It is believed that the microseismicity induced by mining effect and gas gradient disturbance stress is a precursor to the essential characteristics of roadway unstability. In order to effectively identify and evaluat...It is believed that the microseismicity induced by mining effect and gas gradient disturbance stress is a precursor to the essential characteristics of roadway unstability. In order to effectively identify and evaluate the stability of coal roadways in the process of mine development and extraction, a microseismic monitoring system was deployed for the study of the stress evolution process, damage degree and distribution characteristics in the tailgate and headgate. The mine under study is the 62113 outburst working face of Xin Zhuangzi coalmine in Huainan mining area. The whole process of microfractures initiation,extension, interaction and coalescence mechanisms during the progressive failure processes of the coal rock within the delineated and typical event clusters were investigated by means of a two dimensional realistic failure process analysis code(RFPA2D-Flow). The results show that the microseismic events gradually create different-sized event clusters. The microseismicity of the tailgate is significantly higher than that of the headgate. The study indicates that the greater anomalous stress region matches the area where microfractures continuously develop and finally connect to each other and form a fissure zone.Due to the mine layout and stress concentration, the ruptured area is mainly located on the left shoulder of the tailgate roof. The potential anomalous stress region of the coal roadway obtained by numerical simulation is relatively in good agreement with the trend of spatial macro evolution of coal rock microfractures captured by the microseismic monitoring system. The research results can provide important basis for understanding instability failure mechanism of deep roadway and microseismic activity law in complex geologic conditions, and it ultimately can be used to guide the selection and optimization of reinforcement and protection scheme.展开更多
In this paper the single-event responses of the silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors(SiGe HBTs) are investigated by TCAD simulations and laser microbeam experiment. A three-dimensional(3D) simulation m...In this paper the single-event responses of the silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors(SiGe HBTs) are investigated by TCAD simulations and laser microbeam experiment. A three-dimensional(3D) simulation model is established, the single event effect(SEE) simulation is further carried out on the basis of Si Ge HBT devices, and then, together with the laser microbeam test, the charge collection behaviors are analyzed, including the single event transient(SET) induced transient terminal currents, and the sensitive area of SEE charge collection. The simulations and experimental results are discussed in detail and it is demonstrated that the nature of the current transient is controlled by the behaviors of the collector–substrate(C/S) junction and charge collection by sensitive electrodes, thereby giving out the sensitive area and electrode of SiGe HBT in SEE.展开更多
This study investigates high-amplitude Extreme Wall Pressure fluctuation Events(EWPEs)in Shock wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions(STBLIs)through the conditional sampling of direct numerical simulation database...This study investigates high-amplitude Extreme Wall Pressure fluctuation Events(EWPEs)in Shock wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions(STBLIs)through the conditional sampling of direct numerical simulation databases.The aim is to evaluate the effect of STBLIs and their strength on the statistical properties and associated turbulent structures of EWPEs using the conditional-averaging and clustering method.The temporal statistical results show that the occurrence probability and contribution ratio of EWPEs decrease downstream of strong STBLI,but their duration and interval time increase.Regarding two-dimensional wall pressure structures,the large population of small-scale structures becomes more elongated,but strong interactions induce a greater number of large-scale structures.The pairing of wall pressure events with a higher occurrence probability is verified by the joint probability density functions.Conditional analysis reveals that,as the interaction strength increases,the ejection motion associated with positive events occurs farther downstream and the spanwise vortex core locating above negative events is lifted up along the wall-normal direction.Moreover,analysis associates the paired wall pressure events with the sweep,ejection,and swirl motions in STBLIs,where hairpin eddies play an important role in the formation of positive-negative paired wall pressure structures.展开更多
An attempt has been made in the present research to simulate a deadly flash-flood event over the City of Skopje,Macedonia on 6 August 2016.A cloud model ensemble forecast method is developed to simulate a super-cell s...An attempt has been made in the present research to simulate a deadly flash-flood event over the City of Skopje,Macedonia on 6 August 2016.A cloud model ensemble forecast method is developed to simulate a super-cell storm’s initiation and evolutionary features.Sounding data are generated using an ensemble approach,that utilizes a triple-nested WRF model.A three-dimensional(3-D)convective cloud model(CCM)with a very fine horizontal grid resolution of 250-m is initialized,using the initial representative sounding data,derived from the WRF 1-km forecast outputs.CCM is configured and run with an open lateral boundary conditions LBC,allowing explicit simulation of convective scale processes.This preliminary study showed that the ensemble approach has some advantages in the generation of the initial data and the model initialization.The applied method minimizes the uncertainties and provides a more qualitative-quantitative assessment of super-cell storm initiation,cell structure,evolutionary properties,and intensity.A high-resolution 3-D run is capable to resolve detailed aspects of convection,including high-intensity convective precipitation.The results are significant not only from the aspect of the cloud model’s ability to provide a qualitative-quantitative assessment of intense precipitation but also for a deeper understanding of the essence of storm development,its vortex dynamics,and the meaning of micro-physical processes for the production and release of large amounts of precipitation that were the cause of the catastrophic flood in an urban area.After a series of experiments and verification,such a system could be a reliable tool in weather services for very short-range forecasting(now-casting)and early warning of weather disasters.展开更多
A P - σ regional climate model using a parameterization scheme to account for the thermal effects of the sub-grid scale orography was used to simulate the three heavy rainfall events that occurred within the Yangtze ...A P - σ regional climate model using a parameterization scheme to account for the thermal effects of the sub-grid scale orography was used to simulate the three heavy rainfall events that occurred within the Yangtze River Valley during the mei-yu period of 1991. The simulation results showed that by considering the sub-grid scale topography scheme, one can significantly improve the performance of the model for simulating the rainfall distribution and intensity during these three heavy rainfall events, most especially the second and third. It was also discovered that the rainfall was mainly due to convective precipitation. The comparison between experiments, either with and without the sub-grid scale topography scheme, showed that the model using the scheme reproduced the convergence intensity and distribution at the 850 hPa level and the ascending motion and moisture convergence center located at 500 hPa over the Yangtze River valley. However, some deviations still exist in the simulation of the atmospheric moisture content, the convergence distribution and the moisture transportation route, which mainly result in lower simulated precipitation levels. Further analysis of the simulation results demonstrated that the sub-grid topography scheme modified the distribution of the surface energy budget components, especially at the south and southwest edges of the Tibetan Plateau, leading to the development and eastward propagation of the negative geopotential height difference and positive temperature-lapse rate difference at 700 hPa, which possibly led to an improved precipitation simulation over eastern China.展开更多
Solar wind charge exchange produces emissions in the soft X-ray energy range which can enable the study of near-Earth space regions such as the magnetopause,the magnetosheath and the polar cusps by remote sensing tech...Solar wind charge exchange produces emissions in the soft X-ray energy range which can enable the study of near-Earth space regions such as the magnetopause,the magnetosheath and the polar cusps by remote sensing techniques.The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)and Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)missions aim to obtain soft Xray images of near-Earth space thanks to their Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)instruments.While earlier modeling works have already simulated soft X-ray images as might be obtained by SMILE SXI during its mission,the numerical models used so far are all based on the magnetohydrodynamics description of the space plasma.To investigate the possible signatures of ion-kinetic-scale processes in soft Xray images,we use for the first time a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation of the geospace from the Vlasiator model.The simulation is driven by fast and tenuous solar wind conditions and purely southward interplanetary magnetic field.We first produce global X-ray images of the dayside near-Earth space by placing a virtual imaging satellite at two different locations,providing meridional and equatorial views.We then analyze regional features present in the images and show that they correspond to signatures in soft X-ray emissions of mirrormode wave structures in the magnetosheath and flux transfer events(FTEs)at the magnetopause.Our results suggest that,although the time scales associated with the motion of those transient phenomena will likely be significantly smaller than the integration time of the SMILE and LEXI imagers,mirror-mode structures and FTEs can cumulatively produce detectable signatures in the soft X-ray images.For instance,a local increase by 30%in the proton density at the dayside magnetopause resulting from the transit of multiple FTEs leads to a 12%enhancement in the line-of-sight-and time-integrated soft X-ray emissivity originating from this region.Likewise,a proton density increase by 14%in the magnetosheath associated with mirror-mode structures can result in an enhancement in the soft X-ray signal by 4%.These are likely conservative estimates,given that the solar wind conditions used in the Vlasiator run can be expected to generate weaker soft X-ray emissions than the more common denser solar wind.These results will contribute to the preparatory work for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing the community with quantitative estimates of the effects of small-scale,transient phenomena occurring on the dayside.展开更多
Explosive events have been observed to occur consecutively in bursts at intermittent locations along theboundary near the opposite polarity. The aim of the present paper is to explore a possible mechanism to interpret...Explosive events have been observed to occur consecutively in bursts at intermittent locations along theboundary near the opposite polarity. The aim of the present paper is to explore a possible mechanism to interpret thisburst-like characteristic of explosive events. The 2D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) numerical simulations with resistivityhave been carried out to reproduce the intermittent spatial-temporal magnetic reconnection events taking place along thelong, compressible current sheet. The observed density enhancements in previously published results have been verifiedto be associated to magnetic reconnection sites. Late observational evidences, which support present attempts, have alsobeen found, at least in morphological evolution of the consecutive explosive events.展开更多
本文利用中尺度模式Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)3.1版本及National Centers forEnvironmental Prediction(NCEP)分析资料,就2003年6月下旬我国江淮及南方地区的强降水事件,以24h短期天气模拟的方式,研究了模式中四个...本文利用中尺度模式Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)3.1版本及National Centers forEnvironmental Prediction(NCEP)分析资料,就2003年6月下旬我国江淮及南方地区的强降水事件,以24h短期天气模拟的方式,研究了模式中四个不同陆面方案对降水模拟的影响.结果表明,此次暴雨事件模拟对不同陆面方案是比较敏感的,模拟区域内雨量级别越高,不同方案的TS评分差异就越大,较大范围雨量可存在30%的差异,四种方案的暴雨中心值可存在100%～150%的较大差别;不同陆面方案还导致了模拟平均感热通量及潜热通量的系统性差异,这些差异的分布具有地域特点;陆面方案通过两种机理对模拟降水产生重要影响,即主要影响地表蒸发量,以及主要影响低层环流及水汽辐合,从而分别影响模拟的较大范围降水(如,平均约7%、最大约30%的较大范围雨量差异)及包含模拟降水中心的较小范围暴雨(如,方案间暴雨中心雨量可存在100%～150%的较大差别).可见,不同陆面过程可从不同空间尺度、不同程度上影响暴雨天气,改进陆面方案可以提高WRF模式对暴雨的模拟能力.展开更多
基金Financial support for this work, provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51674189,51304154,and 51327007)the Youth Science and technology new star of Shaanxi Province (No.2016KJXX-37)the Scientific research plan of Shaanxi Education Department (No.16JK1487)
文摘It is believed that the microseismicity induced by mining effect and gas gradient disturbance stress is a precursor to the essential characteristics of roadway unstability. In order to effectively identify and evaluate the stability of coal roadways in the process of mine development and extraction, a microseismic monitoring system was deployed for the study of the stress evolution process, damage degree and distribution characteristics in the tailgate and headgate. The mine under study is the 62113 outburst working face of Xin Zhuangzi coalmine in Huainan mining area. The whole process of microfractures initiation,extension, interaction and coalescence mechanisms during the progressive failure processes of the coal rock within the delineated and typical event clusters were investigated by means of a two dimensional realistic failure process analysis code(RFPA2D-Flow). The results show that the microseismic events gradually create different-sized event clusters. The microseismicity of the tailgate is significantly higher than that of the headgate. The study indicates that the greater anomalous stress region matches the area where microfractures continuously develop and finally connect to each other and form a fissure zone.Due to the mine layout and stress concentration, the ruptured area is mainly located on the left shoulder of the tailgate roof. The potential anomalous stress region of the coal roadway obtained by numerical simulation is relatively in good agreement with the trend of spatial macro evolution of coal rock microfractures captured by the microseismic monitoring system. The research results can provide important basis for understanding instability failure mechanism of deep roadway and microseismic activity law in complex geologic conditions, and it ultimately can be used to guide the selection and optimization of reinforcement and protection scheme.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61274106)
文摘In this paper the single-event responses of the silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors(SiGe HBTs) are investigated by TCAD simulations and laser microbeam experiment. A three-dimensional(3D) simulation model is established, the single event effect(SEE) simulation is further carried out on the basis of Si Ge HBT devices, and then, together with the laser microbeam test, the charge collection behaviors are analyzed, including the single event transient(SET) induced transient terminal currents, and the sensitive area of SEE charge collection. The simulations and experimental results are discussed in detail and it is demonstrated that the nature of the current transient is controlled by the behaviors of the collector–substrate(C/S) junction and charge collection by sensitive electrodes, thereby giving out the sensitive area and electrode of SiGe HBT in SEE.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12232018 and 11972356)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0405200)。
文摘This study investigates high-amplitude Extreme Wall Pressure fluctuation Events(EWPEs)in Shock wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions(STBLIs)through the conditional sampling of direct numerical simulation databases.The aim is to evaluate the effect of STBLIs and their strength on the statistical properties and associated turbulent structures of EWPEs using the conditional-averaging and clustering method.The temporal statistical results show that the occurrence probability and contribution ratio of EWPEs decrease downstream of strong STBLI,but their duration and interval time increase.Regarding two-dimensional wall pressure structures,the large population of small-scale structures becomes more elongated,but strong interactions induce a greater number of large-scale structures.The pairing of wall pressure events with a higher occurrence probability is verified by the joint probability density functions.Conditional analysis reveals that,as the interaction strength increases,the ejection motion associated with positive events occurs farther downstream and the spanwise vortex core locating above negative events is lifted up along the wall-normal direction.Moreover,analysis associates the paired wall pressure events with the sweep,ejection,and swirl motions in STBLIs,where hairpin eddies play an important role in the formation of positive-negative paired wall pressure structures.
文摘An attempt has been made in the present research to simulate a deadly flash-flood event over the City of Skopje,Macedonia on 6 August 2016.A cloud model ensemble forecast method is developed to simulate a super-cell storm’s initiation and evolutionary features.Sounding data are generated using an ensemble approach,that utilizes a triple-nested WRF model.A three-dimensional(3-D)convective cloud model(CCM)with a very fine horizontal grid resolution of 250-m is initialized,using the initial representative sounding data,derived from the WRF 1-km forecast outputs.CCM is configured and run with an open lateral boundary conditions LBC,allowing explicit simulation of convective scale processes.This preliminary study showed that the ensemble approach has some advantages in the generation of the initial data and the model initialization.The applied method minimizes the uncertainties and provides a more qualitative-quantitative assessment of super-cell storm initiation,cell structure,evolutionary properties,and intensity.A high-resolution 3-D run is capable to resolve detailed aspects of convection,including high-intensity convective precipitation.The results are significant not only from the aspect of the cloud model’s ability to provide a qualitative-quantitative assessment of intense precipitation but also for a deeper understanding of the essence of storm development,its vortex dynamics,and the meaning of micro-physical processes for the production and release of large amounts of precipitation that were the cause of the catastrophic flood in an urban area.After a series of experiments and verification,such a system could be a reliable tool in weather services for very short-range forecasting(now-casting)and early warning of weather disasters.
文摘A P - σ regional climate model using a parameterization scheme to account for the thermal effects of the sub-grid scale orography was used to simulate the three heavy rainfall events that occurred within the Yangtze River Valley during the mei-yu period of 1991. The simulation results showed that by considering the sub-grid scale topography scheme, one can significantly improve the performance of the model for simulating the rainfall distribution and intensity during these three heavy rainfall events, most especially the second and third. It was also discovered that the rainfall was mainly due to convective precipitation. The comparison between experiments, either with and without the sub-grid scale topography scheme, showed that the model using the scheme reproduced the convergence intensity and distribution at the 850 hPa level and the ascending motion and moisture convergence center located at 500 hPa over the Yangtze River valley. However, some deviations still exist in the simulation of the atmospheric moisture content, the convergence distribution and the moisture transportation route, which mainly result in lower simulated precipitation levels. Further analysis of the simulation results demonstrated that the sub-grid topography scheme modified the distribution of the surface energy budget components, especially at the south and southwest edges of the Tibetan Plateau, leading to the development and eastward propagation of the negative geopotential height difference and positive temperature-lapse rate difference at 700 hPa, which possibly led to an improved precipitation simulation over eastern China.
基金the European Research Council for starting grant 200141-QuESpace,with which the Vlasiator model was developedconsolidator grant 682068-PRESTISSIMO awarded for further development of Vlasiator and its use in scientific investigations+4 种基金Academy of Finland grant numbers 338629-AERGELC’H,339756-KIMCHI,336805-FORESAIL,and 335554-ICT-SUNVACThe Academy of Finland also supported this work through the PROFI4 grant(grant number 3189131)support from the NASA grants,80NSSC20K1670 and 80MSFC20C0019the NASA GSFC FY23 IRADHIF funds。
文摘Solar wind charge exchange produces emissions in the soft X-ray energy range which can enable the study of near-Earth space regions such as the magnetopause,the magnetosheath and the polar cusps by remote sensing techniques.The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)and Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)missions aim to obtain soft Xray images of near-Earth space thanks to their Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)instruments.While earlier modeling works have already simulated soft X-ray images as might be obtained by SMILE SXI during its mission,the numerical models used so far are all based on the magnetohydrodynamics description of the space plasma.To investigate the possible signatures of ion-kinetic-scale processes in soft Xray images,we use for the first time a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation of the geospace from the Vlasiator model.The simulation is driven by fast and tenuous solar wind conditions and purely southward interplanetary magnetic field.We first produce global X-ray images of the dayside near-Earth space by placing a virtual imaging satellite at two different locations,providing meridional and equatorial views.We then analyze regional features present in the images and show that they correspond to signatures in soft X-ray emissions of mirrormode wave structures in the magnetosheath and flux transfer events(FTEs)at the magnetopause.Our results suggest that,although the time scales associated with the motion of those transient phenomena will likely be significantly smaller than the integration time of the SMILE and LEXI imagers,mirror-mode structures and FTEs can cumulatively produce detectable signatures in the soft X-ray images.For instance,a local increase by 30%in the proton density at the dayside magnetopause resulting from the transit of multiple FTEs leads to a 12%enhancement in the line-of-sight-and time-integrated soft X-ray emissivity originating from this region.Likewise,a proton density increase by 14%in the magnetosheath associated with mirror-mode structures can result in an enhancement in the soft X-ray signal by 4%.These are likely conservative estimates,given that the solar wind conditions used in the Vlasiator run can be expected to generate weaker soft X-ray emissions than the more common denser solar wind.These results will contribute to the preparatory work for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing the community with quantitative estimates of the effects of small-scale,transient phenomena occurring on the dayside.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40104006,40204010,40374056,and 40336053
文摘Explosive events have been observed to occur consecutively in bursts at intermittent locations along theboundary near the opposite polarity. The aim of the present paper is to explore a possible mechanism to interpret thisburst-like characteristic of explosive events. The 2D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) numerical simulations with resistivityhave been carried out to reproduce the intermittent spatial-temporal magnetic reconnection events taking place along thelong, compressible current sheet. The observed density enhancements in previously published results have been verifiedto be associated to magnetic reconnection sites. Late observational evidences, which support present attempts, have alsobeen found, at least in morphological evolution of the consecutive explosive events.
文摘本文利用中尺度模式Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)3.1版本及National Centers forEnvironmental Prediction(NCEP)分析资料,就2003年6月下旬我国江淮及南方地区的强降水事件,以24h短期天气模拟的方式,研究了模式中四个不同陆面方案对降水模拟的影响.结果表明,此次暴雨事件模拟对不同陆面方案是比较敏感的,模拟区域内雨量级别越高,不同方案的TS评分差异就越大,较大范围雨量可存在30%的差异,四种方案的暴雨中心值可存在100%～150%的较大差别;不同陆面方案还导致了模拟平均感热通量及潜热通量的系统性差异,这些差异的分布具有地域特点;陆面方案通过两种机理对模拟降水产生重要影响,即主要影响地表蒸发量,以及主要影响低层环流及水汽辐合,从而分别影响模拟的较大范围降水(如,平均约7%、最大约30%的较大范围雨量差异)及包含模拟降水中心的较小范围暴雨(如,方案间暴雨中心雨量可存在100%～150%的较大差别).可见,不同陆面过程可从不同空间尺度、不同程度上影响暴雨天气,改进陆面方案可以提高WRF模式对暴雨的模拟能力.
