Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plant...Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plants known for its biological activities used in traditional system of medicines. This plant is cultivated in all over the world, including tropical areas of Asia, Amazon, east Africa, and the Caribbean and used as a vegetable as well as folk medicine. All parts of the plant, including the fruit, are commonly consumed and cooked with different vegetables, stir-fried, stuffed or used in small quantities in soups or beans to give a slightly bitter flavor and taste. The plant is reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. The plant extract inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy and inhibiting cancer stem cells. The plant is rich in bioactive chemical constituents like cucurbitane type triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, fatty acids, and proteins. Some of the isolated compounds （Kuguacin J, Karaviloside XI, Kuguaglycoside C, Momordicoside Q-U, Charantin, a-eleostearic acid） and proteins （a-Momorcharin, RNase MC2, MAP30） possess potent biological activity. In the present review, we are summarizing the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of Momordica charantia along with a short account of important chemical constituents, providing a basis for establishing detail biological activities of the plant and developing novel drug molecules based on the active chemical constituents.展开更多
Objective:To compare the physiologically active substances,antioxidant and anti diabetic activities in vitro of bitter melon fruit and leaf extract.Methods:Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured using s...Objective:To compare the physiologically active substances,antioxidant and anti diabetic activities in vitro of bitter melon fruit and leaf extract.Methods:Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured using spectrophotometrically by gallic acid and catechin standard curves,respectively.The radical-scavenging potential of bitter melon fruit and leaf extract were measured by DPPH,ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and reducing power and anti-diabetic ability was evaluated byα-glucosidase activity.Results:It was confirmed that the bitter melon leaf contained more total polyphenols and flavonoidsthan bitter melon fruits.Bitter melon leaf extract contained 2.8-fold and 4.9-fold higher total polyphenols and flavonoids than bitter melon fruits,respectively.The DPPH radical scavenging activity of bitter melon leaf was 5.81-and 5.70-fold higherthan that of the bitter melon frui,based on200μg/mL and 400μg/mL of the extract,respectively.In ABTS,hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and reducing power,the bitter melon leaf extract all showed higher antioxidant capacity than the bitter melon fruit.Bitter melon fruit showed 2.52-and 2.63-fold higherα-glucosidase inhibitory activity than bitter melon leaf extract at 200μg/mL and 400μg/mL,respectively.Conclusions:Based on our results,bitter melon may improve antidiabetic effects by upreguatingα-glycosidase activity.Even,bitter melon leaf extract shows higher antioxidant potential than its fruit but bitter melon leaf extract does not show higherα-glucosidase inhibitory potential than bitter melon fruit.The overall results support that bitter melon fruit and leaf may have specific torget effects on antidiabetic and antioxidant,respectively.展开更多
A simple, rapid and perfect extraction and determination method for the endogenous hormones in anthers of bitter melon with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） has been developed. The HPLC s...A simple, rapid and perfect extraction and determination method for the endogenous hormones in anthers of bitter melon with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） has been developed. The HPLC system consisted of Hypersil ODS C 18 reverse phase column （150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm） with a methanol gradient in 0.6% acetic acid and UV detector set at 254 nm. The results showed that the method was accurate and efficient.展开更多
This study explored how bitter melon powder （BMP） alters the colonic microenvironment during the development of obesity-associated fatty liver in rats. We observed that BMP effectively inhibited the body weight gain...This study explored how bitter melon powder （BMP） alters the colonic microenvironment during the development of obesity-associated fatty liver in rats. We observed that BMP effectively inhibited the body weight gain and lipid accumulation in the liver, ameliorated glucose intolerance, and increased the colon weight after an 8-week treatment compared to that in the high-fat diet （HFD） group. BMP significantly decreased fecal water toxicity towards HT-29 cells, as revealed by the cell counting kit （CCK）-8 assay results, and the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） in colon mucosa. Additionally, gut permeability in the BMP group was restored to normal levels. Finally, BMP alleviated the inflammatory state of the rat colon mucosa and liver tissues as well as the systemic inflammation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Bitter melon has been used to stop the growth of breast cancer(BRCA)cells.However,the underlying mechanism is still unclear.AIM To predict the therapeutic effect of bitter melon against BRCA using network p...BACKGROUND Bitter melon has been used to stop the growth of breast cancer(BRCA)cells.However,the underlying mechanism is still unclear.AIM To predict the therapeutic effect of bitter melon against BRCA using network pharmacology and to explore the underlying pharmacological mechanisms.METHODS The active ingredients of bitter melon and the related protein targets were taken from the Indian Medicinal Plants,Phytochemistry and Therapeutics and SuperPred databases,respectively.The GeneCards database has been searched for BRCA-related targets.Through an intersection of the drug’s targets and the disease’s objectives,prospective bitter melon anti-BRCA targets were discovered.Gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analyses were carried out to comprehend the biological roles of the target proteins.The binding relationship between bitter melon’s active ingredients and the suggested target proteins was verified using molecular docking techniques.RESULTS Three key substances,momordicoside K,kaempferol,and quercetin,were identified as being important in mediating the putative anti-BRCA effects of bitter melon through the active ingredient-anti-BRCA target network study.Heat shock protein 90 AA,proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase,and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were found to be the top three proteins in the proteinprotein interaction network study.The several pathways implicated in the anti-BRCA strategy for an active component include phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling,transcriptional dysregulation,axon guidance,calcium signaling,focal adhesion,janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling,cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling,mammalian CONCLUSION Overall,the integration of network pharmacology,molecular docking,and functional enrichment analyses shed light on potential mechanisms underlying bitter melon’s ability to fight BRCA,implicating active ingredients and protein targets,as well as highlighting the major signaling pathways that may be altered by this natural product for therapeutic benefit.展开更多
Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L, is a popular traditional medicinal fruit in tropical and subtropical countries. It has been linked with therapeutic effects, some of which are likely due to its flavonoids. To dete...Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L, is a popular traditional medicinal fruit in tropical and subtropical countries. It has been linked with therapeutic effects, some of which are likely due to its flavonoids. To determine its total flavonoid content (TFC) and to prepare extracts for use as nutritional supplements or ingredients for nutraceutical functional foods, various solvents have been used, including water, which is the preferred solvent because it is inexpensive, safe and environmentally friendly. The study aimed to extract bitter melon, using five solvents (ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, acetone and water) before and after the optimal conditions for water were determined in terms of extraction temperature, time, ratio of water to bitter melon (mL/g) and number of times the same material was extracted. The TFC of six varieties of bitter melon was also determined. Acetone was the best of the five solvents for extracting flavonoids from the Moonlight variety (23.2 mg Rutin Equivalents (RE)/g). Even after increasing the extraction by 88% (1.24 vs 0.66 mg RE/g) using optimised conditions for the aqueous extraction (two extractions at 40℃ for 15 min at a ratio of 100:1 mL/g of bitter melon powder), the flavonoids extracted from the Moonlight variety using water was very little (5.4%) compared to acetone. Furthermore, using acetone, it was shown that the Moonlight variety (23.2 mg RE/g) bought at a local market had higher levels of flavonoids than the greenhouse-grown Jade (15.3 mg RE/g), Niddhi (16.9 mg RE/g), Indra (15.0 mg RE/ g), Hanuman (3.9 mg RE/g) and White (6.9 mg RE/g) varieties. Therefore, acetone was the best solvent for extracting flavonoids from bitter melon and the aqueous extraction could only be improved to extract 5.4% of the flavonoids extracted with acetone from the Moonlight variety, which had the highest TFC of the six varieties of bitter melon.展开更多
More than 1000 herbal products have been used by diverse cultures of the world to treat hyperglycemia and among them bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is one of the most popular herbal resource. The beneficial effect...More than 1000 herbal products have been used by diverse cultures of the world to treat hyperglycemia and among them bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is one of the most popular herbal resource. The beneficial effects of bitter melon is not limited to hypoglycaemia only, but it also ameliorates diet induced obesity, insulin resistance and exhibit cardioprotective effects. The present study attempts to investigate the effect of bitter melon fruit juice on a newly investigated risk factor, sialic acid in type2 diabetics. A total of 40 type2 diabetic patients, divided into group A (n = 20) and group B (n = 20) were investigated during the present study. The patients of group A were following bitter melon fruit juice treatment along with diet control, whereas the patients of group B were on diet control only. Serum sialic acid (SSA) decreased in group A from 66.20 ± 2.30 mg/dl to 63.50 ± 2.10 mg/dl (<0.11) but, increased in group B from 66.50 ± 1.70 mg/dl to 68.20 ± 2.50 mg/dl (<0.12), compared to baseline. Post-treatment between group comparison revealed a significant difference (<0.05). The beneficial effects on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycohemoglobin (HbA1-c) were also greater in group A compared to group B as was the case with blood lipids, weight and blood pressure. The study provides another mechanism for the cardioprotective effect of bitter melon and further strengthens its value in the management of type2 diabetes.展开更多
Bitter melon fruit is susceptible to yellowing,softening,and rotting under room-temperature storage conditions,resulting in reduced commercial value.Nitric oxide(NO)is an important signaling molecule and plays a cruci...Bitter melon fruit is susceptible to yellowing,softening,and rotting under room-temperature storage conditions,resulting in reduced commercial value.Nitric oxide(NO)is an important signaling molecule and plays a crucial role in regulating the fruit postharvest quality.In this study,we investigated the effects of NO treatment on changes in sensory and firmness of bitter melon fruit during postharvest storage.Moreover,transcriptomic,metabolomic,and proteomic analyses were performed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms through which No treatment delays the ripening and senescence of bitter melon fruit.Our results show that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were involved in fruit texture(CSLE,β-Gal,and PME),plant hormone signal transduction(ACS,JAR4,and AUX28),and fruit flavor and aroma(SUS2,LOX,and GDH2).In addition,proteins differentially abundant were associated with fruit texture(PLY,PME,and PGA)and plant hormone signal transduction(PBL15,JAR1,and PYL9).Moreover,No significantly increased the abundance of key enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway,thus enhancing the disease resistance and alleviating softening of bitter melon fruit.Finally,differential metabolites mainly included phenolic acids,terpenoids,and flavonoids.These results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the physiological changes associated with postharvest ripening and senescence of bitter melon fruit.展开更多
Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is one of the common lethal malignancies which is increasing rapidly in the world.Increasing risks from alcohol and tobacco habits,lack of early detection markers,lack of effective ch...Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is one of the common lethal malignancies which is increasing rapidly in the world.Increasing risks from alcohol and tobacco habits,lack of early detection markers,lack of effective chemotherapeutic agents,recurrence and distant metastasis make the disease more complicated to manage.Laboratory-based studies and epidemiological studies indicate important roles of nutraceuticals to manage different cancers.The plant bitter melon(Momordica charantia)is a good source of nutrients and bio-active phytochemicals such as triterpenoids,triterpene glycosides,phenolic acids,flavonoids,lectins,sterols and proteins.The plant is widely grown in Asia,Africa,and South America.Bitter melon has traditionally been used as a folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine in Asian culture to treat diseases such as diabetes,since ancient times.The crude extract and some of the isolated pure compounds of bitter melon show potential anticancer effects against different cancers.In this review,we shed light on its effect on OSCC.Bitter melon extract has been found to inhibit cell proliferation and metabolism,induce cell death and enhance the immune defense system in the prevention of OSCC in vitro and in vivo.Thus,bitter melon may be used as an attractive chemopreventive agent in progression towards OSCC clinical study.展开更多
基金supported by NIH Grants CA182872 and CA190291 to S.Anant.S.Anant is an Eminent Scientist of the Kansas Biosciences Authority
文摘Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plants known for its biological activities used in traditional system of medicines. This plant is cultivated in all over the world, including tropical areas of Asia, Amazon, east Africa, and the Caribbean and used as a vegetable as well as folk medicine. All parts of the plant, including the fruit, are commonly consumed and cooked with different vegetables, stir-fried, stuffed or used in small quantities in soups or beans to give a slightly bitter flavor and taste. The plant is reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. The plant extract inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy and inhibiting cancer stem cells. The plant is rich in bioactive chemical constituents like cucurbitane type triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, fatty acids, and proteins. Some of the isolated compounds （Kuguacin J, Karaviloside XI, Kuguaglycoside C, Momordicoside Q-U, Charantin, a-eleostearic acid） and proteins （a-Momorcharin, RNase MC2, MAP30） possess potent biological activity. In the present review, we are summarizing the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of Momordica charantia along with a short account of important chemical constituents, providing a basis for establishing detail biological activities of the plant and developing novel drug molecules based on the active chemical constituents.
基金funded by the Basic Science Research Program supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2016R1A2B4014977)
文摘Objective:To compare the physiologically active substances,antioxidant and anti diabetic activities in vitro of bitter melon fruit and leaf extract.Methods:Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured using spectrophotometrically by gallic acid and catechin standard curves,respectively.The radical-scavenging potential of bitter melon fruit and leaf extract were measured by DPPH,ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and reducing power and anti-diabetic ability was evaluated byα-glucosidase activity.Results:It was confirmed that the bitter melon leaf contained more total polyphenols and flavonoidsthan bitter melon fruits.Bitter melon leaf extract contained 2.8-fold and 4.9-fold higher total polyphenols and flavonoids than bitter melon fruits,respectively.The DPPH radical scavenging activity of bitter melon leaf was 5.81-and 5.70-fold higherthan that of the bitter melon frui,based on200μg/mL and 400μg/mL of the extract,respectively.In ABTS,hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and reducing power,the bitter melon leaf extract all showed higher antioxidant capacity than the bitter melon fruit.Bitter melon fruit showed 2.52-and 2.63-fold higherα-glucosidase inhibitory activity than bitter melon leaf extract at 200μg/mL and 400μg/mL,respectively.Conclusions:Based on our results,bitter melon may improve antidiabetic effects by upreguatingα-glycosidase activity.Even,bitter melon leaf extract shows higher antioxidant potential than its fruit but bitter melon leaf extract does not show higherα-glucosidase inhibitory potential than bitter melon fruit.The overall results support that bitter melon fruit and leaf may have specific torget effects on antidiabetic and antioxidant,respectively.
文摘A simple, rapid and perfect extraction and determination method for the endogenous hormones in anthers of bitter melon with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） has been developed. The HPLC system consisted of Hypersil ODS C 18 reverse phase column （150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm） with a methanol gradient in 0.6% acetic acid and UV detector set at 254 nm. The results showed that the method was accurate and efficient.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371760)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘This study explored how bitter melon powder （BMP） alters the colonic microenvironment during the development of obesity-associated fatty liver in rats. We observed that BMP effectively inhibited the body weight gain and lipid accumulation in the liver, ameliorated glucose intolerance, and increased the colon weight after an 8-week treatment compared to that in the high-fat diet （HFD） group. BMP significantly decreased fecal water toxicity towards HT-29 cells, as revealed by the cell counting kit （CCK）-8 assay results, and the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） in colon mucosa. Additionally, gut permeability in the BMP group was restored to normal levels. Finally, BMP alleviated the inflammatory state of the rat colon mucosa and liver tissues as well as the systemic inflammation.
文摘BACKGROUND Bitter melon has been used to stop the growth of breast cancer(BRCA)cells.However,the underlying mechanism is still unclear.AIM To predict the therapeutic effect of bitter melon against BRCA using network pharmacology and to explore the underlying pharmacological mechanisms.METHODS The active ingredients of bitter melon and the related protein targets were taken from the Indian Medicinal Plants,Phytochemistry and Therapeutics and SuperPred databases,respectively.The GeneCards database has been searched for BRCA-related targets.Through an intersection of the drug’s targets and the disease’s objectives,prospective bitter melon anti-BRCA targets were discovered.Gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analyses were carried out to comprehend the biological roles of the target proteins.The binding relationship between bitter melon’s active ingredients and the suggested target proteins was verified using molecular docking techniques.RESULTS Three key substances,momordicoside K,kaempferol,and quercetin,were identified as being important in mediating the putative anti-BRCA effects of bitter melon through the active ingredient-anti-BRCA target network study.Heat shock protein 90 AA,proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase,and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were found to be the top three proteins in the proteinprotein interaction network study.The several pathways implicated in the anti-BRCA strategy for an active component include phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling,transcriptional dysregulation,axon guidance,calcium signaling,focal adhesion,janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling,cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling,mammalian CONCLUSION Overall,the integration of network pharmacology,molecular docking,and functional enrichment analyses shed light on potential mechanisms underlying bitter melon’s ability to fight BRCA,implicating active ingredients and protein targets,as well as highlighting the major signaling pathways that may be altered by this natural product for therapeutic benefit.
文摘Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L, is a popular traditional medicinal fruit in tropical and subtropical countries. It has been linked with therapeutic effects, some of which are likely due to its flavonoids. To determine its total flavonoid content (TFC) and to prepare extracts for use as nutritional supplements or ingredients for nutraceutical functional foods, various solvents have been used, including water, which is the preferred solvent because it is inexpensive, safe and environmentally friendly. The study aimed to extract bitter melon, using five solvents (ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, acetone and water) before and after the optimal conditions for water were determined in terms of extraction temperature, time, ratio of water to bitter melon (mL/g) and number of times the same material was extracted. The TFC of six varieties of bitter melon was also determined. Acetone was the best of the five solvents for extracting flavonoids from the Moonlight variety (23.2 mg Rutin Equivalents (RE)/g). Even after increasing the extraction by 88% (1.24 vs 0.66 mg RE/g) using optimised conditions for the aqueous extraction (two extractions at 40℃ for 15 min at a ratio of 100:1 mL/g of bitter melon powder), the flavonoids extracted from the Moonlight variety using water was very little (5.4%) compared to acetone. Furthermore, using acetone, it was shown that the Moonlight variety (23.2 mg RE/g) bought at a local market had higher levels of flavonoids than the greenhouse-grown Jade (15.3 mg RE/g), Niddhi (16.9 mg RE/g), Indra (15.0 mg RE/ g), Hanuman (3.9 mg RE/g) and White (6.9 mg RE/g) varieties. Therefore, acetone was the best solvent for extracting flavonoids from bitter melon and the aqueous extraction could only be improved to extract 5.4% of the flavonoids extracted with acetone from the Moonlight variety, which had the highest TFC of the six varieties of bitter melon.
文摘More than 1000 herbal products have been used by diverse cultures of the world to treat hyperglycemia and among them bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is one of the most popular herbal resource. The beneficial effects of bitter melon is not limited to hypoglycaemia only, but it also ameliorates diet induced obesity, insulin resistance and exhibit cardioprotective effects. The present study attempts to investigate the effect of bitter melon fruit juice on a newly investigated risk factor, sialic acid in type2 diabetics. A total of 40 type2 diabetic patients, divided into group A (n = 20) and group B (n = 20) were investigated during the present study. The patients of group A were following bitter melon fruit juice treatment along with diet control, whereas the patients of group B were on diet control only. Serum sialic acid (SSA) decreased in group A from 66.20 ± 2.30 mg/dl to 63.50 ± 2.10 mg/dl (<0.11) but, increased in group B from 66.50 ± 1.70 mg/dl to 68.20 ± 2.50 mg/dl (<0.12), compared to baseline. Post-treatment between group comparison revealed a significant difference (<0.05). The beneficial effects on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycohemoglobin (HbA1-c) were also greater in group A compared to group B as was the case with blood lipids, weight and blood pressure. The study provides another mechanism for the cardioprotective effect of bitter melon and further strengthens its value in the management of type2 diabetes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[2022YFD2100105]Special Innovation Abiity Construction Fund of Beiing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (20210437)Collaborative Innovation Center of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (201915).
文摘Bitter melon fruit is susceptible to yellowing,softening,and rotting under room-temperature storage conditions,resulting in reduced commercial value.Nitric oxide(NO)is an important signaling molecule and plays a crucial role in regulating the fruit postharvest quality.In this study,we investigated the effects of NO treatment on changes in sensory and firmness of bitter melon fruit during postharvest storage.Moreover,transcriptomic,metabolomic,and proteomic analyses were performed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms through which No treatment delays the ripening and senescence of bitter melon fruit.Our results show that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were involved in fruit texture(CSLE,β-Gal,and PME),plant hormone signal transduction(ACS,JAR4,and AUX28),and fruit flavor and aroma(SUS2,LOX,and GDH2).In addition,proteins differentially abundant were associated with fruit texture(PLY,PME,and PGA)and plant hormone signal transduction(PBL15,JAR1,and PYL9).Moreover,No significantly increased the abundance of key enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway,thus enhancing the disease resistance and alleviating softening of bitter melon fruit.Finally,differential metabolites mainly included phenolic acids,terpenoids,and flavonoids.These results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the physiological changes associated with postharvest ripening and senescence of bitter melon fruit.
基金supported by research grant R01 DE024942 from the National Institutes of Health.
文摘Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is one of the common lethal malignancies which is increasing rapidly in the world.Increasing risks from alcohol and tobacco habits,lack of early detection markers,lack of effective chemotherapeutic agents,recurrence and distant metastasis make the disease more complicated to manage.Laboratory-based studies and epidemiological studies indicate important roles of nutraceuticals to manage different cancers.The plant bitter melon(Momordica charantia)is a good source of nutrients and bio-active phytochemicals such as triterpenoids,triterpene glycosides,phenolic acids,flavonoids,lectins,sterols and proteins.The plant is widely grown in Asia,Africa,and South America.Bitter melon has traditionally been used as a folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine in Asian culture to treat diseases such as diabetes,since ancient times.The crude extract and some of the isolated pure compounds of bitter melon show potential anticancer effects against different cancers.In this review,we shed light on its effect on OSCC.Bitter melon extract has been found to inhibit cell proliferation and metabolism,induce cell death and enhance the immune defense system in the prevention of OSCC in vitro and in vivo.Thus,bitter melon may be used as an attractive chemopreventive agent in progression towards OSCC clinical study.
