-95.14%, respectively. Mancozeb had rapid digestion in C. annuum and soft with the half-life of 2.29 -4.65 and 4.01 - 4.65 d, respectively. When metalaxyl-M,mancozeb water dispersible granule was sprayed in C. annuum according to the recommend dose （ spraying for no more than three times with the spraying interval of 5 d）, the final residue of maneozeb in C. annuum collected in the third day after the last spraying was less than 2 mg/kg.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare the drought resistance difference of the main Capsicum annuum cultivars planted in Wenshan Prefecture of Yunnan Province. [Method] The total anthocyanin, soluble sugar,...[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare the drought resistance difference of the main Capsicum annuum cultivars planted in Wenshan Prefecture of Yunnan Province. [Method] The total anthocyanin, soluble sugar, soluble protein and free proline contents of the leaves of the five main C. annuum cultivars planted in Wenshan Prefecture, i.e., ZSZ75-1, ZSZ49-1-1, 12WS-18-1, 12ZH01 and ZS130, under the drought stress simulated by PEG-6000 were studied by using spectrophotometry, and the total osmoregulation abilities of the leaves were evaluated by using subordinate function. [Result] Under the drought stress simulated by PEG-6000, the total anthocyanin contents of the veins, mesophylls and whole leaves of the five cultivars were all as： ZSZ75-1〉ZSZ49-1-1〉12WS-18-1〉12ZH01〉ZS130, the soluble sugar contents as： 12ZH01 〉12WS-18-1 〉ZS130〉ZSZ49-1-1 〉ZSZ75-1, the soluble protein contents as： ZSZ75-1〉12ZH01〉ZSZ49-1-1〉12WS-18-1〉ZS130, and the free proline contents as： ZS130〉ZSZ75-1 〉12WS-18-1 〉ZSZ49-1-1 〉12ZH01. Furthermore, the differences among the total anthocyanin contents of the veins, mesophylls and whole leaves of the five cultivars all reached the extremely significant levels, whereas the differences among the contents of the soluble sugar, soluble protein and free proline did not reach the significant levels, the correlation degrees among the contents of the total anthocyanin, soluble sugar, soluble protein and free proline of different cultivars were also inconsistent, and the total osmoregulation abilities of the five cultivar leaves were as： ZSZ75-1 〉7SZ49-1-1 〉12WS-18-1 〉ZS130〉12ZH01. [Conclusion] The anthocyanin accumulation in the specific organs of the five C. annuum cultivars in Wenshan Prefecture is beneficial to the strengthening of the leaf osmoregulation abilities under drought stress, favoring the drought tolerance of the cultivars.展开更多
Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-t...Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.展开更多
The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide （C1Oz） gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20,...The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide （C1Oz） gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas at 10±0.5℃ for over 40 d, and the changes in postharvest physiology and preservation quality of the peppers were evaluated during the storage. The inhibition of rot of the peppers was observed for all the tested ClO2 gas treatments. The rot rates of the treated samples were 50% lesser than those of the control after day 40 of storage. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained after 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas treatment, where the peppers did not decay until day 30 and showed only one-fourth of the rot rate of the control at day 40 of storage. The respiratory activity of the peppers was significantly （P〈0.05） inhibited by 20 and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments, whereas no significant effects on respiratory activity were observed with 5 and 10 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments （P〉0.05）. Except for 50 mg L^-1 ClO2, malondialdenyde （MDA） contents in the peppers treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg L^-1 ClO2 were not significantly （P〉0.05） different from those in the control. Degradation of chlorophyll in the peppers was delayed by 5 mg L-1ClO2, but promoted by 10, 20, or 50 mg L^-1 ClO2. The vitamin C content, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids of the peppers treated by all the tested ClO2 gas did not significantly change during the storage. The results suggested that ClO2 gas treatment effectively delayed the postharvest physiological transformation of green peppers, inhibited decay and respiration, maintained some nutritional and sensory quality, and retarded MDA accumulation.展开更多
Linked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of human genomes,however,the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven.We evaluated the technology ...Linked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of human genomes,however,the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven.We evaluated the technology for this purpose by sequencing the 3.5-gigabase(Gb)diploid pepper(Capsicum annuum)genome with a single Linked-Read library.Plant genomes,including pepper,are characterized by long,highly similar repetitive sequences.Accordingly,significant effort is used to ensure that the sequenced plant is highly homozygous and the resulting assembly is a haploid consensus.With a phased assembly approach,we targeted a heterozygous F1 derived from a wide cross to assess the ability to derive both haplotypes and characterize a pungency gene with a large insertion/deletion.The Supernova software generated a highly ordered,more contiguous sequence assembly than all currently available C.annuum reference genomes.Over 83%of the final assembly was anchored and oriented using four publicly available de novo linkage maps.A comparison of the annotation of conserved eukaryotic genes indicated the completeness of assembly.The validity of the phased assembly is further demonstrated with the complete recovery of both 2.5-Kb insertion/deletion haplotypes of the PUN1 locus in the F1 sample that represents pungent and nonpungent peppers,as well as nearly full recovery of the BUSCO2 gene set within each of the two haplotypes.The most contiguous pepper genome assembly to date has been generated which demonstrates that Linked-Read library technology provides a tool to de novo assemble complex highly repetitive heterozygous plant genomes.This technology can provide an opportunity to cost-effectively develop high-quality genome assemblies for other complex plants and compare structural and gene differences through accurate haplotype reconstruction.展开更多
Fruit set and development are affected by many phytohormones, including gibberellin. Little is known regarding molecular mechanism underlying gibberellin mediated fruit set and development especially in Capsicum. Thre...Fruit set and development are affected by many phytohormones, including gibberellin. Little is known regarding molecular mechanism underlying gibberellin mediated fruit set and development especially in Capsicum. Three gibberellin recep- tors, CaGIDlb.1, CaGIDlb.2 and CaGIDlc, and a DELLA protein, CaGAI, have been identified in Capsicum annuum L. During the fruit development, the expression level of CaGIDlc was low, and the expression fold change is mild. However, CaGIDlb. 1 and CaGIDlb.2 were relatively higher and more acute, which indicates that CaGIDlb. 1 and CaGID1b.2 may play an important role in fruit pericarp, placenta and seed. Ectopic expressions of CaGIDlb. 1, CaGIDlb.2 and CaGIDlc in Arabidopsis double mutant gidla gidlc increased plant height, among which CaGIDlb.2 had the most significant effect; CaGAI reduced plant height in double mutant rga-24/gai-t6, having a similar function to AtGID1 and AtGAI in stem elon- gation. Yeast two-hybrid （Y2H） and bimolecular fluorescence complementation （BiFC） assays indicated that CaGIDlb.1 and CaGID1 b.2 interact with CaGAI in a GA-dependent manner, while CaGIDlc interacts with CaGAI in a GA-independent manner. Our study reveals the key elements during gibberellin signaling in Capsicum and supports the critical importance of gibberellin for Capsicum fruit set and development.展开更多
In perspective of breeding high-yield hybrid pepper varieties, combining ability analysis of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting in pepper was made with 15 cross combinations fro...In perspective of breeding high-yield hybrid pepper varieties, combining ability analysis of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting in pepper was made with 15 cross combinations from 6 parents by （1/2） n （n- 1） diallel crosses. There are relatively large differences not only in general combining ability （GCA） effect among different parents and at different phases of flowering and fruit setting, but also in specific combining ability （SCA） effect among different hybrids. There are relatively large GCA effects in late parents but relatively less GCA effects in early parents. No obvious laws have been found in the relationship between SCA effects and maturity of hybrids. Variances of SCA are larger than those of GCA. Heritability is less but influence of environment is larger. Correlation analysis of combining ability between net photosynthesis rate and agronomic character or resistances to main diseases has showed that correlation coefficients of GCA are relatively large at the medium phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and fruit characters. Correlation coefficients of SCA are relatively large at the early phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and plant characters at the early phase but to plant characters and fruit characters at the late phase. Correlation coefficients of SCA between net photosynthesis rate and resistances to main diseases are larger than those of GCA. The combining abilities of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting are positively correlated with those of yield per plant. The combining ability is an important parameter of breeding of high photosynthesis hybrid pepper varieties.展开更多
To improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of anther and/or pollen development in Chili pepper, in the present study, fulllength cDNA and DNA sequences of the pollen development-related gene CaMF5 were obtai...To improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of anther and/or pollen development in Chili pepper, in the present study, fulllength cDNA and DNA sequences of the pollen development-related gene CaMF5 were obtained from the anthers of a Capsicum annuum nuclear male-fertile line. Sequence analysis indicated that the full length of CaMF5 was 747 bp, containing a maximum opening reading frame of 447 bp.Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaMF5 shared approximately 37%–77% homology with a series of uncharacterized or hypothetical proteins and late embryogenesis abundant(LEA) proteins from other plants. However, no LEA structural domain was detected in CaMF5, which indicated that it might be a new type of LEA gene. CaMF5 was only expressed in flower buds at stages 7 and 8 and in open flowers of the male-fertile line, whereas it exhibited no expression in any examined organs of the male-sterile line. In addition, CaMF5 showed the highest transcript abundance in the anthers of the male-fertile line, with no expression being detected in any other examined organs, such as the sepals, petals, pistils, roots, stems, or leaves. Taken together, our results suggest that CaMF5 is an anther-specific gene that might encode a new type of LEA protein related to anther and/or pollen development in C. annuum.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32202502,U21A20230,32070331,32102380 and 32072580)National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFD1000800)+3 种基金the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202080001)the Special Fund for Seed Industry of Guangdong Province Rural Revitalization Strategy(Grant No.2022-NPY00-024)Tibet Autonomous Region of Lhasa City Science and Technology Project(Grant No.LSKJ202310)the Science and Technology Project of Bijie City(Grant No.BKK2022-3)。
文摘The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.However,the transcriptional regulation of capsaicinoid biosynthesis remains largely unknown.In this study,two AP2/ERF transcription factors(TFs),CaERF102 and CaERF111,were characterized for their role in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis process.Expression analysis of two ERFs and capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes(CBGs)suggested that they were associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis.Both ERFs encode nuclear-localized proteins and function as transcriptional activators through their C-terminal activation motifs.The two ERF TFs participated in capsaicinoid biosynthesis by directly activating the promoters of key CBGs,and this activation was significantly enhanced when CaMYC2 was co-expressed.Moreover,CaERF102 and CaERF111 were found to interact with CaMYC2.This study helps elucidate the AP2/ERF TF regulatory network that governs capsaicinoid biosynthesis in Capsicum species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32472536 and 32302526)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.2208085MC64)+2 种基金the Outstanding Innovative Research Team for Molecular Enzymology and Detection in Anhui Provincial Universities(Grant No.2022AH010012)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(Grant No.GXXT-2022-067)the University Natural Science Research Program of Anhui Provincial Education Department(Grant No.KJ2021A0118).
文摘Pepper(Capsicum annuum)is one of the most important horticultural crops worldwide,which makes the development of an effective protoplast system for transient gene expression highly significant.Typically,plant protoplasts are initially isolated through enzymatic digestion and then used for transient transformations mediated by polyethylene glycol(PEG).However,PEG-mediated protoplast transformation suffers from low and inconsistent efficiency,is influenced by various factors,and requires greater operator expertise.Here,we present a simple and efficient protoplast system for transient gene expression in C.annuum and Nicotiana benthamiana,without PEG-mediated transfection.This procedure involved using the first and second fully expanded true leaves of pepper and N.benthamiana plants at the six-leaf stage for Agrobacterium infiltration,followed by enzymatic digestion for protoplast isolation.The resulting protoplast transfections achieved remarkably high efficiencies,facilitating functional analyses such as subcellular localization and protein—protein interaction studies(for example,BiFC,Co-IP,and Split-LUC assays).Thus,we have demonstrated a simplified and highly efficient transient expression system for protoplasts and potential wide-ranging applications in C.annuum and N.benthamiana while bypassing PEG-mediated transfection.
基金This research was funded by the Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa(Project PROFAPI 2015/123).
文摘The phenotypic variation and its distribution among species,morphotypes,and among and within populations was estimated in 71 populations pertaining to 15 morphotypes of three domesticated species of Capsicum from Mexico.Collections were made in the states of Sinaloa,Nayarit,Oaxaca,Tabasco,and Yucatán in two agroecosystems:Backyard-garden and monoculture.Fifteen phenotypic characteristics were analyzed through one-way variance analysis and multivariate analyses of principal components analysis(PCA)and hierarchical clustering using Ward’s method.The study was performed in a uniform greenhouse experiment.A high variation was found among and within populations in all the measured characteristics.Of the total variation,13.0%was distributed among species,27.9%among morphotypes,8.1%among populations,and 51.0%within populations.Because plants grew in a uniform environment,these results indicate that the differences observed among and within species,morphotypes,and populations have a genetic basis.Univariate and multivariate analyses clearly differentiated morphotypes,suggesting that the category of morphotypes must be used to nominate the infraspecific variation in the domesticated Capsicum.The principal components analysis identified a total of 15 principal components that contributed to explain the total variation.The first two components explained 59.64%of the total variation and seven components explained more than 90%of the total variation.Among the measured characteristics,number of seed per fruit,weight of the fruit,width of the fruit,length of the fruit,stem diameter,days to flowering,and height of the plant contributed to component 1 variation,whereas width of the leaf,length of the leaf,and number of locules,number of fruits and number of seeds per plant contributed to component 2.The hierarchical clustering separated the populations and the morphotypes in two large different groups.One group consisted of populations collected in monoculture conditions and the other group corresponded to population collected from backyard-garden conditions.The monoculture populations were characterized mainly by their longer,wider,and higher weight fruits,plants were of less height,had smaller stem diameters,and lower number of fruits than the populations collected from the backyard-garden conditions.The backyard-garden populations of the Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens species,considered wild or semi-domesticated,constituted a non-differentiated phenotypic group that does not allow dividing them in different species.
基金Supported by National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CATAS-TCGRI(1630032014019,1630032015003)Key Research&Development Project of Hainan Province(ZDYF2016225)Key Technology Research and Demonstration Project of Farmland Improvement of Hainan Province(HNGDpz2015)
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to screen out hot pepper germplasms highly resistant to Meloidogyne incognita, thereby providing resistant resources for hot pep- per breeding. [Method] Comprehensive analysis combining cluster analysis and sub- ordinate function was conducted through determining related resistance indexes of 67 hot pepper germplasms 50 days after inoculated with M. incognita. [Result] The effects of M. incognita on related resistance indexes were significantly different am- ong the hot pepper germplasms. Egg index and gall index had abundant genetic variation with variation coefficients of 143.16% and 118.95%, respectively. Based on the gall indexes, cluster analysis of hot pepper germplasms was performed. The 67 hot pepper germplasms were divided into 4 groups （resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and high susceptible）. The resistance intensity of the hot pepper germplasms were ranked according to the sum of subordinate function values of various resistance indexes. The total function values of Rela 2 and L506M were the largest （2.00）, indicating that these two germplasms were immune to M. incognita. The total function values of L287-2, L522-1M, L504M, L515-2, 13SM100-1, L512M, L292-1, L319, L316, L317, 13SM87-1 and Rela 5 were larger than 1.95, indicating that these germplasms were highly resistant to M. incognita. [Conclusion] This study could provide certain resistant resources for resistance breeding of hot pepper to M. incognita.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(2016JJ6064)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-25-A-8)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to improve the genetic property of peppers, the mutant population of Capsicum annuum L cultivar ＂6421＂ was constructed. [Method] The seeds of ＂6421＂ were treated with 0.2% to 1.2% ethyl methane sulfonate to identified LD50, and then 10 000 LD^o of treated seeds were sowed to construct mutant population. The agronomic characters and genetic regularity of dwarf mutants in M4 generation were analyzed. [Result] Our results showed that GR and SSR were 45.2% and 40.2% respectively at 1.0% EMS, close to LD50, with GI （17.6） and seed Ⅵ （19.7） being half of that of control; 562 M4 mutants were identified in 2015, and the mutation could be characterized according 11 major categories and 32 subcategories; Simultaneously, we found that plant height, plant width, diameter of mainstem, length of main-stem, the number of main-stem nodes and branch of lines E29, E58, E142 and E312 were all significantly different from that of the control. The mutation of lines E29, E58 and E312 was all controlled by a single recessive gene. [Conclusionl The study first created a pepper mutant population, which provides not only the germplasm resources for further breeding but also direct and effective materials for genomic study of the pepper.
基金Supported by the Key Project of Chongqing City(cstc2014yykfA0030)~~
文摘[Objective] To study the effects of microwave blanching treatment on POD activity and crispness in Capsicum frutescens L., and to compare the effects of microwave blanching method, normal blanching method, boiling water blanching and steam blanching. [Methods] In order to obtain the optimal condition for microwave blanching, response surface methodology was used to construct a quadratic regression model describing the effects of microwave power, microwave time and calcium lactate concentration on the POD activity in C. frutescens. [Results] The optimal technology was obtained based on central composite design： 525 W microwave power, 64.5 s microwave time, and 0.08% calcium lactate concentration. Under this condition, POD enzyme activity of C. frutescens was desactivated and crispness of C. frutescens was 68.77 N. [Conclusions] This research would provide references for the crispness protection and enzyme deactivation of C. frutescens.
文摘[Objective] The paper was to explore the effect of different culture conditions on sporulation quantity of Phytophthora capsici in Capsicum annuum L.var.dactylus M.in Xunhua.[Method] The effects of light hours,pH,medium and temperature on sporulation quantity during isolation and culture process of P.capsici were studied.[Result] The sporulation quantity of P.capsici under the conditions of 24 h/day light,pH 7.0,potato medium（PSA） and 30 ℃ was the largest,and pH,basal medium and temperature had greater impact on sporulation quantity.[Conclusion]The study laid foundation for the study on natural incidence condition of C.annuum in Xunhua.
基金Supported by Pesticide Residues Fund of Department of Agriculture (NCR2008036)~~
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to study the residue dynamics of mancozeb in Capsicum annuum Linn and soil. [ Method ] Field spraying test and indoor analysis were carried out in three places of Changsha, Guangzhou and Beijing City during 2008 -2009 to study the digestion dynamics and the final residue of man- cozeb in C. annuum and soil, and gas chromatography was used for quantitative analysis. [ Result]The average recovery rates of mancozeb in C. annuum and soil were 86.59%-93.03% and 92.57%-95.14%, respectively. Mancozeb had rapid digestion in C. annuum and soft with the half-life of 2.29 -4.65 and 4.01 - 4.65 d, respectively. When metalaxyl-M,mancozeb water dispersible granule was sprayed in C. annuum according to the recommend dose （ spraying for no more than three times with the spraying interval of 5 d）, the final residue of maneozeb in C. annuum collected in the third day after the last spraying was less than 2 mg/kg.
基金Supported by Foreign Cooperation Project of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province(2015IC057)Province-strengthening Project via Science and Technology Innovation of Yunnan(2015AB011)Fund of Wenshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(HZ2015-01)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare the drought resistance difference of the main Capsicum annuum cultivars planted in Wenshan Prefecture of Yunnan Province. [Method] The total anthocyanin, soluble sugar, soluble protein and free proline contents of the leaves of the five main C. annuum cultivars planted in Wenshan Prefecture, i.e., ZSZ75-1, ZSZ49-1-1, 12WS-18-1, 12ZH01 and ZS130, under the drought stress simulated by PEG-6000 were studied by using spectrophotometry, and the total osmoregulation abilities of the leaves were evaluated by using subordinate function. [Result] Under the drought stress simulated by PEG-6000, the total anthocyanin contents of the veins, mesophylls and whole leaves of the five cultivars were all as： ZSZ75-1〉ZSZ49-1-1〉12WS-18-1〉12ZH01〉ZS130, the soluble sugar contents as： 12ZH01 〉12WS-18-1 〉ZS130〉ZSZ49-1-1 〉ZSZ75-1, the soluble protein contents as： ZSZ75-1〉12ZH01〉ZSZ49-1-1〉12WS-18-1〉ZS130, and the free proline contents as： ZS130〉ZSZ75-1 〉12WS-18-1 〉ZSZ49-1-1 〉12ZH01. Furthermore, the differences among the total anthocyanin contents of the veins, mesophylls and whole leaves of the five cultivars all reached the extremely significant levels, whereas the differences among the contents of the soluble sugar, soluble protein and free proline did not reach the significant levels, the correlation degrees among the contents of the total anthocyanin, soluble sugar, soluble protein and free proline of different cultivars were also inconsistent, and the total osmoregulation abilities of the five cultivar leaves were as： ZSZ75-1 〉7SZ49-1-1 〉12WS-18-1 〉ZS130〉12ZH01. [Conclusion] The anthocyanin accumulation in the specific organs of the five C. annuum cultivars in Wenshan Prefecture is beneficial to the strengthening of the leaf osmoregulation abilities under drought stress, favoring the drought tolerance of the cultivars.
基金funded by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100200 and 2016YFD0101700)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-25 and CARS-24-A-01)+1 种基金the Core Research Budget of the Non-profit Governmental Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1610032011011)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIPIVFCAAS)
文摘Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.
文摘The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide （C1Oz） gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas at 10±0.5℃ for over 40 d, and the changes in postharvest physiology and preservation quality of the peppers were evaluated during the storage. The inhibition of rot of the peppers was observed for all the tested ClO2 gas treatments. The rot rates of the treated samples were 50% lesser than those of the control after day 40 of storage. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained after 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas treatment, where the peppers did not decay until day 30 and showed only one-fourth of the rot rate of the control at day 40 of storage. The respiratory activity of the peppers was significantly （P〈0.05） inhibited by 20 and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments, whereas no significant effects on respiratory activity were observed with 5 and 10 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments （P〉0.05）. Except for 50 mg L^-1 ClO2, malondialdenyde （MDA） contents in the peppers treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg L^-1 ClO2 were not significantly （P〉0.05） different from those in the control. Degradation of chlorophyll in the peppers was delayed by 5 mg L-1ClO2, but promoted by 10, 20, or 50 mg L^-1 ClO2. The vitamin C content, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids of the peppers treated by all the tested ClO2 gas did not significantly change during the storage. The results suggested that ClO2 gas treatment effectively delayed the postharvest physiological transformation of green peppers, inhibited decay and respiration, maintained some nutritional and sensory quality, and retarded MDA accumulation.
基金This work was supported by research grants provided by Enza Zaden and Rijk ZwaanLibrary preparation and sequencing costs were provided by 10x GenomicsAdditional support was from the UC Davis Seed Biotechnology Center and USDA-ARS Project#6066-21310-004-00-D.
文摘Linked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of human genomes,however,the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven.We evaluated the technology for this purpose by sequencing the 3.5-gigabase(Gb)diploid pepper(Capsicum annuum)genome with a single Linked-Read library.Plant genomes,including pepper,are characterized by long,highly similar repetitive sequences.Accordingly,significant effort is used to ensure that the sequenced plant is highly homozygous and the resulting assembly is a haploid consensus.With a phased assembly approach,we targeted a heterozygous F1 derived from a wide cross to assess the ability to derive both haplotypes and characterize a pungency gene with a large insertion/deletion.The Supernova software generated a highly ordered,more contiguous sequence assembly than all currently available C.annuum reference genomes.Over 83%of the final assembly was anchored and oriented using four publicly available de novo linkage maps.A comparison of the annotation of conserved eukaryotic genes indicated the completeness of assembly.The validity of the phased assembly is further demonstrated with the complete recovery of both 2.5-Kb insertion/deletion haplotypes of the PUN1 locus in the F1 sample that represents pungent and nonpungent peppers,as well as nearly full recovery of the BUSCO2 gene set within each of the two haplotypes.The most contiguous pepper genome assembly to date has been generated which demonstrates that Linked-Read library technology provides a tool to de novo assemble complex highly repetitive heterozygous plant genomes.This technology can provide an opportunity to cost-effectively develop high-quality genome assemblies for other complex plants and compare structural and gene differences through accurate haplotype reconstruction.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2011BAZ01732)Project of Ministry of Agriculture of China (CARS-25)+1 种基金the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program, 2012AA100103002)Core Research Budget of the Non-profit Governmental Research Institute, China (ICS, CAAS, 1610032011011)
文摘Fruit set and development are affected by many phytohormones, including gibberellin. Little is known regarding molecular mechanism underlying gibberellin mediated fruit set and development especially in Capsicum. Three gibberellin recep- tors, CaGIDlb.1, CaGIDlb.2 and CaGIDlc, and a DELLA protein, CaGAI, have been identified in Capsicum annuum L. During the fruit development, the expression level of CaGIDlc was low, and the expression fold change is mild. However, CaGIDlb. 1 and CaGIDlb.2 were relatively higher and more acute, which indicates that CaGIDlb. 1 and CaGID1b.2 may play an important role in fruit pericarp, placenta and seed. Ectopic expressions of CaGIDlb. 1, CaGIDlb.2 and CaGIDlc in Arabidopsis double mutant gidla gidlc increased plant height, among which CaGIDlb.2 had the most significant effect; CaGAI reduced plant height in double mutant rga-24/gai-t6, having a similar function to AtGID1 and AtGAI in stem elon- gation. Yeast two-hybrid （Y2H） and bimolecular fluorescence complementation （BiFC） assays indicated that CaGIDlb.1 and CaGID1 b.2 interact with CaGAI in a GA-dependent manner, while CaGIDlc interacts with CaGAI in a GA-independent manner. Our study reveals the key elements during gibberellin signaling in Capsicum and supports the critical importance of gibberellin for Capsicum fruit set and development.
文摘In perspective of breeding high-yield hybrid pepper varieties, combining ability analysis of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting in pepper was made with 15 cross combinations from 6 parents by （1/2） n （n- 1） diallel crosses. There are relatively large differences not only in general combining ability （GCA） effect among different parents and at different phases of flowering and fruit setting, but also in specific combining ability （SCA） effect among different hybrids. There are relatively large GCA effects in late parents but relatively less GCA effects in early parents. No obvious laws have been found in the relationship between SCA effects and maturity of hybrids. Variances of SCA are larger than those of GCA. Heritability is less but influence of environment is larger. Correlation analysis of combining ability between net photosynthesis rate and agronomic character or resistances to main diseases has showed that correlation coefficients of GCA are relatively large at the medium phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and fruit characters. Correlation coefficients of SCA are relatively large at the early phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and plant characters at the early phase but to plant characters and fruit characters at the late phase. Correlation coefficients of SCA between net photosynthesis rate and resistances to main diseases are larger than those of GCA. The combining abilities of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting are positively correlated with those of yield per plant. The combining ability is an important parameter of breeding of high photosynthesis hybrid pepper varieties.
基金supported by the Guangdong Key Research and Development Program (2018B020202010)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31572124)+1 种基金Key Project of Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2015B020202009)the Key Project of Guangzhou Science and Technology Program (201508030021)
文摘To improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of anther and/or pollen development in Chili pepper, in the present study, fulllength cDNA and DNA sequences of the pollen development-related gene CaMF5 were obtained from the anthers of a Capsicum annuum nuclear male-fertile line. Sequence analysis indicated that the full length of CaMF5 was 747 bp, containing a maximum opening reading frame of 447 bp.Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaMF5 shared approximately 37%–77% homology with a series of uncharacterized or hypothetical proteins and late embryogenesis abundant(LEA) proteins from other plants. However, no LEA structural domain was detected in CaMF5, which indicated that it might be a new type of LEA gene. CaMF5 was only expressed in flower buds at stages 7 and 8 and in open flowers of the male-fertile line, whereas it exhibited no expression in any examined organs of the male-sterile line. In addition, CaMF5 showed the highest transcript abundance in the anthers of the male-fertile line, with no expression being detected in any other examined organs, such as the sepals, petals, pistils, roots, stems, or leaves. Taken together, our results suggest that CaMF5 is an anther-specific gene that might encode a new type of LEA protein related to anther and/or pollen development in C. annuum.
