Background:Intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR)is a major inducer of higher morbidity and mortality in the pig industry and catch-up growth(CUG)before weanling could significantly restore this negative influence.But ...Background:Intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR)is a major inducer of higher morbidity and mortality in the pig industry and catch-up growth(CUG)before weanling could significantly restore this negative influence.But there was limited knowledge about the underlying mechanism of CUG occurrence.Methods:Eighty litters of newborn piglets were divided into normal birth weight(NBW)and IUGR groups according to birth weight.At 26 d,those piglets with IUGR but over average body weight of eighty litters of weaned piglets were considered as CUG,and the piglets with IUGR still below average body weight were considered as NCUG.This study was conducted to systemically compare the intestinal difference among NBW,CUG and NCUG weaned piglets considering the crucial role of the intestine for piglet growth.Results:The results indicated that the m RNA expression of nutrients(amino acids,glucose,and fatty acids)transporters,and mitochondrial electron transport chain(ETC)I were upregulated in CUG piglets'gut with improved morphology compared with those NCUG,as well as the ratio of P-AMPK/AMPK protein expression which is the indicator of energy metabolism.Meanwhile,CUG piglet's gut showed higher antioxidative capacity with increased SOD and GSHPx activity,decreased MDA levels,as well as higher m RNA expressions of Nrf2,Keap1,SOD,and GSH-Px.Furthermore,inflammatory parameters including TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-12 factors,and the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were significantly elevated in the NCUG intestine,while the protein expression of ZO-1,Occludin and Claudin-1 was reduced.The alpha diversity of fecal microbiota was higher in CUG piglets in contrast with NCUG piglets,and the increased beneficial bacteria and decreased pathogenic bacteria was also observed in CUG piglets.Conclusions:CUG piglet's intestine showed comprehensive restoration including higher nutrients transport,energy metabolism,antioxidant capacity,and intestinal physical barrier,while lower oxidative stress,inflammatory response,and pathogenic microbiota.展开更多
A significant structural change in the pattern of economic development in Asian economies has been observed in recent years. We have seen many cases in which the Asian economies became the center of the world-wide pro...A significant structural change in the pattern of economic development in Asian economies has been observed in recent years. We have seen many cases in which the Asian economies became the center of the world-wide production in an extremely short period of time after a new product entered the market. Also in the science, the number of papers written by Asian researchers has been increasing dramatically. In this situation, the existing studies cannot sufficiently explain the driving force and the mechanism of catch-up or economic growth. Therefore, it is now required to model this new type of economic development. In this paper we analyzed their scientific catch-up status using scientific papers on solar cells to clarify the structural change. After mid 1990s, knowledge creation has been accelerated in the field of solar cell. Now more than three thousand papers are published annually. We found as a result that the catch-up process in Asian economies had progressed rapidly, that some economies had a larger share of scientific papers in the frontier field of advanced science than in the matured fields, and that the strategy largely changed from area to area. A “parallel-running-type growth model” has thus been emerging in Asia. Responding to the significant changes in development model, we have to re-design the framework of economic cooperation. There is a need for further horizontal collaboration among major Asian economies and developed economies. We also showed that bibliometrics is an effective method for presuming a detailed national strategy that is not known to the outside.展开更多
By introducing the logistic-like technology, the classical Solow-Swan model is extended to inquire the technological overflow and catch-up of the developing economy in this paper. The improved model is described by a ...By introducing the logistic-like technology, the classical Solow-Swan model is extended to inquire the technological overflow and catch-up of the developing economy in this paper. The improved model is described by a two-dimensional dynamical system. It is proved that the model has a unique equilibrium which is a sink and the solution of the equation is globally asymptotically stable. And the classical Solow-Swan model is a special case of the model given here. The economic growth patterns are discussed by phase portrait analysis at the end of this paper.展开更多
A distortion is a departure from the allocation of economic resources from the state in which each agent maximizes his/her own welfare. Distortions can be divided into endogenous distortion(i.e. market imperfections) ...A distortion is a departure from the allocation of economic resources from the state in which each agent maximizes his/her own welfare. Distortions can be divided into endogenous distortion(i.e. market imperfections) and policy-imposed distortion. The relationship between distortion and development is complex, thus favorable distortion would only be possible under certain conditions, where, as argued in this paper, four crucial mechanisms may play roles — advantage of backwardness, second-best principle, coordination failure and political economy perspective. Empirically, both international experience and evidence from China suggest that distortions have a positive effect on total factor productivity(TFP) in the early stages of development, but with increasing income levels this role gradually diminishes. Especially in the phases of middle and high income, the negative effects of distortions are significant and become an important factor leading to the middle-income trap. Therefore, reducing and correcting distortions is the key to achieving sustainable growth. Regarding China, it is necessary to eliminate the distortions in a clear way and let the market play the decisive role in resource allocation. Otherwise, in the name of "growth catch-up," the policy-imposed distortion will occur frequently, and the direction of market-oriented reform will become blurred and swing. Mitigating unfavorable distortions is largely a process of exploring the favorable borderline of government and market, which constitutes a major challenge for all economies.展开更多
Aim: To determine the prevalence of HBs antigen in secondary schools, to appreciate the vaccination coverage of viral hepatitis B and to propose a vaccine catch-up strategy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospecti...Aim: To determine the prevalence of HBs antigen in secondary schools, to appreciate the vaccination coverage of viral hepatitis B and to propose a vaccine catch-up strategy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted over a two-month period from April 24 to June 24, 2006 among students aged 10 - 15, in two schools (one public and the other private) of the city of Abidjan selected at random. The assay of serum markers of viral hepatitis B of the samples collected after 5 ml peripheral venous sampling was carried out in the viral serology and bacteriology unit of the Pasteur institute of Ivory Coast using the ELISA technique (Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbant-Assay). The ELISA technique is an enzyme immunoassay technique that can detect an antigen or an antibody by highlighting the antigen-antibody reaction. Results: Of the 282 students who participated in our study, 5.3% of students (n = 15) were infected with the hepatitis B virus. The majority of students (79.1%, n = 223) did not have no contact with the hepatitis B virus. Only 7.8% (n = 22) of the students were vaccinated against viral hepatitis B. Conclusion: The low immunization coverage and the high prevalence of seronegative students reflect the need for a vaccine catch-up policy for adolescents born before the introduction of vaccination against the viral hepatitis B virus in the Expanded Program on Immunization.展开更多
Chinese financial system and capital allocation to strategic sectors dominated by state banks made important contributions to the country＇s high economic growth rates during the catch-up stage of the last three decad...Chinese financial system and capital allocation to strategic sectors dominated by state banks made important contributions to the country＇s high economic growth rates during the catch-up stage of the last three decades. High household saving rates, fixed exchange rate regime, and extensive capital controls helped this stage as well. While the structural changes in the labor market conditions by moving from primary sectors to more capital intensive heavy industry, construction, commerce, and other service sectors have been contributed to the economic growth, competition, and productivity, due to the direct state governance or intensive interventions, competition and productivity have been curtailed on certain large industries. Aiming to eliminate this unproductive economic activity, enterprise sector reforms of China targeted restructuring the state enterprise＇s capital, organization, and management system. Besides, the reforms on science and technology system seek to participate in global production and R＆D networks by improving high-tech sectors through creating strong complementarity and collaboration between skilled human capital and educational interferences.展开更多
Chinese hi-tech multinationals strengthen their technological competitiveness in their internationalization process. Their strategic emphasis on cooperation with academic institutes to develop professional knowledge i...Chinese hi-tech multinationals strengthen their technological competitiveness in their internationalization process. Their strategic emphasis on cooperation with academic institutes to develop professional knowledge is an important yet underexplored issue in the extant literature. Based on the comparison between a pair of hi-tech companies--HUAWEI from China and CISCO from the US, this study analyzes the process of technological evolution of the former during 1998-2014, which ihas already become one of strategic solutions for Chinese multinationals （CMNE） to catch up with traditional counterparts in technological field. This study contributes to the present theory of CMNE by disclosing the Firm-University Cooperation （FUC） strategy, as well as its significance and implications for later-corner＇s catch-up trajectory in international business.展开更多
Objective To propose a method to identify the shortest catch-up path by using patent data based on the perspective of technology leapfrogging so as to provide a reference for the catch-up strategy formulation by the g...Objective To propose a method to identify the shortest catch-up path by using patent data based on the perspective of technology leapfrogging so as to provide a reference for the catch-up strategy formulation by the governments of the developing countries.Methods Firstly,the international patent classification(IPC)co-occurrence network was used to screen key technologies,and the TOP 5 countries and China were located from the aspects of technology life cycle and technological innovation capabilities.Next,the technology development path based on the ordered clustering algorithm and the main IPC number was set up.Finally,the Dijkstra algorithm was applied to identify the shortest catch-up path.Results and Conclusion Applying this method to the current biopharmaceutical industry with the most potential for development,the shortest catch-up paths are found in the selected C12N15,C07K14 and C12Q1 technology fields,proving the feasibility of the method.展开更多
Objectives:This study was aimed at comparing the“late catch-up”phenomenon between the BuMA Supreme bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent and the XIENCE stent through serial optical coherence tomography(OCT)a...Objectives:This study was aimed at comparing the“late catch-up”phenomenon between the BuMA Supreme bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent and the XIENCE stent through serial optical coherence tomography(OCT)at within 2 months and 2 year follow-ups.Methods:A total of 49 of 75 patients from the PIONEER-II study were enrolled in a 2 year OCT follow-up study;44 patients with 50 lesions were included in the statistical analysis.The primary endpoints were neointimal thickness and late luminal loss(LLL)after stent implantation.Results:The stenosis diameter,and minimum in-stent or in-segment diameter,did not significantly differ between the BuMA Supreme and XIENCE arms at within 2 months and 2 year follow-ups.The strut neointimal coverage and thickness were greater in the BuMA group than the XIENCE group at the 1 and 2 month follow-ups(P=0.044 and P=0.010,respectively)but not at the 2 year OCT follow-up.Neither early luminal loss at the within 2 months follow-up(P=0.849)nor LLL at the 2 year OCT follow-up(P=0.613)showed differences between device arms.No significant differences in imaging and clinical endpoints were observed between device arms at follow-up.Conclusions:The BuMA Supreme stent’s faster re-endothelization with no“late catch-up”phenomenon has potential advantages over the XIECE stent for patients with coronary artery disease and high bleeding risk because it decreases the duration of dual antiplatelet therapy.展开更多
How latecomers from emerging countries catch up on technological innovation is an important topic for industrial practitioners,policymakers,and academic researchers.This study systematically reviews 37 empirical studi...How latecomers from emerging countries catch up on technological innovation is an important topic for industrial practitioners,policymakers,and academic researchers.This study systematically reviews 37 empirical studies on the precursors of industry catch-up in emerging countries.A general framework on what makes a successful catch-up in latecomer industries is suggested based on literature review.The framework comprises six generic determinants,including technological capability,business ecosystem,government roles,market condition,technological regime,and windows of opportunity.In addition,this framework is applied to the Chinese LED industry,and a case analysis of the catch-up is performed in Chinese LED firms.展开更多
This study investigates the internationalization and resource accumulation process of the three largest Chinese construction machinery companies： Sany, XCMG and Zoomlion. It takes a longitudinal approach to analyze t...This study investigates the internationalization and resource accumulation process of the three largest Chinese construction machinery companies： Sany, XCMG and Zoomlion. It takes a longitudinal approach to analyze the internationalization process of the three companies over the last 25 years. Although the three companies＇ paths in the early acquisition of technologies and firm-specific advantages （FSA） differ significantly, however, their internationalization process exhibits similar pattern. They all exploit the same home-country based FSAs in their south-south expansion into other emerging markets, and seem to mimic each other in their strategic moves. In the south-north expansion into advanced economies they skip the export stage and rely almost exclusively on foreign direct investment of both forms, greenfield and M＆A, to pursue asset augmenting objectives and overcome their ＂liability of origin＂. The study concludes by discussing several topics of interest, such as the implications of accelerated resource accumulation, the impact on competition with advanced multinationals in the home market or possible effects on the level of state support and risk taking behavior in the internationalization process by the companies＇ ownership type.展开更多
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515010944)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31402082 and 32272894)。
文摘Background:Intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR)is a major inducer of higher morbidity and mortality in the pig industry and catch-up growth(CUG)before weanling could significantly restore this negative influence.But there was limited knowledge about the underlying mechanism of CUG occurrence.Methods:Eighty litters of newborn piglets were divided into normal birth weight(NBW)and IUGR groups according to birth weight.At 26 d,those piglets with IUGR but over average body weight of eighty litters of weaned piglets were considered as CUG,and the piglets with IUGR still below average body weight were considered as NCUG.This study was conducted to systemically compare the intestinal difference among NBW,CUG and NCUG weaned piglets considering the crucial role of the intestine for piglet growth.Results:The results indicated that the m RNA expression of nutrients(amino acids,glucose,and fatty acids)transporters,and mitochondrial electron transport chain(ETC)I were upregulated in CUG piglets'gut with improved morphology compared with those NCUG,as well as the ratio of P-AMPK/AMPK protein expression which is the indicator of energy metabolism.Meanwhile,CUG piglet's gut showed higher antioxidative capacity with increased SOD and GSHPx activity,decreased MDA levels,as well as higher m RNA expressions of Nrf2,Keap1,SOD,and GSH-Px.Furthermore,inflammatory parameters including TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-12 factors,and the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were significantly elevated in the NCUG intestine,while the protein expression of ZO-1,Occludin and Claudin-1 was reduced.The alpha diversity of fecal microbiota was higher in CUG piglets in contrast with NCUG piglets,and the increased beneficial bacteria and decreased pathogenic bacteria was also observed in CUG piglets.Conclusions:CUG piglet's intestine showed comprehensive restoration including higher nutrients transport,energy metabolism,antioxidant capacity,and intestinal physical barrier,while lower oxidative stress,inflammatory response,and pathogenic microbiota.
文摘A significant structural change in the pattern of economic development in Asian economies has been observed in recent years. We have seen many cases in which the Asian economies became the center of the world-wide production in an extremely short period of time after a new product entered the market. Also in the science, the number of papers written by Asian researchers has been increasing dramatically. In this situation, the existing studies cannot sufficiently explain the driving force and the mechanism of catch-up or economic growth. Therefore, it is now required to model this new type of economic development. In this paper we analyzed their scientific catch-up status using scientific papers on solar cells to clarify the structural change. After mid 1990s, knowledge creation has been accelerated in the field of solar cell. Now more than three thousand papers are published annually. We found as a result that the catch-up process in Asian economies had progressed rapidly, that some economies had a larger share of scientific papers in the frontier field of advanced science than in the matured fields, and that the strategy largely changed from area to area. A “parallel-running-type growth model” has thus been emerging in Asia. Responding to the significant changes in development model, we have to re-design the framework of economic cooperation. There is a need for further horizontal collaboration among major Asian economies and developed economies. We also showed that bibliometrics is an effective method for presuming a detailed national strategy that is not known to the outside.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (79970104)
文摘By introducing the logistic-like technology, the classical Solow-Swan model is extended to inquire the technological overflow and catch-up of the developing economy in this paper. The improved model is described by a two-dimensional dynamical system. It is proved that the model has a unique equilibrium which is a sink and the solution of the equation is globally asymptotically stable. And the classical Solow-Swan model is a special case of the model given here. The economic growth patterns are discussed by phase portrait analysis at the end of this paper.
基金part of the research results of the "middle income trap" project conducted by the CASS and the Asian Development Bank Institute(ADBI).Project leader:Cai Fang
文摘A distortion is a departure from the allocation of economic resources from the state in which each agent maximizes his/her own welfare. Distortions can be divided into endogenous distortion(i.e. market imperfections) and policy-imposed distortion. The relationship between distortion and development is complex, thus favorable distortion would only be possible under certain conditions, where, as argued in this paper, four crucial mechanisms may play roles — advantage of backwardness, second-best principle, coordination failure and political economy perspective. Empirically, both international experience and evidence from China suggest that distortions have a positive effect on total factor productivity(TFP) in the early stages of development, but with increasing income levels this role gradually diminishes. Especially in the phases of middle and high income, the negative effects of distortions are significant and become an important factor leading to the middle-income trap. Therefore, reducing and correcting distortions is the key to achieving sustainable growth. Regarding China, it is necessary to eliminate the distortions in a clear way and let the market play the decisive role in resource allocation. Otherwise, in the name of "growth catch-up," the policy-imposed distortion will occur frequently, and the direction of market-oriented reform will become blurred and swing. Mitigating unfavorable distortions is largely a process of exploring the favorable borderline of government and market, which constitutes a major challenge for all economies.
文摘Aim: To determine the prevalence of HBs antigen in secondary schools, to appreciate the vaccination coverage of viral hepatitis B and to propose a vaccine catch-up strategy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted over a two-month period from April 24 to June 24, 2006 among students aged 10 - 15, in two schools (one public and the other private) of the city of Abidjan selected at random. The assay of serum markers of viral hepatitis B of the samples collected after 5 ml peripheral venous sampling was carried out in the viral serology and bacteriology unit of the Pasteur institute of Ivory Coast using the ELISA technique (Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbant-Assay). The ELISA technique is an enzyme immunoassay technique that can detect an antigen or an antibody by highlighting the antigen-antibody reaction. Results: Of the 282 students who participated in our study, 5.3% of students (n = 15) were infected with the hepatitis B virus. The majority of students (79.1%, n = 223) did not have no contact with the hepatitis B virus. Only 7.8% (n = 22) of the students were vaccinated against viral hepatitis B. Conclusion: The low immunization coverage and the high prevalence of seronegative students reflect the need for a vaccine catch-up policy for adolescents born before the introduction of vaccination against the viral hepatitis B virus in the Expanded Program on Immunization.
文摘Chinese financial system and capital allocation to strategic sectors dominated by state banks made important contributions to the country＇s high economic growth rates during the catch-up stage of the last three decades. High household saving rates, fixed exchange rate regime, and extensive capital controls helped this stage as well. While the structural changes in the labor market conditions by moving from primary sectors to more capital intensive heavy industry, construction, commerce, and other service sectors have been contributed to the economic growth, competition, and productivity, due to the direct state governance or intensive interventions, competition and productivity have been curtailed on certain large industries. Aiming to eliminate this unproductive economic activity, enterprise sector reforms of China targeted restructuring the state enterprise＇s capital, organization, and management system. Besides, the reforms on science and technology system seek to participate in global production and R＆D networks by improving high-tech sectors through creating strong complementarity and collaboration between skilled human capital and educational interferences.
文摘Chinese hi-tech multinationals strengthen their technological competitiveness in their internationalization process. Their strategic emphasis on cooperation with academic institutes to develop professional knowledge is an important yet underexplored issue in the extant literature. Based on the comparison between a pair of hi-tech companies--HUAWEI from China and CISCO from the US, this study analyzes the process of technological evolution of the former during 1998-2014, which ihas already become one of strategic solutions for Chinese multinationals （CMNE） to catch up with traditional counterparts in technological field. This study contributes to the present theory of CMNE by disclosing the Firm-University Cooperation （FUC） strategy, as well as its significance and implications for later-corner＇s catch-up trajectory in international business.
文摘Objective To propose a method to identify the shortest catch-up path by using patent data based on the perspective of technology leapfrogging so as to provide a reference for the catch-up strategy formulation by the governments of the developing countries.Methods Firstly,the international patent classification(IPC)co-occurrence network was used to screen key technologies,and the TOP 5 countries and China were located from the aspects of technology life cycle and technological innovation capabilities.Next,the technology development path based on the ordered clustering algorithm and the main IPC number was set up.Finally,the Dijkstra algorithm was applied to identify the shortest catch-up path.Results and Conclusion Applying this method to the current biopharmaceutical industry with the most potential for development,the shortest catch-up paths are found in the selected C12N15,C07K14 and C12Q1 technology fields,proving the feasibility of the method.
文摘Objectives:This study was aimed at comparing the“late catch-up”phenomenon between the BuMA Supreme bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent and the XIENCE stent through serial optical coherence tomography(OCT)at within 2 months and 2 year follow-ups.Methods:A total of 49 of 75 patients from the PIONEER-II study were enrolled in a 2 year OCT follow-up study;44 patients with 50 lesions were included in the statistical analysis.The primary endpoints were neointimal thickness and late luminal loss(LLL)after stent implantation.Results:The stenosis diameter,and minimum in-stent or in-segment diameter,did not significantly differ between the BuMA Supreme and XIENCE arms at within 2 months and 2 year follow-ups.The strut neointimal coverage and thickness were greater in the BuMA group than the XIENCE group at the 1 and 2 month follow-ups(P=0.044 and P=0.010,respectively)but not at the 2 year OCT follow-up.Neither early luminal loss at the within 2 months follow-up(P=0.849)nor LLL at the 2 year OCT follow-up(P=0.613)showed differences between device arms.No significant differences in imaging and clinical endpoints were observed between device arms at follow-up.Conclusions:The BuMA Supreme stent’s faster re-endothelization with no“late catch-up”phenomenon has potential advantages over the XIECE stent for patients with coronary artery disease and high bleeding risk because it decreases the duration of dual antiplatelet therapy.
基金This work is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71372054)All authors contribute equally to this manuscript.
文摘How latecomers from emerging countries catch up on technological innovation is an important topic for industrial practitioners,policymakers,and academic researchers.This study systematically reviews 37 empirical studies on the precursors of industry catch-up in emerging countries.A general framework on what makes a successful catch-up in latecomer industries is suggested based on literature review.The framework comprises six generic determinants,including technological capability,business ecosystem,government roles,market condition,technological regime,and windows of opportunity.In addition,this framework is applied to the Chinese LED industry,and a case analysis of the catch-up is performed in Chinese LED firms.
文摘This study investigates the internationalization and resource accumulation process of the three largest Chinese construction machinery companies： Sany, XCMG and Zoomlion. It takes a longitudinal approach to analyze the internationalization process of the three companies over the last 25 years. Although the three companies＇ paths in the early acquisition of technologies and firm-specific advantages （FSA） differ significantly, however, their internationalization process exhibits similar pattern. They all exploit the same home-country based FSAs in their south-south expansion into other emerging markets, and seem to mimic each other in their strategic moves. In the south-north expansion into advanced economies they skip the export stage and rely almost exclusively on foreign direct investment of both forms, greenfield and M＆A, to pursue asset augmenting objectives and overcome their ＂liability of origin＂. The study concludes by discussing several topics of interest, such as the implications of accelerated resource accumulation, the impact on competition with advanced multinationals in the home market or possible effects on the level of state support and risk taking behavior in the internationalization process by the companies＇ ownership type.
