Owing to overcoming the characteristics that there are many economic and technical indexes which are fuzzy and incompatibility to each other in evaluating investment project,a new method is proposed.The method is base...Owing to overcoming the characteristics that there are many economic and technical indexes which are fuzzy and incompatibility to each other in evaluating investment project,a new method is proposed.The method is based on the matter-element analysis and combined with the concepts of fuzzy mathematics,which is called the method of fuzzy matter-element analysis.It constructs the compound fuzzy matter element with the investment projects,evaluation factors and their fuzzy value.Through establishing the best subjection degree (fuzzy value),complex fuzzy matter element of relational coefficient and weight aggregation of fuzzy matter-element model,the writer achieves on optimum order of the investment projects according to the calculated relational degree and finds the best project.In this paper,the calculation of weight adopts the analytical hierarchy process method(AHP).Through the actual example,it shows that the model is simple and its calculation is reliable.It is very significant for the engineering evaluated bid and investment decision.展开更多
Unbalanced bidding is a cash flow management strategy that is recognized as an illegal/disqualifying practice by public owners;and unethical practice by most private owners. This practice provides the awarded bidder w...Unbalanced bidding is a cash flow management strategy that is recognized as an illegal/disqualifying practice by public owners;and unethical practice by most private owners. This practice provides the awarded bidder with unjustified advantages at the expense of the owner. Unfortunately, limited tools and techniques are currently available to identify and detect unbalanced bids during the evaluation process. This paper presents an innovative detection tool to identify unbalanced bids in unit price contracts during the bid evaluation process. The proposed technique develops BMDI graphs to visualize total markup variation patterns during the project lifetime to detect unbalanced bids. The proposed method also uses Monte Carlo simulation to take in consideration the impact of cost uncertainties and risks. An illustrative example was presented to show the capabilities and features of the proposed method in determining the status of submitted bids during the evaluation process.展开更多
Over the past decade,bidding in electricity mar kets has attracted widespread attention.Reinforcement learning(RL)has been widely used for electricity market bidding as a powerful artificial intelligence(AI)tool to ma...Over the past decade,bidding in electricity mar kets has attracted widespread attention.Reinforcement learning(RL)has been widely used for electricity market bidding as a powerful artificial intelligence(AI)tool to make decisions under real-world uncertainties.However,current RL-based bidding methods mostly employ low-dimensional bids(LDBs),which sig nificantly diverge from the N price-power pairs commonly used in current electricity markets.The N-pair bid format is denoted as high-dimensional bid(HDB)format,which has not been ful ly integrated into the existing RL-based bidding methods.The loss of flexibility of current RL-based bidding methods could greatly limit the bidding profits and make it difficult to address the increasing uncertainties caused by renewable energy genera tion.In this paper,we propose a framework for fully utilizing HDBs in RL-based bidding methods.First,we employ a special type of neural network called the neural network supply func tion(NNSF)to generate HDBs in the form of N price-power pairs.Second,we embed the NNSF into a Markov decision pro cess(MDP)to make it compatible with most existing RL algo rithms.Finally,the experiments on energy storage systems(ES Ss)in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland(PJM)real-time electricity market show that the proposed bidding method with HDBs can increase the bidding flexibility,thereby increasing the profits of state-of-the-art RL-based bidding methods.展开更多
As time swiftly passes,we find ourselves welcoming another spring with renewed hope and energy.On this occasion of bidding farewell to the old and embracing the new,the editorial team of Journal of Automation and Inte...As time swiftly passes,we find ourselves welcoming another spring with renewed hope and energy.On this occasion of bidding farewell to the old and embracing the new,the editorial team of Journal of Automation and Intelligence(JAI)extends heartfelt gratitude and sincere wishes to all our editorial board members,peer reviewers,authors,readers,and friends from various fields who have supported the journal’s development!展开更多
The demand response(DR)market,as a vital complement to the electricity spot market,plays a key role in evoking user-side regulation capability to mitigate system-level supply‒demand imbalances during extreme events.Wh...The demand response(DR)market,as a vital complement to the electricity spot market,plays a key role in evoking user-side regulation capability to mitigate system-level supply‒demand imbalances during extreme events.While the DR market offers the load aggregator(LA)additional profitable opportunities beyond the electricity spot market,it also introduces new trading risks due to the significant uncertainty in users’behaviors.Dispatching energy storage systems(ESSs)is an effective means to enhance the risk management capabilities of LAs;however,coordinating ESS operations with dual-market trading strategies remains an urgent challenge.To this end,this paper proposes a novel systematic risk-aware coordinated trading model for the LA in concurrently participating in the day-ahead electricity spot market and DR market,which incorporates the capacity allocation mechanism of ESS based on market clearing rules to jointly formulate bidding and pricing decisions for the dual market.First,the intrinsic coupling characteristics of the LA participating in the dual market are analyzed,and a joint optimization framework for formulating bidding and pricing strategies that integrates ESS facilities is proposed.Second,an uncertain user response model is developed based on price‒response mechanisms,and actual market settlement rules accounting for under-and over-responses are employed to calculate trading revenues,where possible revenue losses are quantified via conditional value at risk.Third,by imposing these terms and the capacity allocation mechanism of ESS,the risk-aware stochastic coordinated trading model of the LA is built,where the bidding and pricing strategies in the dual model that trade off risk and profit are derived.The simulation results of a case study validate the effectiveness of the proposed trading strategy in controlling trading risk and improving the trading income of the LA.展开更多
As the Sarawak state government accelerates infrastructure development to stimulate economic growth,it has attracted numerous foreign construction enterprises-particularly Chinese firms-entering the market through low...As the Sarawak state government accelerates infrastructure development to stimulate economic growth,it has attracted numerous foreign construction enterprises-particularly Chinese firms-entering the market through low-cost bidding.However,this foreign-dominated model,while improving efficiency,has triggered local enterprise marginalization,industrial chain fragmentation,payment delays,and project setbacks,undermining the intended economic spillover effects of public investment.Grounded in policy analysis and field evidence within a dependency theory framework,this study evaluates the structural impacts of foreign participation on Sarawak’s local economy,uncovers governance gaps,and proposes strategies to enhance local economic resilience under open-market conditions.The findings reveal that foreign contractors(especially Chinese enterprises),despite their capital and technological advantages in dominating mega-projects,exhibit pervasive shortcomings:inadequate local participation(falling far below the 40%policy target),deficient knowledge transfer(local firms hold only 6%of green technology patents),significant value leakage(foreign profit repatriation dominated project value flows),and widespread execution delays/cost overruns due to underestimation of tropical climate-geological risks,institutional maladaptation,and resource misallocation.Drawing on experiences from the Philippines,Indonesia,and Vietnam,the study proposes systemic reforms:introducing a Low-Bid Risk Evaluation System(LRES),enforcing a mandatory Local Participation Index(LPI),establishing a Smart-Contract-Based Digital Payment Chain System(DPCS)to protect subcontractors,and requiring pre-bid local adaptation training for foreign contractors.These recommendations aim to construct“embedded institutional resilience,”transforming policy intent into executable governance mechanisms to ensure infrastructure investment genuinely serves Sarawak’s inclusive and sustainable growth.展开更多
World Expo in Shanghai concludes amid praise and increased communication between China and the rest of the world The 184-day 2010 World Expo in Shanghai came to an end with a spectacular closing ceremony on the evenin...World Expo in Shanghai concludes amid praise and increased communication between China and the rest of the world The 184-day 2010 World Expo in Shanghai came to an end with a spectacular closing ceremony on the evening of October 31, which was attended by a host of world leaders. The first Expo staged in a展开更多
Turmoil caused by major refinancing plans of listed companies in the mainland stock market leads regulators to vow stricter approval processes On March 5,shareholders of Ping An Insurance(Group)Co.of China Ltd. (Ping ...Turmoil caused by major refinancing plans of listed companies in the mainland stock market leads regulators to vow stricter approval processes On March 5,shareholders of Ping An Insurance(Group)Co.of China Ltd. (Ping An)passed a refinancing plan of 120 billion yuan(＄17 billion)at its first interim meeting of the year with an overwhelming 92 percent in favor.展开更多
In the context of deepening educational reforms,the significance of ideological and political education has become increasingly prominent,emerging as a crucial aspect of enhancing students’comprehensive qualities.To ...In the context of deepening educational reforms,the significance of ideological and political education has become increasingly prominent,emerging as a crucial aspect of enhancing students’comprehensive qualities.To ensure the orderly progress of ideological and political education in courses,it is essential to actively promote the integration of ideological and political elements within coursework.This integration aims to align professional course education with ideological and political education,fostering a collaborative educational model.Therefore,in the teaching of bidding and contract management courses,constructing a“micro-ideological and political”teaching model has emerged as a critical component.The implementation of this model facilitates the seamless integration of bidding and contract management coursework with ideological and political education,thereby elevating the teaching quality of these courses.Additionally,it leverages the synergistic role of coursework and ideology in educating students,ultimately enhancing the quality and level of talent cultivation.Hence,this paper proposes strategies for constructing a“microideological and political”model within the context of ideological and political teaching reforms in bidding and contract management courses,inviting discussion and exchange on this topic.展开更多
目的:研究Bcl-2家族蛋白在维生素E琥珀酸酯(RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate,α-TOS;vitamin E succinate,VES)诱导人胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡线粒体途径中的作用。方法:采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定VES对SGC-7901细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50值);吖啶橙...目的:研究Bcl-2家族蛋白在维生素E琥珀酸酯(RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate,α-TOS;vitamin E succinate,VES)诱导人胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡线粒体途径中的作用。方法:采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定VES对SGC-7901细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50值);吖啶橙/溴化乙啶(AO/EB)染色观察细胞凋亡;Mito Tracker Red CMXRos染色观察线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm)的改变;Western Blot法检测不同剂量VES对人胃癌SGC-7901细胞Bid、Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达和细胞色素C(cytochrome C,Cyt C)蛋白表达与定位的影响。结果:VES对SGC-7901细胞的IC50值为101.45μg/ml;VES可引起SGC-7901细胞发生凋亡和线粒体膜电位下降;并引起Cyt C蛋白在细胞内重新定位、Bid蛋白剪切活化、Bax蛋白表达增加和Bcl-2蛋白表达减少。结论:VES可抑制SGC-7901细胞的生长,并通过线粒体途径诱导凋亡,其机制可能是通过剪切活化Bid蛋白、上调Bax/Bcl-2相对水平来实现的。展开更多
基金Project supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development program of China (863 Program ) (No.2 0 0 2 AA2 Z42 5 1-2 10 0 41) Postdoctoral Scientific Foundation of Northeast Agricultural U niversity. (No. 2 40 0 0 9) and postdoctoral Scien
文摘Owing to overcoming the characteristics that there are many economic and technical indexes which are fuzzy and incompatibility to each other in evaluating investment project,a new method is proposed.The method is based on the matter-element analysis and combined with the concepts of fuzzy mathematics,which is called the method of fuzzy matter-element analysis.It constructs the compound fuzzy matter element with the investment projects,evaluation factors and their fuzzy value.Through establishing the best subjection degree (fuzzy value),complex fuzzy matter element of relational coefficient and weight aggregation of fuzzy matter-element model,the writer achieves on optimum order of the investment projects according to the calculated relational degree and finds the best project.In this paper,the calculation of weight adopts the analytical hierarchy process method(AHP).Through the actual example,it shows that the model is simple and its calculation is reliable.It is very significant for the engineering evaluated bid and investment decision.
文摘Unbalanced bidding is a cash flow management strategy that is recognized as an illegal/disqualifying practice by public owners;and unethical practice by most private owners. This practice provides the awarded bidder with unjustified advantages at the expense of the owner. Unfortunately, limited tools and techniques are currently available to identify and detect unbalanced bids during the evaluation process. This paper presents an innovative detection tool to identify unbalanced bids in unit price contracts during the bid evaluation process. The proposed technique develops BMDI graphs to visualize total markup variation patterns during the project lifetime to detect unbalanced bids. The proposed method also uses Monte Carlo simulation to take in consideration the impact of cost uncertainties and risks. An illustrative example was presented to show the capabilities and features of the proposed method in determining the status of submitted bids during the evaluation process.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of the China Southern Power Grid(No.090008KC23020006).
文摘Over the past decade,bidding in electricity mar kets has attracted widespread attention.Reinforcement learning(RL)has been widely used for electricity market bidding as a powerful artificial intelligence(AI)tool to make decisions under real-world uncertainties.However,current RL-based bidding methods mostly employ low-dimensional bids(LDBs),which sig nificantly diverge from the N price-power pairs commonly used in current electricity markets.The N-pair bid format is denoted as high-dimensional bid(HDB)format,which has not been ful ly integrated into the existing RL-based bidding methods.The loss of flexibility of current RL-based bidding methods could greatly limit the bidding profits and make it difficult to address the increasing uncertainties caused by renewable energy genera tion.In this paper,we propose a framework for fully utilizing HDBs in RL-based bidding methods.First,we employ a special type of neural network called the neural network supply func tion(NNSF)to generate HDBs in the form of N price-power pairs.Second,we embed the NNSF into a Markov decision pro cess(MDP)to make it compatible with most existing RL algo rithms.Finally,the experiments on energy storage systems(ES Ss)in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland(PJM)real-time electricity market show that the proposed bidding method with HDBs can increase the bidding flexibility,thereby increasing the profits of state-of-the-art RL-based bidding methods.
文摘As time swiftly passes,we find ourselves welcoming another spring with renewed hope and energy.On this occasion of bidding farewell to the old and embracing the new,the editorial team of Journal of Automation and Intelligence(JAI)extends heartfelt gratitude and sincere wishes to all our editorial board members,peer reviewers,authors,readers,and friends from various fields who have supported the journal’s development!
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52407126).
文摘The demand response(DR)market,as a vital complement to the electricity spot market,plays a key role in evoking user-side regulation capability to mitigate system-level supply‒demand imbalances during extreme events.While the DR market offers the load aggregator(LA)additional profitable opportunities beyond the electricity spot market,it also introduces new trading risks due to the significant uncertainty in users’behaviors.Dispatching energy storage systems(ESSs)is an effective means to enhance the risk management capabilities of LAs;however,coordinating ESS operations with dual-market trading strategies remains an urgent challenge.To this end,this paper proposes a novel systematic risk-aware coordinated trading model for the LA in concurrently participating in the day-ahead electricity spot market and DR market,which incorporates the capacity allocation mechanism of ESS based on market clearing rules to jointly formulate bidding and pricing decisions for the dual market.First,the intrinsic coupling characteristics of the LA participating in the dual market are analyzed,and a joint optimization framework for formulating bidding and pricing strategies that integrates ESS facilities is proposed.Second,an uncertain user response model is developed based on price‒response mechanisms,and actual market settlement rules accounting for under-and over-responses are employed to calculate trading revenues,where possible revenue losses are quantified via conditional value at risk.Third,by imposing these terms and the capacity allocation mechanism of ESS,the risk-aware stochastic coordinated trading model of the LA is built,where the bidding and pricing strategies in the dual model that trade off risk and profit are derived.The simulation results of a case study validate the effectiveness of the proposed trading strategy in controlling trading risk and improving the trading income of the LA.
基金Research on the Impact of Navel Orange Industry Development on the Ecological Environment and Its Countermeasures(Project from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology,2012BBF60185,Second Principal Investigator:Jinqiao Ling)Research on the Reform of Cultural Foundational Courses in Vocational Colleges and the Cultivation of Students’Professional Quality(Provincial Social Science Project,JXJGYX-2011-32,Second Principal Investigator:Jinqiao Ling)Research on Promoting Green Ecological Creation in Ganzhou(Ganzhou Federation of Social Sciences Circles,JXGZ-2010-09,Principal Investigator:Jinqiao Ling).
文摘As the Sarawak state government accelerates infrastructure development to stimulate economic growth,it has attracted numerous foreign construction enterprises-particularly Chinese firms-entering the market through low-cost bidding.However,this foreign-dominated model,while improving efficiency,has triggered local enterprise marginalization,industrial chain fragmentation,payment delays,and project setbacks,undermining the intended economic spillover effects of public investment.Grounded in policy analysis and field evidence within a dependency theory framework,this study evaluates the structural impacts of foreign participation on Sarawak’s local economy,uncovers governance gaps,and proposes strategies to enhance local economic resilience under open-market conditions.The findings reveal that foreign contractors(especially Chinese enterprises),despite their capital and technological advantages in dominating mega-projects,exhibit pervasive shortcomings:inadequate local participation(falling far below the 40%policy target),deficient knowledge transfer(local firms hold only 6%of green technology patents),significant value leakage(foreign profit repatriation dominated project value flows),and widespread execution delays/cost overruns due to underestimation of tropical climate-geological risks,institutional maladaptation,and resource misallocation.Drawing on experiences from the Philippines,Indonesia,and Vietnam,the study proposes systemic reforms:introducing a Low-Bid Risk Evaluation System(LRES),enforcing a mandatory Local Participation Index(LPI),establishing a Smart-Contract-Based Digital Payment Chain System(DPCS)to protect subcontractors,and requiring pre-bid local adaptation training for foreign contractors.These recommendations aim to construct“embedded institutional resilience,”transforming policy intent into executable governance mechanisms to ensure infrastructure investment genuinely serves Sarawak’s inclusive and sustainable growth.
文摘World Expo in Shanghai concludes amid praise and increased communication between China and the rest of the world The 184-day 2010 World Expo in Shanghai came to an end with a spectacular closing ceremony on the evening of October 31, which was attended by a host of world leaders. The first Expo staged in a
文摘Turmoil caused by major refinancing plans of listed companies in the mainland stock market leads regulators to vow stricter approval processes On March 5,shareholders of Ping An Insurance(Group)Co.of China Ltd. (Ping An)passed a refinancing plan of 120 billion yuan(＄17 billion)at its first interim meeting of the year with an overwhelming 92 percent in favor.
文摘In the context of deepening educational reforms,the significance of ideological and political education has become increasingly prominent,emerging as a crucial aspect of enhancing students’comprehensive qualities.To ensure the orderly progress of ideological and political education in courses,it is essential to actively promote the integration of ideological and political elements within coursework.This integration aims to align professional course education with ideological and political education,fostering a collaborative educational model.Therefore,in the teaching of bidding and contract management courses,constructing a“micro-ideological and political”teaching model has emerged as a critical component.The implementation of this model facilitates the seamless integration of bidding and contract management coursework with ideological and political education,thereby elevating the teaching quality of these courses.Additionally,it leverages the synergistic role of coursework and ideology in educating students,ultimately enhancing the quality and level of talent cultivation.Hence,this paper proposes strategies for constructing a“microideological and political”model within the context of ideological and political teaching reforms in bidding and contract management courses,inviting discussion and exchange on this topic.
