[Objective] Breeding and genetic improvement for Cupressus funebris was performed based on the extensive genetic variation among provenances and fami- lies. [Method] The two-year-old Cupressus funebris, from 4 provena...[Objective] Breeding and genetic improvement for Cupressus funebris was performed based on the extensive genetic variation among provenances and fami- lies. [Method] The two-year-old Cupressus funebris, from 4 provenances and 34 superior Cupressus funebris families introduced from Chongqing and Qiandao Lake of Zhejiang Province, was used as test material, and the differences in growth traits among provenances and families at the seedling stage of Cupressus funebris were investigated. [Result] The height and ground diameter of seedlings differed signifi- cantly among provenances and families. Their variation coefficients among families were 11.37% and 18.89%, and among provenances were 7.25% and 12.58% re- spectively. [Conclusion] There was relatively rich genetic variation in height and ground diameter among provenances and families of Cupressus funebris. It has a certain breeding potential.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the variation in growth traits of Cupressus funebris in Chongqing Municipality, thus laying the foundation for further breeding and improvement of fine varieties. [Method] G...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the variation in growth traits of Cupressus funebris in Chongqing Municipality, thus laying the foundation for further breeding and improvement of fine varieties. [Method] Growth traits of three fine stands of C. funebris in Qijiang, Pengshui and Youyang of Chongqing Municipality were investigated. [Result] The results showed that C. funebris stand in Pengshui exhibited the best growth performance, followed by C. funebris stand in Qijiang; C. funebris stand in Youyang exhibited the poorest growth performance. The average volume growth of C. funebris in Pengshui, Qijiang and Youyang was 0.14, 0.11 and 0.06 m^3, respectively. Among different stands, variation coefficients of major growth traits were above 11.31%, and the maximum variation coefficient of the volume was 39.11%; within the stands, variation coefficients of plant height were basically the same （about 20%）. The variation coefficient of diameter at breast height in Qijiang reached the maximum of 42.42%, followed by that in Youyang. The variation coeffi- cients of volume and diameter at breast height were consistent; seed bearing coefficient （SBC） of C. funebris stand in Pengshui exhibited the maximum variation, which indicated that C. funebris stand in Pengshui was conducive to establishing seed stands and constructing seed orchard by using the selected stands. [Conclusion] It is necessary to conduct provenance selection.展开更多
The distribution and growing conditions of Cupressus chengiana forests along with the physical and chemical properties of soils in Northwest Sichuan were studied in 2002 to investigate the conditions and characteristi...The distribution and growing conditions of Cupressus chengiana forests along with the physical and chemical properties of soils in Northwest Sichuan were studied in 2002 to investigate the conditions and characteristics of soil fertility of C. chengiana and to compare and investigate differences of soil fertility for six C. chengiana populations and their relationships with vegetation, climate and disturbance. The results of the study at 0-20 cm soil depth showed that 1) significant differences (P < 0.05) existed among populations for soil bulk density, soil total porosity, capillary porosity, maximum water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity and topsoil natural water content; 2) chemical characteristics of soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, available K and cation exchange capacity were significantly different among the populations; and 3) based on the significant effect of soil fertility factors on forest growth, soil physical and chemical characteristics could be selected as an integrated fertility index (IFI) for evaluation of different C. chengiana populations. Principal component and cluster analyses showed significant differences probably due to the difference of vegetation conditions, management measurements, human-induced disturbances and environmental factors. In order to protect the soil ecological functions in fragile ecological regions, C. chengiana could be used in programs enclosing the hill for natural afforestation, natural forest protection programs, and programs replacing agriculture with afforestation measures.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore biomass and growth of Cupressus lusitanica seedlings in order to provide technological supports for afforestation. [Method] The introduced Cupressus lusitanica seedlings at different...[Objective] The aim was to explore biomass and growth of Cupressus lusitanica seedlings in order to provide technological supports for afforestation. [Method] The introduced Cupressus lusitanica seedlings at different ages were re- searched to explore biomass （ground or underground） morphological shape, surface area and volume of a root system. [Result] As age grew, plant height and ground diameter increased significantly, varying dramatically upon seed provenance, and root-canopy ratio, root length, surface area and volume of seedlings were increas- ing. Specifically, seedlings at two-year-old and three-year-old kept a stable growth; moderate and big roots took higher proportions in a root system; underground parts for a plant required more photosynthetic products; root systems of young seedlings grew to moderate and big roots. [Conclusion] Ground biomass is of correlation with root system indices and the morphological characteristics of root systems are close to biomass. The accumulation capacity of biomass differed for seedlings from differ- ent provenances, even in the same environment and at the same time.展开更多
Cupressus atlantica Gaussen （Cupressaceae） is an endemic and endangered coniferous tree geographically restricted to the N＇Fis valley in South-Western Morocco. Like many forest species, C. atlantica exhibits dorman...Cupressus atlantica Gaussen （Cupressaceae） is an endemic and endangered coniferous tree geographically restricted to the N＇Fis valley in South-Western Morocco. Like many forest species, C. atlantica exhibits dormancy which delays and reduces germination. To improve seed germination, different pre-treatments were conducted on C. atlantica seeds after storage for different periods （one, two and five years） including： scarification with sandy paper; soaking seeds in hot distilled water at 60℃ and 80℃ for 15 min and soaking seeds for 48 h in a gibberellic acid （GA3） at 1,000 and 2,000 mg·L-1. Results showed that scarification with sandy paper increased the germination rate of Atlas cypress by up to 67%, indicating that the species possess essentially an exogenous dormancy （physical dormancy） due to the hard seed coat （hardseededness）. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid （GA3） at 1,000 mg.L-1 was also effective in breaking seed dormancy and germination induction. These two treatments induced faster speed germination expressed by low number of days to first germination （8-10 days） and low values of mean germination times （MGT）. However, germination rate, under any treatment, is greatly dependent on the year of seed collection. Seeds collected in year 2004 gave the highest value, suggesting that even after five years of storage, the germination capacity of C. atlantica seeds could remain high. This observation is very interesting in the ex-situ conservation of such endemic and endangered species where the production of seeds is irregular over the years.展开更多
In Ethiopia,Cupressus lusitanica and Juniperus procera are important tree species.The incidence of the cypress aphid,Cinara cupressi,which has not been reported before on the exotic Cupressus lusitanica is becoming ca...In Ethiopia,Cupressus lusitanica and Juniperus procera are important tree species.The incidence of the cypress aphid,Cinara cupressi,which has not been reported before on the exotic Cupressus lusitanica is becoming catastrophic.The appearance of the insect was reported for the first time in 2003 in Ethiopia.However,information is scarce on the status of this species in northeast Amhara state.The objectives of this study were to assess the extent of damage,abundance and status of the cypress aphid on C.lusitanica and J.procera in the protected and cultivated forests of South Wollo,Ethiopia.Results reveal that tree compositions of the three study areas differed.The dominant tree species were C.lucitanica(15–80%),Olea europaea(5–90%)and J.procera(14–70%).The cypress aphid showed significantly higher levels of infestation on C.lusitanica(35–90%)than on J.procera(1–16%).Moreover,there was higher C.lusitanica mortality(40–93%).In contrast,there was low infestation(1–16%)on J.procera and no mortality.The results reveal that the cypress aphid causes enormous losses of C.lusitanica.Therefore,it is recommended that insect surveillance be strengthened and the introduction bioagents be considered and integrated with other insecticides to minimize the degree of C.lusitanica infestation and loss.展开更多
The aim of this study is to examine seasonal changes in Cu and Co concentrations of three plant species for monitoring the effects of pollution in Elazig,Turkey.For this purpose,the leaves of the Pinus nigra L.,Cedrus...The aim of this study is to examine seasonal changes in Cu and Co concentrations of three plant species for monitoring the effects of pollution in Elazig,Turkey.For this purpose,the leaves of the Pinus nigra L.,Cedrus libani and Cupressus arizonica together with soil samples were collected from different points depending on traffic intensity,nearness the city center and cement factory as well as control location during different months of the year.Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(FAAS) was used for measurement of the metals in clear digests after the dry ashing method.Copper and Co concentrations were in the ranges from 1.3to 2.6mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.26mg.kg-1 for Pinus nigra L.,1.2to 4.7mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.41mg.kg-1 for Cedrus libani and 1.5to 4.8mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.42mg.kg-1 for Cupressus arizonica,respectively.The levels observed for Cu and Co in the soil ranged from 12to 38mg.kg-1 and 6.0to 17mg.kg-1,respectively.展开更多
The traditional tenon and mortise joint has low processing efficiency and a weak theoretical basis,making the structure easy to deform and damage,reducing the safety,and increasing waste of resources.This study aims t...The traditional tenon and mortise joint has low processing efficiency and a weak theoretical basis,making the structure easy to deform and damage,reducing the safety,and increasing waste of resources.This study aims to determine the optimum dowel center spacing parameter for chamfered-joint components and the maximum value of the strength of joints loaded into bending strength and tensile strength.In this study,an integrated opti-mization method combining the single-factor test and one-way ANOVA analysis was proposed to study the influ-ence of the dowel center spacing on the bending strength and the tensile strength of chamfered-joint components made by Cupressus funebris wood.The results revealed that the bending strength of chamfered-joint components decreases linearly with the increase of the dowel center spacing.In addition,the tensile strength of chamfered-joint components increases first and then decreases with the increase of the dowel center spacing,showing para-bola change.The relational expression between dowel center spacing,the bending strength,dowel center spacing and the tensile strength were obtained.展开更多
Based on the 6-year-old young forests of 40 cypress(Cupressus funebris) families from four provenances(Fengdu County, Youyang County and Zhong County of Chongqing City, and Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang Province), differen...Based on the 6-year-old young forests of 40 cypress(Cupressus funebris) families from four provenances(Fengdu County, Youyang County and Zhong County of Chongqing City, and Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang Province), differences in growth traits between families and provenances were studied to select excellent families, so as to provide necessary data support for the upgrading of cypress seed gardens and inferior thinning of seed gardens. The results showed that there were significant differences in tree height, diameter at one meter height, crown width and growth potential between families and provenances. The coefficients of variation among families were 10.25%, 7.19%, 5.91% and 0.98%, respectively, and the coefficients of variation in tree height and diameter at one meter height among provenances were 7.25% and 12.58%, respectively, indicating that the tree height and diameter at one meter height of the superior cypress tree families were rich in variation among families and provenances, and there was potential for high-generation breeding. According to the selection rate of 15%, six excellent families for afforestation(Feng 8, Shi 4, Feng 1, Ye 14, Shi 3, and Ye 6) were screened. The average diameter at one meter height, tree height and crown width of the six excellent families were, respectively, 2.97 cm, 3.39 and 0.78 m, which were 18.82%, 12.70% and 15.42% higher than the family average, respectively, and 15.09%, 9.79% and 15.53% higher than the control group, respectively.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the role of Cupressus sempervirens (C. sempervirens) and Juniperus phoenicea (J. phoe-nicea) extracts as therapeutic effect against CCl4 with biochemical, histopathological evaluations. METHODS: A ...AIM: To investigate the role of Cupressus sempervirens (C. sempervirens) and Juniperus phoenicea (J. phoe-nicea) extracts as therapeutic effect against CCl4 with biochemical, histopathological evaluations. METHODS: A single intraperitoneal dose of 10% CCl4 in olive oil (1 mL/kg body weight) was administered to a group of female Wister rats, sacrificed after 24 h (as the injury group). The other groups were given CCl4 as de-scribed above and divided as follows: two groups of ten rats each were orally administered either J. phoenicea extract or C. sempervirens extract three times per week for six weeks and a further group administered CCl4 was left for six weeks to allow self-recovery. At the end of experiment, the rats from all groups were sacrificed for sampling and for biochemical and histological analysis. RESULTS: Remarkable disturbances were observed in the levels of all tested parameters. On the other hand,rats injected with the toxic agent and left for one and a half month to self recover showed moderate improve-ments in the studied parameters while, treatment with both medicinal herbal extracts ameliorated the levels of the disturbed biochemical parameters. The group treated with J. phoenicea extract showed a remarkable improvement in comparison to the CCl4 treated group. The C. sempervirens group revealing an even more re-markable effect showing histopathological liver& kidney profiles close to those of the control group.CONCLUSION: C. sempervirens and J. phoenicea leaf extracts show a remarkable effect in enhancing liver and kidney functions and may thus be of therapeutic potential in treatment hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.展开更多
Many of monoterpenes produced in plants contribute to defenses against herbivores, insects and microorganisms. Among those compounds, β-thujaplicin formed in Cupressaceae plants has a unique conjugated seven-membered...Many of monoterpenes produced in plants contribute to defenses against herbivores, insects and microorganisms. Among those compounds, β-thujaplicin formed in Cupressaceae plants has a unique conjugated seven-membered ring and some useful biological activities, e.g. fungicide, repellent, insecticide and so on. The biosynthesis pathway of β-thujaplicin has not yet been revealed;we have been trying to uncover it using Cupressus lusitanica cultured cells as a model. In our previous study, terpinolene was identified as a potential β-thujaplicin intermediate at the branching point to terpenoids. In this article, terpinolene metabolism in C. lusitanica cultured cells was investigated, and it was shown that the microsomal fraction from cells oxidized terpinolene into the hydroxylated compound, 5-isopropylidene-2-met-hylcyclohex-2-enol (IME). Then, IME was further oxidized by microsomal fraction to the epoxidized compound, 1,6-epoxy-4(8)-p-menthen-2-ol (EMO). These were the only two products detected from the microsomal reactions, respecttively. Moreover, microsomal reactions with monoterpenes other than terpinolene produced nothing detectable. These results show that the enzymes of these reactions had strict substrate specificity and regio-selectivity. Experiments on kinetics and with specific inhibitors confirmed that these reactions were caused by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, respectively. These results support our hypothesis that terpinolene is a putative intermediate of β-thujaplicin biosynthesis and show that IME and EMO are also putative intermediates.展开更多
Cupressus gigantca is naturally distrib-uted in the lower-middle reaches of theYaluzangbu River.It’s maximum age canreach up to 1,000 years,diameter at breastheigh (DBH) 400cm and height 45m.The
Recent embryological evidence of studies of seedlings of Cupressus L.along with chemotaxonomic studies of heartwood components has demonstrated that Cupressus lusitanica Mill.did indeed originate from the country of I...Recent embryological evidence of studies of seedlings of Cupressus L.along with chemotaxonomic studies of heartwood components has demonstrated that Cupressus lusitanica Mill.did indeed originate from the country of India.In the mid-sixteenth century,Portuguese merchants established early trade routes between India and Portugal.The trade developed from the spice industry confirms Miller’s (1768) original description that Cupressus lusitanica did indeed originate from India.Later authors suggested that Cupressus lusitanica cultivated in Portugal was introduced from wild populations of Cupressus in Mexico.However,this latter theory was never accepted by native botanist in the country of Mexico,including noted botanist M.martinez (1948).In fact,all Cupressus species in India seem to have a different embryology than that of all Cupressus species in Nepal, Bhutan, China and Vietnam (Silba,1994).展开更多
The accumulation of growth-promoting antibiotic residues in animal products and the resistance developed by bacteria in poultry farms has led to a search for natural compounds derived from plants. This study was desig...The accumulation of growth-promoting antibiotic residues in animal products and the resistance developed by bacteria in poultry farms has led to a search for natural compounds derived from plants. This study was designed to promote the production performance of broiler chickens using fresh Cupressus sempervirens leaves infusion. Fresh Cupressus sempervirens leaves were harvested, washed, chopped and ground to a paste using a blender and fermented for three days in a closed container at a rate of 500 g/L of water. The solution obtained was filtered and added at the rate of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml/L of drinking water. The chickens fed on the graded level of the solution were compared to a control ration without an additive and positive control group supplemented with 1 g antibiotic/kg feed. At the finisher phase and throughout the study period, water intake increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of infusion. Feed intake decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with 2 and 4 ml of infusion/L drinking water. Live weight and weight gain were significantly (P < 0.05) higher with 6 ml/L, while feed conversion significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with the same treatment compared with the control treatment without additives (T0). Carcass characteristics were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the inclusion of Cupressus sempervirens infusion. Haematological parameters significantly (P < 0.05) increase independently of the rate of incorporation of the infusion into the drinking water, with the exception of RBCs, MCHT and PCT. Serum content in total protein, globulins, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly (P < 0.05) high with 8 and 10 ml Cupressus sempervirens infusion/litre drinking water as compared to all other treatments. AST, ALT, urea, creatine, albumin, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not significantly affected. The lactic acid bacteria load increased significantly (P E. coli and salmonella counts decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with infusion compared to the control without additive. In conclusion, 6 ml of Cupressus sempervirens infusion can be used as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives to promote growth performance in broilers.展开更多
Chinese Cupressus L.includes five species.The molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Cupressus species and Chamaecyparis L.were determined by comparing 417─479 bp of chloroplast petG-trnP intergenic spacer seque...Chinese Cupressus L.includes five species.The molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Cupressus species and Chamaecyparis L.were determined by comparing 417─479 bp of chloroplast petG-trnP intergenic spacer sequence.In PAUP*analysis,Platycladus orientalis was used as the functional out group.By using the maximum likelihood method 1077 trees were examined and the result showed that one tree had a best score of-Ln=2232.47.The phylogenetic tree clearly showed that Chamaecyparis nootkatensis was diverged from other Chamaecyparis species.Based on the results,together with evidences from other aspects,we consider that Cupressus funebris and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis should be placed in the genus Cupressus.The use of cpDNA intergenic spacer petG-trnP in Cupressus was also discussed.展开更多
The city of Tehran, like many polluted metropolises of the world, has higher emissions of greenhouse gases than other cities in Iran, due to heavy consumption of fossil fuel and landuse changes. To estimate carbon seq...The city of Tehran, like many polluted metropolises of the world, has higher emissions of greenhouse gases than other cities in Iran, due to heavy consumption of fossil fuel and landuse changes. To estimate carbon sequestration in two 40 year-old stands of plantedCupressus arizonica andFraxinus rotundifolia in degraded lands surrounding Tehran , sampling of above- and below- ground biomass, soil （at two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm）, and leaf litter was done by systematic random sampling. The total carbon stocks ofC. arizonica and F. rotundifolia stands were respectively 328.20 and 150.69 Mg·ha-1. The aboveground biomass with 233.16（71%） Mg·ha-1 inC. arizonica and 88.16 （58.50%） Mg·ha-1 inF. rotundifolia contributed the most shares to carbon sequestration. The diameter at breast height, total height, basal area, total volume, and biomass ofC. arizonica were significantly （p 〈0.01） higher than those ofF. rotundifolia. Also the depth of 0-30 cm of soil contributed between 18.29 % and 32.15 % of total ecosystem carbon, respectively. The economic value of carbon sequestration in the two stands in 2011 was calculated at 3.5 and 2.5 million dollars, respectively. Our results indicate that afforestation of the degraded land surrounding Tehran would sequester more carbon than would continuously degraded land, the current status quo. These stands can absorb atmospheric CO2at different rates, thus tree species selection and stand development should be considered in planning future afforestation projects.展开更多
基金Supported by Key Science and Technology Program of ChongqingFoundation for Forest Tree Breeding in ChongqingNational Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Construction Project~~
文摘[Objective] Breeding and genetic improvement for Cupressus funebris was performed based on the extensive genetic variation among provenances and fami- lies. [Method] The two-year-old Cupressus funebris, from 4 provenances and 34 superior Cupressus funebris families introduced from Chongqing and Qiandao Lake of Zhejiang Province, was used as test material, and the differences in growth traits among provenances and families at the seedling stage of Cupressus funebris were investigated. [Result] The height and ground diameter of seedlings differed signifi- cantly among provenances and families. Their variation coefficients among families were 11.37% and 18.89%, and among provenances were 7.25% and 12.58% re- spectively. [Conclusion] There was relatively rich genetic variation in height and ground diameter among provenances and families of Cupressus funebris. It has a certain breeding potential.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the variation in growth traits of Cupressus funebris in Chongqing Municipality, thus laying the foundation for further breeding and improvement of fine varieties. [Method] Growth traits of three fine stands of C. funebris in Qijiang, Pengshui and Youyang of Chongqing Municipality were investigated. [Result] The results showed that C. funebris stand in Pengshui exhibited the best growth performance, followed by C. funebris stand in Qijiang; C. funebris stand in Youyang exhibited the poorest growth performance. The average volume growth of C. funebris in Pengshui, Qijiang and Youyang was 0.14, 0.11 and 0.06 m^3, respectively. Among different stands, variation coefficients of major growth traits were above 11.31%, and the maximum variation coefficient of the volume was 39.11%; within the stands, variation coefficients of plant height were basically the same （about 20%）. The variation coefficient of diameter at breast height in Qijiang reached the maximum of 42.42%, followed by that in Youyang. The variation coeffi- cients of volume and diameter at breast height were consistent; seed bearing coefficient （SBC） of C. funebris stand in Pengshui exhibited the maximum variation, which indicated that C. funebris stand in Pengshui was conducive to establishing seed stands and constructing seed orchard by using the selected stands. [Conclusion] It is necessary to conduct provenance selection.
基金Project supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. KZCX3-SW-339-05KSCX2-SW-104 KSCX1-07-02)the Talent Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘The distribution and growing conditions of Cupressus chengiana forests along with the physical and chemical properties of soils in Northwest Sichuan were studied in 2002 to investigate the conditions and characteristics of soil fertility of C. chengiana and to compare and investigate differences of soil fertility for six C. chengiana populations and their relationships with vegetation, climate and disturbance. The results of the study at 0-20 cm soil depth showed that 1) significant differences (P < 0.05) existed among populations for soil bulk density, soil total porosity, capillary porosity, maximum water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity and topsoil natural water content; 2) chemical characteristics of soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, available K and cation exchange capacity were significantly different among the populations; and 3) based on the significant effect of soil fertility factors on forest growth, soil physical and chemical characteristics could be selected as an integrated fertility index (IFI) for evaluation of different C. chengiana populations. Principal component and cluster analyses showed significant differences probably due to the difference of vegetation conditions, management measurements, human-induced disturbances and environmental factors. In order to protect the soil ecological functions in fragile ecological regions, C. chengiana could be used in programs enclosing the hill for natural afforestation, natural forest protection programs, and programs replacing agriculture with afforestation measures.
基金Supported by National Program "948"(2009-4-17)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore biomass and growth of Cupressus lusitanica seedlings in order to provide technological supports for afforestation. [Method] The introduced Cupressus lusitanica seedlings at different ages were re- searched to explore biomass （ground or underground） morphological shape, surface area and volume of a root system. [Result] As age grew, plant height and ground diameter increased significantly, varying dramatically upon seed provenance, and root-canopy ratio, root length, surface area and volume of seedlings were increas- ing. Specifically, seedlings at two-year-old and three-year-old kept a stable growth; moderate and big roots took higher proportions in a root system; underground parts for a plant required more photosynthetic products; root systems of young seedlings grew to moderate and big roots. [Conclusion] Ground biomass is of correlation with root system indices and the morphological characteristics of root systems are close to biomass. The accumulation capacity of biomass differed for seedlings from differ- ent provenances, even in the same environment and at the same time.
文摘Cupressus atlantica Gaussen （Cupressaceae） is an endemic and endangered coniferous tree geographically restricted to the N＇Fis valley in South-Western Morocco. Like many forest species, C. atlantica exhibits dormancy which delays and reduces germination. To improve seed germination, different pre-treatments were conducted on C. atlantica seeds after storage for different periods （one, two and five years） including： scarification with sandy paper; soaking seeds in hot distilled water at 60℃ and 80℃ for 15 min and soaking seeds for 48 h in a gibberellic acid （GA3） at 1,000 and 2,000 mg·L-1. Results showed that scarification with sandy paper increased the germination rate of Atlas cypress by up to 67%, indicating that the species possess essentially an exogenous dormancy （physical dormancy） due to the hard seed coat （hardseededness）. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid （GA3） at 1,000 mg.L-1 was also effective in breaking seed dormancy and germination induction. These two treatments induced faster speed germination expressed by low number of days to first germination （8-10 days） and low values of mean germination times （MGT）. However, germination rate, under any treatment, is greatly dependent on the year of seed collection. Seeds collected in year 2004 gave the highest value, suggesting that even after five years of storage, the germination capacity of C. atlantica seeds could remain high. This observation is very interesting in the ex-situ conservation of such endemic and endangered species where the production of seeds is irregular over the years.
基金financially supported by Wollo University,Ethiopia
文摘In Ethiopia,Cupressus lusitanica and Juniperus procera are important tree species.The incidence of the cypress aphid,Cinara cupressi,which has not been reported before on the exotic Cupressus lusitanica is becoming catastrophic.The appearance of the insect was reported for the first time in 2003 in Ethiopia.However,information is scarce on the status of this species in northeast Amhara state.The objectives of this study were to assess the extent of damage,abundance and status of the cypress aphid on C.lusitanica and J.procera in the protected and cultivated forests of South Wollo,Ethiopia.Results reveal that tree compositions of the three study areas differed.The dominant tree species were C.lucitanica(15–80%),Olea europaea(5–90%)and J.procera(14–70%).The cypress aphid showed significantly higher levels of infestation on C.lusitanica(35–90%)than on J.procera(1–16%).Moreover,there was higher C.lusitanica mortality(40–93%).In contrast,there was low infestation(1–16%)on J.procera and no mortality.The results reveal that the cypress aphid causes enormous losses of C.lusitanica.Therefore,it is recommended that insect surveillance be strengthened and the introduction bioagents be considered and integrated with other insecticides to minimize the degree of C.lusitanica infestation and loss.
文摘The aim of this study is to examine seasonal changes in Cu and Co concentrations of three plant species for monitoring the effects of pollution in Elazig,Turkey.For this purpose,the leaves of the Pinus nigra L.,Cedrus libani and Cupressus arizonica together with soil samples were collected from different points depending on traffic intensity,nearness the city center and cement factory as well as control location during different months of the year.Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(FAAS) was used for measurement of the metals in clear digests after the dry ashing method.Copper and Co concentrations were in the ranges from 1.3to 2.6mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.26mg.kg-1 for Pinus nigra L.,1.2to 4.7mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.41mg.kg-1 for Cedrus libani and 1.5to 4.8mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.42mg.kg-1 for Cupressus arizonica,respectively.The levels observed for Cu and Co in the soil ranged from 12to 38mg.kg-1 and 6.0to 17mg.kg-1,respectively.
基金support of the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of China(Grant No.19YJC760009)the Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Science and Technology Plan Projects(Grant No.2020YFS0357)the Project of Modern Design and Culture Research Centre(Grant No.MD18Z002)。
文摘The traditional tenon and mortise joint has low processing efficiency and a weak theoretical basis,making the structure easy to deform and damage,reducing the safety,and increasing waste of resources.This study aims to determine the optimum dowel center spacing parameter for chamfered-joint components and the maximum value of the strength of joints loaded into bending strength and tensile strength.In this study,an integrated opti-mization method combining the single-factor test and one-way ANOVA analysis was proposed to study the influ-ence of the dowel center spacing on the bending strength and the tensile strength of chamfered-joint components made by Cupressus funebris wood.The results revealed that the bending strength of chamfered-joint components decreases linearly with the increase of the dowel center spacing.In addition,the tensile strength of chamfered-joint components increases first and then decreases with the increase of the dowel center spacing,showing para-bola change.The relational expression between dowel center spacing,the bending strength,dowel center spacing and the tensile strength were obtained.
基金Supported by Assistance Fund for National Seed Base of Forest Tree
文摘Based on the 6-year-old young forests of 40 cypress(Cupressus funebris) families from four provenances(Fengdu County, Youyang County and Zhong County of Chongqing City, and Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang Province), differences in growth traits between families and provenances were studied to select excellent families, so as to provide necessary data support for the upgrading of cypress seed gardens and inferior thinning of seed gardens. The results showed that there were significant differences in tree height, diameter at one meter height, crown width and growth potential between families and provenances. The coefficients of variation among families were 10.25%, 7.19%, 5.91% and 0.98%, respectively, and the coefficients of variation in tree height and diameter at one meter height among provenances were 7.25% and 12.58%, respectively, indicating that the tree height and diameter at one meter height of the superior cypress tree families were rich in variation among families and provenances, and there was potential for high-generation breeding. According to the selection rate of 15%, six excellent families for afforestation(Feng 8, Shi 4, Feng 1, Ye 14, Shi 3, and Ye 6) were screened. The average diameter at one meter height, tree height and crown width of the six excellent families were, respectively, 2.97 cm, 3.39 and 0.78 m, which were 18.82%, 12.70% and 15.42% higher than the family average, respectively, and 15.09%, 9.79% and 15.53% higher than the control group, respectively.
文摘AIM: To investigate the role of Cupressus sempervirens (C. sempervirens) and Juniperus phoenicea (J. phoe-nicea) extracts as therapeutic effect against CCl4 with biochemical, histopathological evaluations. METHODS: A single intraperitoneal dose of 10% CCl4 in olive oil (1 mL/kg body weight) was administered to a group of female Wister rats, sacrificed after 24 h (as the injury group). The other groups were given CCl4 as de-scribed above and divided as follows: two groups of ten rats each were orally administered either J. phoenicea extract or C. sempervirens extract three times per week for six weeks and a further group administered CCl4 was left for six weeks to allow self-recovery. At the end of experiment, the rats from all groups were sacrificed for sampling and for biochemical and histological analysis. RESULTS: Remarkable disturbances were observed in the levels of all tested parameters. On the other hand,rats injected with the toxic agent and left for one and a half month to self recover showed moderate improve-ments in the studied parameters while, treatment with both medicinal herbal extracts ameliorated the levels of the disturbed biochemical parameters. The group treated with J. phoenicea extract showed a remarkable improvement in comparison to the CCl4 treated group. The C. sempervirens group revealing an even more re-markable effect showing histopathological liver& kidney profiles close to those of the control group.CONCLUSION: C. sempervirens and J. phoenicea leaf extracts show a remarkable effect in enhancing liver and kidney functions and may thus be of therapeutic potential in treatment hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
文摘Many of monoterpenes produced in plants contribute to defenses against herbivores, insects and microorganisms. Among those compounds, β-thujaplicin formed in Cupressaceae plants has a unique conjugated seven-membered ring and some useful biological activities, e.g. fungicide, repellent, insecticide and so on. The biosynthesis pathway of β-thujaplicin has not yet been revealed;we have been trying to uncover it using Cupressus lusitanica cultured cells as a model. In our previous study, terpinolene was identified as a potential β-thujaplicin intermediate at the branching point to terpenoids. In this article, terpinolene metabolism in C. lusitanica cultured cells was investigated, and it was shown that the microsomal fraction from cells oxidized terpinolene into the hydroxylated compound, 5-isopropylidene-2-met-hylcyclohex-2-enol (IME). Then, IME was further oxidized by microsomal fraction to the epoxidized compound, 1,6-epoxy-4(8)-p-menthen-2-ol (EMO). These were the only two products detected from the microsomal reactions, respecttively. Moreover, microsomal reactions with monoterpenes other than terpinolene produced nothing detectable. These results show that the enzymes of these reactions had strict substrate specificity and regio-selectivity. Experiments on kinetics and with specific inhibitors confirmed that these reactions were caused by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, respectively. These results support our hypothesis that terpinolene is a putative intermediate of β-thujaplicin biosynthesis and show that IME and EMO are also putative intermediates.
文摘Cupressus gigantca is naturally distrib-uted in the lower-middle reaches of theYaluzangbu River.It’s maximum age canreach up to 1,000 years,diameter at breastheigh (DBH) 400cm and height 45m.The
文摘Recent embryological evidence of studies of seedlings of Cupressus L.along with chemotaxonomic studies of heartwood components has demonstrated that Cupressus lusitanica Mill.did indeed originate from the country of India.In the mid-sixteenth century,Portuguese merchants established early trade routes between India and Portugal.The trade developed from the spice industry confirms Miller’s (1768) original description that Cupressus lusitanica did indeed originate from India.Later authors suggested that Cupressus lusitanica cultivated in Portugal was introduced from wild populations of Cupressus in Mexico.However,this latter theory was never accepted by native botanist in the country of Mexico,including noted botanist M.martinez (1948).In fact,all Cupressus species in India seem to have a different embryology than that of all Cupressus species in Nepal, Bhutan, China and Vietnam (Silba,1994).
文摘The accumulation of growth-promoting antibiotic residues in animal products and the resistance developed by bacteria in poultry farms has led to a search for natural compounds derived from plants. This study was designed to promote the production performance of broiler chickens using fresh Cupressus sempervirens leaves infusion. Fresh Cupressus sempervirens leaves were harvested, washed, chopped and ground to a paste using a blender and fermented for three days in a closed container at a rate of 500 g/L of water. The solution obtained was filtered and added at the rate of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml/L of drinking water. The chickens fed on the graded level of the solution were compared to a control ration without an additive and positive control group supplemented with 1 g antibiotic/kg feed. At the finisher phase and throughout the study period, water intake increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of infusion. Feed intake decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with 2 and 4 ml of infusion/L drinking water. Live weight and weight gain were significantly (P < 0.05) higher with 6 ml/L, while feed conversion significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with the same treatment compared with the control treatment without additives (T0). Carcass characteristics were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the inclusion of Cupressus sempervirens infusion. Haematological parameters significantly (P < 0.05) increase independently of the rate of incorporation of the infusion into the drinking water, with the exception of RBCs, MCHT and PCT. Serum content in total protein, globulins, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly (P < 0.05) high with 8 and 10 ml Cupressus sempervirens infusion/litre drinking water as compared to all other treatments. AST, ALT, urea, creatine, albumin, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not significantly affected. The lactic acid bacteria load increased significantly (P E. coli and salmonella counts decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with infusion compared to the control without additive. In conclusion, 6 ml of Cupressus sempervirens infusion can be used as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives to promote growth performance in broilers.
文摘Chinese Cupressus L.includes five species.The molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Cupressus species and Chamaecyparis L.were determined by comparing 417─479 bp of chloroplast petG-trnP intergenic spacer sequence.In PAUP*analysis,Platycladus orientalis was used as the functional out group.By using the maximum likelihood method 1077 trees were examined and the result showed that one tree had a best score of-Ln=2232.47.The phylogenetic tree clearly showed that Chamaecyparis nootkatensis was diverged from other Chamaecyparis species.Based on the results,together with evidences from other aspects,we consider that Cupressus funebris and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis should be placed in the genus Cupressus.The use of cpDNA intergenic spacer petG-trnP in Cupressus was also discussed.
文摘The city of Tehran, like many polluted metropolises of the world, has higher emissions of greenhouse gases than other cities in Iran, due to heavy consumption of fossil fuel and landuse changes. To estimate carbon sequestration in two 40 year-old stands of plantedCupressus arizonica andFraxinus rotundifolia in degraded lands surrounding Tehran , sampling of above- and below- ground biomass, soil （at two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm）, and leaf litter was done by systematic random sampling. The total carbon stocks ofC. arizonica and F. rotundifolia stands were respectively 328.20 and 150.69 Mg·ha-1. The aboveground biomass with 233.16（71%） Mg·ha-1 inC. arizonica and 88.16 （58.50%） Mg·ha-1 inF. rotundifolia contributed the most shares to carbon sequestration. The diameter at breast height, total height, basal area, total volume, and biomass ofC. arizonica were significantly （p 〈0.01） higher than those ofF. rotundifolia. Also the depth of 0-30 cm of soil contributed between 18.29 % and 32.15 % of total ecosystem carbon, respectively. The economic value of carbon sequestration in the two stands in 2011 was calculated at 3.5 and 2.5 million dollars, respectively. Our results indicate that afforestation of the degraded land surrounding Tehran would sequester more carbon than would continuously degraded land, the current status quo. These stands can absorb atmospheric CO2at different rates, thus tree species selection and stand development should be considered in planning future afforestation projects.
