The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has est...The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has established a multi-tiered regulatory framework with the National Council for Energy Policy(CNPE)providing strategic guidance,the Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME)serving as the primary policy implementation body,and the National Electric Energy Agency(ANEEL)and the National Agency of Petroleum,Natural Gas and Biofuels(ANP)sharing regulatory oversight responsibilities.展开更多
Find It Where did Tara take the train to?Conversation A(in the Studio)Greg:Welcome,Tara!Last time,you told us about your trip to the Amazon.Tell us more about Brazil today.Tara:I will,Greg!It's such a colorful,bea...Find It Where did Tara take the train to?Conversation A(in the Studio)Greg:Welcome,Tara!Last time,you told us about your trip to the Amazon.Tell us more about Brazil today.Tara:I will,Greg!It's such a colorful,beautiful country!Greg:I know!And Rio de Jmneiro is a marvelous city!展开更多
The variability of the sea surface salinity measurements provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission reveals the presence of a local salinity maximum(a salty tongue)in the northwestern tropical Atlantic.T...The variability of the sea surface salinity measurements provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission reveals the presence of a local salinity maximum(a salty tongue)in the northwestern tropical Atlantic.The sea surface salinity positive anomaly starts increasing in July,reaches its maximum in January,and then disappears.The local maximum of salinity appears in the late boreal autumn/winter,when the Amazon discharge is minimal and the salty water from the South Atlantic is transported by the North Brazil Current along the shelf break across the equator.The authors validate the satellite observations in this area and assess the vertical structure of the salinity maximum by using in situ measurements and an in situ-interpolated product.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is a poorly understood complication in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis(HSS),a neglected cause of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension.Although portosystemic shunts(PSS)are commonly obse...BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is a poorly understood complication in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis(HSS),a neglected cause of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension.Although portosystemic shunts(PSS)are commonly observed in HSS patients,the prevalence and clinical impact of overt HE(OHE)and minimal HE(MHE)remain understudied,particularly in resource-limited settings.AIM To determine OHE/MHE prevalence in HSS and its associations with PSS,clinical,and laboratory characteristics.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 200 HSS patients undergoing treatment at the Hospital of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco in Brazil between 2021 and 2023.Cognitive function was assessed using the animal naming test(ANT)and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE),while psychological status was evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.PSS was identified via ultrasound,and fibrosis severity was quantified using the Coutinho index(CI).Analyses were adjusted for education level and the presence of comorbidities.Statistical analyses were performed using R software.RESULTS The prevalence of OHE was 0.5%,while MHE,diagnosed via ANT,affected 24%of patients.ANT positivity was significantly associated with the presence of PSS(35.1%vs 15.1%;P=0.0018)and higher CI scores(1.79±0.26 vs 1.30±0.84;P=0.045).Patients with MHE demonstrated notably lower MMSE scores(24.06±1.17 vs 26.04±0.63;P=0.0003),independent of education level.The ANT showed high diagnostic robustness,even among patients with limited formal education.CONCLUSION MHE is prevalent in HSS,especially with PSS,and is associated with portal hypertension severity.The ANT enables practical screening,underscoring the need for routine assessment to improve outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer(GBTC)is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with a high fatality rate.The global incidence and mortality of GBTC continue to increase,presenting a significant challenge ...BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer(GBTC)is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with a high fatality rate.The global incidence and mortality of GBTC continue to increase,presenting a significant challenge to public health.Strategies for preventing and controlling GBTC in Brazil,Russian Federation,India,China and South Africa(BRICS)countries offer valuable lessons for other developing nations.AIM To investigate GBTC burden trends in BRICS countries and perform an ageperiod-cohort(APC)analysis of Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990-2021.METHODS Data on the incidences and crude incidence rates,the number of deaths and crude mortality rates,and the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and agestandardized mortality rate(ASMR)of GBTC were obtained for BRICS countries from the GBD study 2021.Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to examine the trends in disease burden from 1990 to 2021.The APC model was utilized to assess the age,period,and birth cohort effects on the changes in GBTC disease burden worldwide and in the BRICS countries during the same time frame.Bayesian APC analysis was used to estimate the future burden.RESULTS The increases in incidence and deaths were 101.09%and 74.26%,respectively,compared with 1990.The ASMRs in Brazil,Russia,and China decreased,while those in India and South Africa increased.Among the BRICS countries,in most age groups in Brazil,Russia,India,and South Africa,the crude incidence and mortality rates in women were higher than those in men,whereas in China,the situation was the opposite.Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that from 1990 to 2021,the overall ASIR of gallbladder and bile duct cancer exhibited a declining trend.Although the incidence rate in China showed an increasing trend,the mortality rate exhibited a declining trend,which became more pronounced over time.CONCLUSION In BRICS countries,the number of incident cases and deaths from GBTC increased between 1990 and 2021,primarily due to rapid population growth.Nevertheless,the ASIR and ASMR declined during the same period.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore physiological responses of Brazil banana seedlings to drought stress simulated by PEG-6000.[Method] Brazil banana （Musa AAA Cavendish subgroup cv.Brazil） was taken as test material...[Objective] The aim was to explore physiological responses of Brazil banana seedlings to drought stress simulated by PEG-6000.[Method] Brazil banana （Musa AAA Cavendish subgroup cv.Brazil） was taken as test materials to explore changes of physiological indices of banana seedlings under drought stresses simulated by PEG-6000,including three stress levels （5％,10％ and 15％） and time periods （24,48 and 72 h）.[Result] Relative water content and chlorophyll content both declined under different stress levels and in different times.The content of proline （Pro） in seedling leaves from high to low was PEG15％,PEG10％ and PEG5％; the content of treatment of 5％ stress in 24 h was of insignificant differences with that of the control and the contents in rest treatments were all remarkably higher compared with the control.POD activities of seedling leaves from high to low were as follows：PEG15％＞PEG10％＞PEG5％,and POD activity was of significant differences among treatments; POD activity achieved the peak in treatment group with 5％ of stress,and POD activities of different groups were all higher compared with the control.The activity of root system in treatment groups with PEG at different concentrations was as follows：PEG10％＞PEG15％＞PEG5％ and the activity increased remarkably in the group with PEG at 5％ within 24,48 and 72 h,though the activity dropped significantly within 72 h and slowly in 24 and 48 h.[Conclusion] It can be concluded that relative water content,chlorophyll content,Pro content and activity and root activity can be references of banana resistance to drought.展开更多
To reveal stress distribution and crack propagation of Brazilian discs under impact loads, dynamic tests were conducted with SHPB （split Hopkinson pressure bar） device. Stress states of specimens were monitored with...To reveal stress distribution and crack propagation of Brazilian discs under impact loads, dynamic tests were conducted with SHPB （split Hopkinson pressure bar） device. Stress states of specimens were monitored with strain gauges on specimen surface and SHPB bars. The failure process of specimen was recorded by ultra speed camera FASTCAM SAI.1 （675 000 fps）. Stress histories from strain gauges offer comprehensive information to evaluate the stress equilibrium of specimen in time and space. When a slowly rising load （with loading rates less than 1 200 N/s for d 50 mm bar） is applied, there is usually good stress equilibrium in specimen. The stress distribution after equilibrium is similar to its static counterpart. And the first crack initiates at the disc center and propagates along the load direction. But with the front of incident wave becoming steep, it is hard for specimens to get to stress equilibrium. The first crack may appear anywhere on the specimen together with multiple randomly distributed secondary cracks. For a valid dynamic Brazil test with stress equilibrium, the specimen will break into two halves neatly. While for tests with stress disequilibrium, missing strap may be found when broken halves of specimens are put together. For those specimens broken up neatly at center but having missing wedges at the loading areas, it is usually subjected to local buckling from SHPB bars.展开更多
Fertilizer effect model such as ternary quadratic, unary quadratic, straight line and platform model was respectively used to analyze the two-year ＂3414＂ test data collected from banana garden in Fushan Town of Hain...Fertilizer effect model such as ternary quadratic, unary quadratic, straight line and platform model was respectively used to analyze the two-year ＂3414＂ test data collected from banana garden in Fushan Town of Hainan Province. The results showed that the optimal fertilizing amount of ternary quadratic model simulation was0.374 kg/plant of N, 0.289 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.891 kg/plant of K2 O. According to the yield trend characteristic, the optimal fertilizing amount of unary quadratic model was 0.400kg/plant of N, 0.214 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.901kg/plant of K2 O. Thus it can be seen that only partial indices of the optimal fertilizing amount of ternary quadratic model simulation were higher than that of unary quadratic model. Considering the results, the optimal fertilizing amount of Brazil banana was 0.374-0.400kg/plant of N, 0.214-0.289 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.891-0.901 kg/plant of K2 O.展开更多
This paper analyzes the corn production cost in China, the U.S. and Brazil from 1997 to 2014. According to the results,（1） corn production cost in China is the highest among these three countries;（2） the rapid gro...This paper analyzes the corn production cost in China, the U.S. and Brazil from 1997 to 2014. According to the results,（1） corn production cost in China is the highest among these three countries;（2） the rapid growth of labor cost and land cost is the major factor that promotes the increase of total corn production cost in China;（3） the level of agricultural mechanization in China has been gradually improving, and the gap between agricultural mechanization levels in China and other two countries is constantly narrowing;（4） differing from the U.S. and Brazil,China exhibits a ＂high input, low output＂ agricultural production mode. Based on the above analyses, corresponding suggestions have been presented to reduce corn production cost in China.展开更多
The 31^(st) session of the International Geological Congress was held in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil,August 6-17,2000,in consortium with other South American countries,under the sponsorship of the International Union of Geo...The 31^(st) session of the International Geological Congress was held in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil,August 6-17,2000,in consortium with other South American countries,under the sponsorship of the International Union of Geological Sciences,the Brazilian Ministries of Mines and Energy and Science and Technology,through their different agencies and Research Institutes,by the Brazilian Academy of Sciences,the Brazilian Geological Society and other Geo-Societies,in cooperation with many technical and scientific institutions,universities,industrial organizations and government bodies,and support of the Rio de Janeiro State Government and City Council.This large gathering of the IGC family in the 20^(th) Century was the first IGC session ever held in South America since the first meeting in Paris 1878.展开更多
Tapejara wellnhoferi, a small azhdarchoid pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil, provides critical information about the aerodynamic function of its spectacular head crest. The cranial c...Tapejara wellnhoferi, a small azhdarchoid pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil, provides critical information about the aerodynamic function of its spectacular head crest. The cranial crests in pterodactyloids were sexually dimorphic and are thought to have evolved in adult males in response to female mate choice. However, the location of cranial crests in front of the center of gravity would create instability in the yaw axis during flight and may seem like a handicap. Vertically aligned webbed feet probably suppressed the yawing rotations and instability from the crest. Here we show that the crest functioned as a front rudder to make agile turn and mediate flight control. A computer simulation model suggests that Tapejara had a large excess of muscle power available above the power required for continuous flapping flight. It could easily takeoff from a perch, ground, or water surface and land safely on the ground. It was an excellent glider with a gliding angle close to 4~ and a cruising speed of 27 km/h. Tapejara could soar efficiently on the windward side of cliffs or circle on rising thermals over tropical waters for efficient long-distance flight. Various control surfaces in the wings of Tapejara analogous to the slat, aileron, elevator, fin, rudder, and horizontal stabilizer of an aircraft made pterodactyloids versatile flyers.展开更多
A study was conducted to evaluate the aboveground biomass, nutrient content and the percentages of mycorrhizal colonization in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus grand＆ plantations in the semiarid region （ 15&#...A study was conducted to evaluate the aboveground biomass, nutrient content and the percentages of mycorrhizal colonization in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus grand＆ plantations in the semiarid region （ 15° 09′ S 43° 49′ W） in the north of the State of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Results show that the total above-ground biomass （dry matter） was 33.6 Mg.ha^-1 for E. camaldulensis and 53.1 Mg·ha^-1 for E. grandis. The biomass of the stem wood, leaves, branches, and stein bark for E. camaldulens accounted for 64.4%, 19.6%, 15.4%, and 0.6% of the total biomass, respectively （Table 2）; meanwhile a similar partition of the total above-ground biomass was also found for E. grand＆. The dry matter of leaves and branches of E. camaldulensis accounted for 35% of total biomass, and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in leaves and branches accounted for 15.5%, 0.7%, 12.3%, 22.6%, 1.9%, and 1.4% of those in total above-ground biomass, respectively. In the trunk （bark and wood）, nutrient accumulation in general was lower. Nutrient content of E. grand＆ presented little variation compared with that orE. camaJd^llensis. Wood localized in superior parts of trunk presented a higher concentration of P and bark contained significant amounts of nutrients, especially in E. grand＆. This indicated that leaving vegetal waste is of importance on the site in reducing the loss of tree productivity in this semi-arid region. The two species showed mycotrophy.展开更多
Wide area measurement system(WAMS), which is based on synchronization data from phasor measurement units(PMU) and EMS SCADA, is implemented to establish a system model that can handle certain functions such as realtim...Wide area measurement system(WAMS), which is based on synchronization data from phasor measurement units(PMU) and EMS SCADA, is implemented to establish a system model that can handle certain functions such as realtime power system monitoring, oscillation mode analysis, accident analysis and decision-making assistance for emergency control. The Brazilian Interconnected Power System(BIPS) is a large system covering an extensive geographical region, which faces certain risks and challenges. It has several main transmission corridors associated with large power plants and interconnection between the northern and southeastern regions. Mismatch between the energy base and load pool also exists in Brazil as energy resources are not well-distributed; therefore, the use of large-capacity, long-distance transmission technique to transmit remote power is unescapable. On the other hand, there are many types of voltage levels and multiple entangled electromagnetic loops owing to historical reasons. Then, for insufficient power reservation and defective grid body in load pools, once the external power is cut, it's easy to raise a blackout. The infrastructure is old and the power system operates close to the upper limit. All these represent risks and challenges to BIPS. Through WAMS technology research method in this project, the electrical power system function of monitoring, analysis, and control improved from the static state to the dynamic state. WAMS enhances data integration and real-time analysis capabilities, and can provide dispatchers with high quality real-time dynamic information and decision-making support information, enhance monitoring of auxiliary services in the electricity market, enable operators to improve the accuracy of power network analysis, thereby increasing power grid monitoring and operation, and improve the transmission capacity and reliability of the power grid operation [1].展开更多
AIM:To test the hypothesis that,in the Southeastern Brazilian population,the GSTT1,GSTM1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and putative risk factors are associated with an increased risk for gastric cancer. METHODS:We conducte...AIM:To test the hypothesis that,in the Southeastern Brazilian population,the GSTT1,GSTM1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and putative risk factors are associated with an increased risk for gastric cancer. METHODS:We conducted a study on 100 cases of gastric cancer (GC),100 cases of chronic gastritis (CG),and 150 controls (C).Deletion of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes was assessed by multiplex PCR.CYP2E1/Pst1 genotyping was performed using a PCR-RFLP assay. RESULTS:No relationship between GSTT1/GSTM1 deletion and the c1/c2 genotype of CYP2E1 was observed among the three groups.However,a significant difference between CG and C was observed,due to a greater number of GSTT1/GSTM1 positive genotypes in the CG group.The GSTT1 null genotype occurred more frequently in Negroid subjects,and the GSTM1 null genotype in Caucasians,while the GSTM1 positive genotype was observed mainly in individuals with chronic gastritis infected with H pylori. CONCLUSION:Our findings indicate that there is no obvious relationship between the GSTT1,GSTM1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and gastric cancer.展开更多
Molecular phylogenetic studies have become a major area of interest in plant systematics, and their impacts on historical biogeographic hypotheses are not to be disregarded. In Brazil, most historical biogeographic st...Molecular phylogenetic studies have become a major area of interest in plant systematics, and their impacts on historical biogeographic hypotheses are not to be disregarded. In Brazil, most historical biogeographic studies have relied on animal phylogenies, whereas plant biogeographic studies have largely lacked a phylogenetic component, having a limited utility for historical biogeography. That country, however, is of great importance for most biogeographic studies of lowland tropical South America, and it includes areas from a number of biogeographic regions of the continent. Important biogeographic reports have been published as part of phylogenetic studies, taxonomic monographs, and regional accounts for small areas or phytogeographic domains, but the available information is subsequently scattered and sometimes hard to find. In this paper we review some relevant angiosperm biogeographic studies in Brazil. Initially we briefly discuss the importance of other continents as source areas for the South American flora. Then we present a subdivision of Brazil into phytogeographic domains, and we cite studies that have explored the detection of biogeographic units （areas of endemism） and how they are historically related among those domains. Examples of plant taxa that could be used to test some biogeographic hypotheses are provided throughout, as well as taxa that exemplify several patterns of endemism and disjunction in the Brazilian angiosperm flora.展开更多
BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10, 5 or 2.5 mg/kg Brazil for 14 days after sciatic nerve injury. Results demonstrate that the spleen T/B lymphocyte stimulation index and serum circulating immune comp...BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10, 5 or 2.5 mg/kg Brazil for 14 days after sciatic nerve injury. Results demonstrate that the spleen T/B lymphocyte stimulation index and serum circulating immune complex concentration were significantly reduced, and the morphology of the soleus muscle was restored in mice with sciatic nerve injury. These effects of Brazil were dose-dependent. Our experimental findings indicate that Brazil can regulate immune responses after nerve injury and promote sciatic nerve repair.展开更多
The Venda Nova Pluton （VNP） is a zoned ring structure emplaced in the southern portion of the Neoproterozoic Araquai Belt, in Espirito Santo, Brazil. It is a slightly westward tilted cylinder-like intrusion, with an...The Venda Nova Pluton （VNP） is a zoned ring structure emplaced in the southern portion of the Neoproterozoic Araquai Belt, in Espirito Santo, Brazil. It is a slightly westward tilted cylinder-like intrusion, with an almost circular horizontal section. In the center of this structure, an off-centered gabbro-noritic core, surrounded by syeno-monzonitic rocks, intrudes an outer ring of charnockites and norite. These envelop the syeno-monzonitic and gabbro-noritic center, as a narrow discontinuous belt. While, in the core intrusion, mingling and mixing processes are widespread and well documented in the literature, in the outer ring, the norite and charnockite layers show predominantly homogeneous and isotropic internal structures. Nevertheless, smaller interaction zones between charnockites and norite denote a comparatively more restricted mingling process. The norite is a fine-grained rock with hypidio- morphic granular to intergranular texture. The charnockites are medium-grained and made up of： （a） orthopyroxene-tonalite, （h） orthopyroxene-quartz-diorite, and （c） orthopyroxene-granodiorite with hy- pidiomorphic granular to porphyritic textures. In all lithotypes both ortho- and clinopyroxene are replaced by hornblende and biotite. Two contrasting compositional sequences have been recognized, based on whole rock geochemistry： （1） a basic, with tholeiitic affinities （norite） and, （2） an intermediate, medium-K calc-alkalinc, comprising the charnockites. Estimated crystallization temperatures, which have been calculated from micro-probe analysis of pyroxenes, range from 915± 25 ℃ to 960 ± 50 ℃. Re-equilibration temperature （ihnenite-magnetite calibration） is around 600 ~ 50 ℃. This indicates oxygen fugacities four order of magnitude below the FMQ-buffer and a reduced environment. Coeval pressure conditions estimated from the Al-content in hornblende range from 5.5 ± 0.6 kbar. Data obtained for the norite point toward an evolution from the partial melting of an anhydrous tholeiitic mantle magma. The charnockites may correspond to the differentiation of a calc-alkaline parental magma. The later could be the hybrid product from the contamination and mixing between the anhydrous tholeiitic magma with other deeper crustal sources. Further the magmatic system evolved through frac- tionation of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and ilnlenite. Our results support the hypothesis for the evolution of the Venda Nova Pluton through a mantle-crust delamination process probably related to the collapse of the Araquai orogeny.展开更多
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable malignancies, however, it still has high incidence and mortality rates, especially in less developed countries. For Brazil, the estimate is more than 16,000...Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable malignancies, however, it still has high incidence and mortality rates, especially in less developed countries. For Brazil, the estimate is more than 16,000 new cases and more than 6000 deaths annually. Despite this, vaccines against HPV (responsible for cervical cancer) are effective and promote a significant decrease in infections and neoplastic lesions of the cervix. As recommended by the World Health Organization, girls aged 9 to 14 should be vaccinated before becoming sexually active. Although the vaccine was developed in 2006, in Brazil immunization only started to be carried out in 2014, initially only for girls between 9 and 11 years old. The present work is an integrative review, with the objective of explaining the current situation of vaccination against HPV throughout the country. Using the PubMed, MED-LINE and Google Scholar databases, a search for scientific articles was carried out during the year 2022, using the descriptors “Vaccine”, “HPV” and “Brazil”, simultaneously selecting 17 articles. The Brazilian recommendations for vaccination against HPV have undergone several strategic changes over time, in the following points: age group and gender of the target population, major site of application of vaccines and number of doses to be applied. Currently, in Brazil, the recommendation for vaccination against HPV is neutral in gender, between 9 and 14 years old and in immunosuppressed people up to 45 years old, with a vaccination schedule of 2 doses with an interval of 6 months between them, and 3 doses for those from 15 years and immunocompromised individual (0 - 2 - 6 months). The tetravalent vaccine offered by public funding continues to be applied at health centers, despite several favorable criticisms of the return of application in schools. Even though the vaccine is available free of charge, studies point to the difficulty in achieving and maintaining vaccination coverage, especially for the second dose. Among the factors that impede success, they cite illiteracy in health generated mainly by social inequality and the lack of educational actions by the government, demonstrating the need to plan effective strategies in this regard.展开更多
This survey investigated the relationship between executive compensation and the financial performance of companies. It is hypothesized that a company can utilize its pay system to direct executives＇ efforts toward i...This survey investigated the relationship between executive compensation and the financial performance of companies. It is hypothesized that a company can utilize its pay system to direct executives＇ efforts toward its strategic business objectives, thus contributing to higher levels of corporate financial performance. The survey data consisted of a secondary and non-probabilistic sample of 44 Brazilian industrial companies. In order to operationalize the independent remuneration variable, the authors used average monthly salary, average variable salary, and three indices that were created for this survey： benefits, career, and development. These indices measure the access to benefits, mechanisms for stimulating and supporting careers, and mechanisms to encourage education and professional development that companies offer to their directors, vice presidents, and chief executive officers （CEOs）, who are referred to in this paper by the term ＂executive＂. The remuneration data are from fiscal year 2006. In order to operationalize the financial performance variable, two accounting indicators were used： sales growth and return on equity （ROE） for fiscal years 2006 and 2007. The size of the companies was used as a control variable. The results of a multiple regression analysis do not support the hypothesis that there is a positive and significant relationship between executive compensation and corporate financial performance.展开更多
文摘The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has established a multi-tiered regulatory framework with the National Council for Energy Policy(CNPE)providing strategic guidance,the Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME)serving as the primary policy implementation body,and the National Electric Energy Agency(ANEEL)and the National Agency of Petroleum,Natural Gas and Biofuels(ANP)sharing regulatory oversight responsibilities.
文摘Find It Where did Tara take the train to?Conversation A(in the Studio)Greg:Welcome,Tara!Last time,you told us about your trip to the Amazon.Tell us more about Brazil today.Tara:I will,Greg!It's such a colorful,beautiful country!Greg:I know!And Rio de Jmneiro is a marvelous city!
基金financed by the Funda?ao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia(FCT)through the project UIDP/04292/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04292/2020)UIDB/04292/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04292/2020)+2 种基金awarded to MARE and through project LA/P/0069/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020)granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNETfunded by the European Space Agency through the SMOS Expert Support Laboratory(ESL)for SMOS Level 2 over land,ocean,ice[4000130567/20/I-BG]MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501,100,011,033 through the project INTERACT[PID2020-114623RB-C31]。
文摘The variability of the sea surface salinity measurements provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission reveals the presence of a local salinity maximum(a salty tongue)in the northwestern tropical Atlantic.The sea surface salinity positive anomaly starts increasing in July,reaches its maximum in January,and then disappears.The local maximum of salinity appears in the late boreal autumn/winter,when the Amazon discharge is minimal and the salty water from the South Atlantic is transported by the North Brazil Current along the shelf break across the equator.The authors validate the satellite observations in this area and assess the vertical structure of the salinity maximum by using in situ measurements and an in situ-interpolated product.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is a poorly understood complication in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis(HSS),a neglected cause of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension.Although portosystemic shunts(PSS)are commonly observed in HSS patients,the prevalence and clinical impact of overt HE(OHE)and minimal HE(MHE)remain understudied,particularly in resource-limited settings.AIM To determine OHE/MHE prevalence in HSS and its associations with PSS,clinical,and laboratory characteristics.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 200 HSS patients undergoing treatment at the Hospital of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco in Brazil between 2021 and 2023.Cognitive function was assessed using the animal naming test(ANT)and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE),while psychological status was evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.PSS was identified via ultrasound,and fibrosis severity was quantified using the Coutinho index(CI).Analyses were adjusted for education level and the presence of comorbidities.Statistical analyses were performed using R software.RESULTS The prevalence of OHE was 0.5%,while MHE,diagnosed via ANT,affected 24%of patients.ANT positivity was significantly associated with the presence of PSS(35.1%vs 15.1%;P=0.0018)and higher CI scores(1.79±0.26 vs 1.30±0.84;P=0.045).Patients with MHE demonstrated notably lower MMSE scores(24.06±1.17 vs 26.04±0.63;P=0.0003),independent of education level.The ANT showed high diagnostic robustness,even among patients with limited formal education.CONCLUSION MHE is prevalent in HSS,especially with PSS,and is associated with portal hypertension severity.The ANT enables practical screening,underscoring the need for routine assessment to improve outcomes.
基金Supported by the Key Project of Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education,No.2024ZD023.
文摘BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer(GBTC)is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with a high fatality rate.The global incidence and mortality of GBTC continue to increase,presenting a significant challenge to public health.Strategies for preventing and controlling GBTC in Brazil,Russian Federation,India,China and South Africa(BRICS)countries offer valuable lessons for other developing nations.AIM To investigate GBTC burden trends in BRICS countries and perform an ageperiod-cohort(APC)analysis of Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990-2021.METHODS Data on the incidences and crude incidence rates,the number of deaths and crude mortality rates,and the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and agestandardized mortality rate(ASMR)of GBTC were obtained for BRICS countries from the GBD study 2021.Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to examine the trends in disease burden from 1990 to 2021.The APC model was utilized to assess the age,period,and birth cohort effects on the changes in GBTC disease burden worldwide and in the BRICS countries during the same time frame.Bayesian APC analysis was used to estimate the future burden.RESULTS The increases in incidence and deaths were 101.09%and 74.26%,respectively,compared with 1990.The ASMRs in Brazil,Russia,and China decreased,while those in India and South Africa increased.Among the BRICS countries,in most age groups in Brazil,Russia,India,and South Africa,the crude incidence and mortality rates in women were higher than those in men,whereas in China,the situation was the opposite.Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that from 1990 to 2021,the overall ASIR of gallbladder and bile duct cancer exhibited a declining trend.Although the incidence rate in China showed an increasing trend,the mortality rate exhibited a declining trend,which became more pronounced over time.CONCLUSION In BRICS countries,the number of incident cases and deaths from GBTC increased between 1990 and 2021,primarily due to rapid population growth.Nevertheless,the ASIR and ASMR declined during the same period.
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore physiological responses of Brazil banana seedlings to drought stress simulated by PEG-6000.[Method] Brazil banana （Musa AAA Cavendish subgroup cv.Brazil） was taken as test materials to explore changes of physiological indices of banana seedlings under drought stresses simulated by PEG-6000,including three stress levels （5％,10％ and 15％） and time periods （24,48 and 72 h）.[Result] Relative water content and chlorophyll content both declined under different stress levels and in different times.The content of proline （Pro） in seedling leaves from high to low was PEG15％,PEG10％ and PEG5％; the content of treatment of 5％ stress in 24 h was of insignificant differences with that of the control and the contents in rest treatments were all remarkably higher compared with the control.POD activities of seedling leaves from high to low were as follows：PEG15％＞PEG10％＞PEG5％,and POD activity was of significant differences among treatments; POD activity achieved the peak in treatment group with 5％ of stress,and POD activities of different groups were all higher compared with the control.The activity of root system in treatment groups with PEG at different concentrations was as follows：PEG10％＞PEG15％＞PEG5％ and the activity increased remarkably in the group with PEG at 5％ within 24,48 and 72 h,though the activity dropped significantly within 72 h and slowly in 24 and 48 h.[Conclusion] It can be concluded that relative water content,chlorophyll content,Pro content and activity and root activity can be references of banana resistance to drought.
基金Projects(50904079, 51274254, 50934006) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2010CB732004) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(NCET-11-0528) supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China
文摘To reveal stress distribution and crack propagation of Brazilian discs under impact loads, dynamic tests were conducted with SHPB （split Hopkinson pressure bar） device. Stress states of specimens were monitored with strain gauges on specimen surface and SHPB bars. The failure process of specimen was recorded by ultra speed camera FASTCAM SAI.1 （675 000 fps）. Stress histories from strain gauges offer comprehensive information to evaluate the stress equilibrium of specimen in time and space. When a slowly rising load （with loading rates less than 1 200 N/s for d 50 mm bar） is applied, there is usually good stress equilibrium in specimen. The stress distribution after equilibrium is similar to its static counterpart. And the first crack initiates at the disc center and propagates along the load direction. But with the front of incident wave becoming steep, it is hard for specimens to get to stress equilibrium. The first crack may appear anywhere on the specimen together with multiple randomly distributed secondary cracks. For a valid dynamic Brazil test with stress equilibrium, the specimen will break into two halves neatly. While for tests with stress disequilibrium, missing strap may be found when broken halves of specimens are put together. For those specimens broken up neatly at center but having missing wedges at the loading areas, it is usually subjected to local buckling from SHPB bars.
基金Supported by the National Science Found for Young Scholars of China(No.31101123)Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province of China(No.311062)~~
文摘Fertilizer effect model such as ternary quadratic, unary quadratic, straight line and platform model was respectively used to analyze the two-year ＂3414＂ test data collected from banana garden in Fushan Town of Hainan Province. The results showed that the optimal fertilizing amount of ternary quadratic model simulation was0.374 kg/plant of N, 0.289 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.891 kg/plant of K2 O. According to the yield trend characteristic, the optimal fertilizing amount of unary quadratic model was 0.400kg/plant of N, 0.214 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.901kg/plant of K2 O. Thus it can be seen that only partial indices of the optimal fertilizing amount of ternary quadratic model simulation were higher than that of unary quadratic model. Considering the results, the optimal fertilizing amount of Brazil banana was 0.374-0.400kg/plant of N, 0.214-0.289 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.891-0.901 kg/plant of K2 O.
文摘This paper analyzes the corn production cost in China, the U.S. and Brazil from 1997 to 2014. According to the results,（1） corn production cost in China is the highest among these three countries;（2） the rapid growth of labor cost and land cost is the major factor that promotes the increase of total corn production cost in China;（3） the level of agricultural mechanization in China has been gradually improving, and the gap between agricultural mechanization levels in China and other two countries is constantly narrowing;（4） differing from the U.S. and Brazil,China exhibits a ＂high input, low output＂ agricultural production mode. Based on the above analyses, corresponding suggestions have been presented to reduce corn production cost in China.
文摘The 31^(st) session of the International Geological Congress was held in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil,August 6-17,2000,in consortium with other South American countries,under the sponsorship of the International Union of Geological Sciences,the Brazilian Ministries of Mines and Energy and Science and Technology,through their different agencies and Research Institutes,by the Brazilian Academy of Sciences,the Brazilian Geological Society and other Geo-Societies,in cooperation with many technical and scientific institutions,universities,industrial organizations and government bodies,and support of the Rio de Janeiro State Government and City Council.This large gathering of the IGC family in the 20^(th) Century was the first IGC session ever held in South America since the first meeting in Paris 1878.
文摘Tapejara wellnhoferi, a small azhdarchoid pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil, provides critical information about the aerodynamic function of its spectacular head crest. The cranial crests in pterodactyloids were sexually dimorphic and are thought to have evolved in adult males in response to female mate choice. However, the location of cranial crests in front of the center of gravity would create instability in the yaw axis during flight and may seem like a handicap. Vertically aligned webbed feet probably suppressed the yawing rotations and instability from the crest. Here we show that the crest functioned as a front rudder to make agile turn and mediate flight control. A computer simulation model suggests that Tapejara had a large excess of muscle power available above the power required for continuous flapping flight. It could easily takeoff from a perch, ground, or water surface and land safely on the ground. It was an excellent glider with a gliding angle close to 4~ and a cruising speed of 27 km/h. Tapejara could soar efficiently on the windward side of cliffs or circle on rising thermals over tropical waters for efficient long-distance flight. Various control surfaces in the wings of Tapejara analogous to the slat, aileron, elevator, fin, rudder, and horizontal stabilizer of an aircraft made pterodactyloids versatile flyers.
基金financed by CAPES (Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior)
文摘A study was conducted to evaluate the aboveground biomass, nutrient content and the percentages of mycorrhizal colonization in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus grand＆ plantations in the semiarid region （ 15° 09′ S 43° 49′ W） in the north of the State of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Results show that the total above-ground biomass （dry matter） was 33.6 Mg.ha^-1 for E. camaldulensis and 53.1 Mg·ha^-1 for E. grandis. The biomass of the stem wood, leaves, branches, and stein bark for E. camaldulens accounted for 64.4%, 19.6%, 15.4%, and 0.6% of the total biomass, respectively （Table 2）; meanwhile a similar partition of the total above-ground biomass was also found for E. grand＆. The dry matter of leaves and branches of E. camaldulensis accounted for 35% of total biomass, and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in leaves and branches accounted for 15.5%, 0.7%, 12.3%, 22.6%, 1.9%, and 1.4% of those in total above-ground biomass, respectively. In the trunk （bark and wood）, nutrient accumulation in general was lower. Nutrient content of E. grand＆ presented little variation compared with that orE. camaJd^llensis. Wood localized in superior parts of trunk presented a higher concentration of P and bark contained significant amounts of nutrients, especially in E. grand＆. This indicated that leaving vegetal waste is of importance on the site in reducing the loss of tree productivity in this semi-arid region. The two species showed mycotrophy.
文摘Wide area measurement system(WAMS), which is based on synchronization data from phasor measurement units(PMU) and EMS SCADA, is implemented to establish a system model that can handle certain functions such as realtime power system monitoring, oscillation mode analysis, accident analysis and decision-making assistance for emergency control. The Brazilian Interconnected Power System(BIPS) is a large system covering an extensive geographical region, which faces certain risks and challenges. It has several main transmission corridors associated with large power plants and interconnection between the northern and southeastern regions. Mismatch between the energy base and load pool also exists in Brazil as energy resources are not well-distributed; therefore, the use of large-capacity, long-distance transmission technique to transmit remote power is unescapable. On the other hand, there are many types of voltage levels and multiple entangled electromagnetic loops owing to historical reasons. Then, for insufficient power reservation and defective grid body in load pools, once the external power is cut, it's easy to raise a blackout. The infrastructure is old and the power system operates close to the upper limit. All these represent risks and challenges to BIPS. Through WAMS technology research method in this project, the electrical power system function of monitoring, analysis, and control improved from the static state to the dynamic state. WAMS enhances data integration and real-time analysis capabilities, and can provide dispatchers with high quality real-time dynamic information and decision-making support information, enhance monitoring of auxiliary services in the electricity market, enable operators to improve the accuracy of power network analysis, thereby increasing power grid monitoring and operation, and improve the transmission capacity and reliability of the power grid operation [1].
文摘AIM:To test the hypothesis that,in the Southeastern Brazilian population,the GSTT1,GSTM1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and putative risk factors are associated with an increased risk for gastric cancer. METHODS:We conducted a study on 100 cases of gastric cancer (GC),100 cases of chronic gastritis (CG),and 150 controls (C).Deletion of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes was assessed by multiplex PCR.CYP2E1/Pst1 genotyping was performed using a PCR-RFLP assay. RESULTS:No relationship between GSTT1/GSTM1 deletion and the c1/c2 genotype of CYP2E1 was observed among the three groups.However,a significant difference between CG and C was observed,due to a greater number of GSTT1/GSTM1 positive genotypes in the CG group.The GSTT1 null genotype occurred more frequently in Negroid subjects,and the GSTM1 null genotype in Caucasians,while the GSTM1 positive genotype was observed mainly in individuals with chronic gastritis infected with H pylori. CONCLUSION:Our findings indicate that there is no obvious relationship between the GSTT1,GSTM1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and gastric cancer.
基金Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPqGrant No.200682/2006-7)the Integrative Life Sciences PhD Program from Virginia Common-wealth University for financial support
文摘Molecular phylogenetic studies have become a major area of interest in plant systematics, and their impacts on historical biogeographic hypotheses are not to be disregarded. In Brazil, most historical biogeographic studies have relied on animal phylogenies, whereas plant biogeographic studies have largely lacked a phylogenetic component, having a limited utility for historical biogeography. That country, however, is of great importance for most biogeographic studies of lowland tropical South America, and it includes areas from a number of biogeographic regions of the continent. Important biogeographic reports have been published as part of phylogenetic studies, taxonomic monographs, and regional accounts for small areas or phytogeographic domains, but the available information is subsequently scattered and sometimes hard to find. In this paper we review some relevant angiosperm biogeographic studies in Brazil. Initially we briefly discuss the importance of other continents as source areas for the South American flora. Then we present a subdivision of Brazil into phytogeographic domains, and we cite studies that have explored the detection of biogeographic units （areas of endemism） and how they are historically related among those domains. Examples of plant taxa that could be used to test some biogeographic hypotheses are provided throughout, as well as taxa that exemplify several patterns of endemism and disjunction in the Brazilian angiosperm flora.
基金sponsored by Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Program,No.2009Z053
文摘BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10, 5 or 2.5 mg/kg Brazil for 14 days after sciatic nerve injury. Results demonstrate that the spleen T/B lymphocyte stimulation index and serum circulating immune complex concentration were significantly reduced, and the morphology of the soleus muscle was restored in mice with sciatic nerve injury. These effects of Brazil were dose-dependent. Our experimental findings indicate that Brazil can regulate immune responses after nerve injury and promote sciatic nerve repair.
基金UFRJ(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) and LMU(Ludwig Maximillians University in Munich,Germany) and several bilateral research projects
文摘The Venda Nova Pluton （VNP） is a zoned ring structure emplaced in the southern portion of the Neoproterozoic Araquai Belt, in Espirito Santo, Brazil. It is a slightly westward tilted cylinder-like intrusion, with an almost circular horizontal section. In the center of this structure, an off-centered gabbro-noritic core, surrounded by syeno-monzonitic rocks, intrudes an outer ring of charnockites and norite. These envelop the syeno-monzonitic and gabbro-noritic center, as a narrow discontinuous belt. While, in the core intrusion, mingling and mixing processes are widespread and well documented in the literature, in the outer ring, the norite and charnockite layers show predominantly homogeneous and isotropic internal structures. Nevertheless, smaller interaction zones between charnockites and norite denote a comparatively more restricted mingling process. The norite is a fine-grained rock with hypidio- morphic granular to intergranular texture. The charnockites are medium-grained and made up of： （a） orthopyroxene-tonalite, （h） orthopyroxene-quartz-diorite, and （c） orthopyroxene-granodiorite with hy- pidiomorphic granular to porphyritic textures. In all lithotypes both ortho- and clinopyroxene are replaced by hornblende and biotite. Two contrasting compositional sequences have been recognized, based on whole rock geochemistry： （1） a basic, with tholeiitic affinities （norite） and, （2） an intermediate, medium-K calc-alkalinc, comprising the charnockites. Estimated crystallization temperatures, which have been calculated from micro-probe analysis of pyroxenes, range from 915± 25 ℃ to 960 ± 50 ℃. Re-equilibration temperature （ihnenite-magnetite calibration） is around 600 ~ 50 ℃. This indicates oxygen fugacities four order of magnitude below the FMQ-buffer and a reduced environment. Coeval pressure conditions estimated from the Al-content in hornblende range from 5.5 ± 0.6 kbar. Data obtained for the norite point toward an evolution from the partial melting of an anhydrous tholeiitic mantle magma. The charnockites may correspond to the differentiation of a calc-alkaline parental magma. The later could be the hybrid product from the contamination and mixing between the anhydrous tholeiitic magma with other deeper crustal sources. Further the magmatic system evolved through frac- tionation of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and ilnlenite. Our results support the hypothesis for the evolution of the Venda Nova Pluton through a mantle-crust delamination process probably related to the collapse of the Araquai orogeny.
文摘Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable malignancies, however, it still has high incidence and mortality rates, especially in less developed countries. For Brazil, the estimate is more than 16,000 new cases and more than 6000 deaths annually. Despite this, vaccines against HPV (responsible for cervical cancer) are effective and promote a significant decrease in infections and neoplastic lesions of the cervix. As recommended by the World Health Organization, girls aged 9 to 14 should be vaccinated before becoming sexually active. Although the vaccine was developed in 2006, in Brazil immunization only started to be carried out in 2014, initially only for girls between 9 and 11 years old. The present work is an integrative review, with the objective of explaining the current situation of vaccination against HPV throughout the country. Using the PubMed, MED-LINE and Google Scholar databases, a search for scientific articles was carried out during the year 2022, using the descriptors “Vaccine”, “HPV” and “Brazil”, simultaneously selecting 17 articles. The Brazilian recommendations for vaccination against HPV have undergone several strategic changes over time, in the following points: age group and gender of the target population, major site of application of vaccines and number of doses to be applied. Currently, in Brazil, the recommendation for vaccination against HPV is neutral in gender, between 9 and 14 years old and in immunosuppressed people up to 45 years old, with a vaccination schedule of 2 doses with an interval of 6 months between them, and 3 doses for those from 15 years and immunocompromised individual (0 - 2 - 6 months). The tetravalent vaccine offered by public funding continues to be applied at health centers, despite several favorable criticisms of the return of application in schools. Even though the vaccine is available free of charge, studies point to the difficulty in achieving and maintaining vaccination coverage, especially for the second dose. Among the factors that impede success, they cite illiteracy in health generated mainly by social inequality and the lack of educational actions by the government, demonstrating the need to plan effective strategies in this regard.
文摘This survey investigated the relationship between executive compensation and the financial performance of companies. It is hypothesized that a company can utilize its pay system to direct executives＇ efforts toward its strategic business objectives, thus contributing to higher levels of corporate financial performance. The survey data consisted of a secondary and non-probabilistic sample of 44 Brazilian industrial companies. In order to operationalize the independent remuneration variable, the authors used average monthly salary, average variable salary, and three indices that were created for this survey： benefits, career, and development. These indices measure the access to benefits, mechanisms for stimulating and supporting careers, and mechanisms to encourage education and professional development that companies offer to their directors, vice presidents, and chief executive officers （CEOs）, who are referred to in this paper by the term ＂executive＂. The remuneration data are from fiscal year 2006. In order to operationalize the financial performance variable, two accounting indicators were used： sales growth and return on equity （ROE） for fiscal years 2006 and 2007. The size of the companies was used as a control variable. The results of a multiple regression analysis do not support the hypothesis that there is a positive and significant relationship between executive compensation and corporate financial performance.
