The Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) is an endemic species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,with its population in Xinjiang largely found in the Kunlun and Altun mountain regions.A survey of the distribution,popula...The Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) is an endemic species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,with its population in Xinjiang largely found in the Kunlun and Altun mountain regions.A survey of the distribution,population dynamics,flock size and behavior was conducted in Altun Mountain National Natural Reserve from September to November 2011.We investigated the size and distribution of its population in this area with a sample spot survey and by direct counting.We found Black-necked Cranes on the wetlands of Wuzunxiaoer,Yusup Aleksei,Yaziquan,Qimantag,Tula Ranch and elsewhere,where we recorded 126 individual birds of the species in Yixiekepati (37° 15′-37°23′N,90°11′-90°20′E,elevation 3903 m),the largest population we have observed in this area.In the reserve,the population consists of about 180-200 birds.Combined with previous records,we conclude that more than 260 Black-necked Cranes live in Xinjiang.Cranes gathered conspicuously in the middle of October where the highest number of birds appeared on 29 October.All of the cranes had migrated out of this area by 6 November.Time budgets and diurnal behavior rhythms of Blacknecked Cranes were observed in the Yixiekepati wetland at daylight (from 06:00 to 18:00).Foraging was the most prevalent type of behavior during the autumn period,accounting for 58.9％ of the diurnal time budget,followed by preening (13.2％),vigilance (9.5％),walking (8.2％),flying (3.5％),resting (3.4％),chirping (2.7％) and other types of behavior (0.6％).展开更多
Self-feeding device is extensively used in aquaculture farms, but for salmonids the individual feeding behavior has seldom been continuously observed. In this article, the individual self-feeding behavior of 10 rainbo...Self-feeding device is extensively used in aquaculture farms, but for salmonids the individual feeding behavior has seldom been continuously observed. In this article, the individual self-feeding behavior of 10 rainbow trout was continuously monitored with a PIT tag record for 50 days with three replicates. The?sh fell into three categories according to their feeding behavior, i.e. high triggering ?sh(trigger behavior more than 25% of the group, HT), low triggering ?sh(1%–25%, LT) and zero triggering ?sh(less than1%). The results showed that in a group of 10 individual 1–2 HT ?sh accounted for most of the self-feeding behavior(78.19%–89.14%), which was far more than they could consume. The trigger frequency of the?sh was signi?cantly correlated with the initial body weight( P <0.01), however, no signi?cant dif ference in growth rate among the HT, LT, and ZT ?sh was observed( P >0.05). Cosinor analysis showed that the two HT ?sh in the same group had similar acrophase. Though some of the HT ?sh could be active for 50 d, there were also HT ?sh decreased triggering behavior around 40 d and the high trigger status was then replaced by other ?sh, which was ?rst discovered in salimonds. Interestingly, the growth of the group was not af fected by the alternation triggering ?sh. These results provide evidence that in the self-feeding system the HT ?sh didn't gain much advantage by their frequent self-feeding behavior, and high trigger status of the HT ?sh is not only an individual character but also driven by the demand of the group. In the self-feeding system, the critical individual should be closely monitored.展开更多
[ Objectives ] To study the reproductive behaviors and the effect of different pairing modes on the developmental status of incipient colonies＇of Odontote- rmes fomosanus （Shiraki）. [ Methods ] We observed the repr...[ Objectives ] To study the reproductive behaviors and the effect of different pairing modes on the developmental status of incipient colonies＇of Odontote- rmes fomosanus （Shiraki）. [ Methods ] We observed the reproductive behaviors of male alates, female Mates and mated alates respectively. Male and female Mates had 9 pairing modes and founded 170 incipient colonies under laboratory conditions. The effect of pairing mode on incipient colonies＇ developmental status was ana- lyzed. [ Results ] Two peaking hours of mating activity within the daily circadian rhythm of Mate activity appeared from 09：00 to 10：00, and from 21：00 to 22：00, respectively. Courtship behavior before mating consisted of touching with antennae, connecting into a ring （head-to-end）, and licking. The reproductive behavior （ calling, pairing, tandem, mating and oviposition） of nestmate pairs was different to that of non-nestmate pairs. The pairing time of non-nestmate pairs was signifi- candy longer than that of alates paired with siblings （P 〈 0.05 ）. The non-swarming alates could mate with swarming or non-swarming Mates and lay fertile eggs which hatched successfully. However, the survival rate of colonies founded by non-swarming alates was very low. The death rate of incipient colonies was in the range of 0.61% -0. 99% after three months, while the death rate of the colonies founded by swarming alates was in the range of 0.22% -0.58%. Females that had been experimentally prevented from mating could lay eggs, but the eggs did not hatch. [ Conclusion] There are two distinct hourly peaks of mating activity within each 24 hour period. Incipient colonies founded by outbreeding have the highest probability of survival.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31272291,30970340)the Hong Kong Bird Watching Society China Conservation Fund and the Management Bureau of Altun Mountain Natural Reserve
文摘The Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) is an endemic species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,with its population in Xinjiang largely found in the Kunlun and Altun mountain regions.A survey of the distribution,population dynamics,flock size and behavior was conducted in Altun Mountain National Natural Reserve from September to November 2011.We investigated the size and distribution of its population in this area with a sample spot survey and by direct counting.We found Black-necked Cranes on the wetlands of Wuzunxiaoer,Yusup Aleksei,Yaziquan,Qimantag,Tula Ranch and elsewhere,where we recorded 126 individual birds of the species in Yixiekepati (37° 15′-37°23′N,90°11′-90°20′E,elevation 3903 m),the largest population we have observed in this area.In the reserve,the population consists of about 180-200 birds.Combined with previous records,we conclude that more than 260 Black-necked Cranes live in Xinjiang.Cranes gathered conspicuously in the middle of October where the highest number of birds appeared on 29 October.All of the cranes had migrated out of this area by 6 November.Time budgets and diurnal behavior rhythms of Blacknecked Cranes were observed in the Yixiekepati wetland at daylight (from 06:00 to 18:00).Foraging was the most prevalent type of behavior during the autumn period,accounting for 58.9％ of the diurnal time budget,followed by preening (13.2％),vigilance (9.5％),walking (8.2％),flying (3.5％),resting (3.4％),chirping (2.7％) and other types of behavior (0.6％).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31602208)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo Universitythe Qingdao Post-doctoral Application Research Project(No.Y6KY01110N)
文摘Self-feeding device is extensively used in aquaculture farms, but for salmonids the individual feeding behavior has seldom been continuously observed. In this article, the individual self-feeding behavior of 10 rainbow trout was continuously monitored with a PIT tag record for 50 days with three replicates. The?sh fell into three categories according to their feeding behavior, i.e. high triggering ?sh(trigger behavior more than 25% of the group, HT), low triggering ?sh(1%–25%, LT) and zero triggering ?sh(less than1%). The results showed that in a group of 10 individual 1–2 HT ?sh accounted for most of the self-feeding behavior(78.19%–89.14%), which was far more than they could consume. The trigger frequency of the?sh was signi?cantly correlated with the initial body weight( P <0.01), however, no signi?cant dif ference in growth rate among the HT, LT, and ZT ?sh was observed( P >0.05). Cosinor analysis showed that the two HT ?sh in the same group had similar acrophase. Though some of the HT ?sh could be active for 50 d, there were also HT ?sh decreased triggering behavior around 40 d and the high trigger status was then replaced by other ?sh, which was ?rst discovered in salimonds. Interestingly, the growth of the group was not af fected by the alternation triggering ?sh. These results provide evidence that in the self-feeding system the HT ?sh didn't gain much advantage by their frequent self-feeding behavior, and high trigger status of the HT ?sh is not only an individual character but also driven by the demand of the group. In the self-feeding system, the critical individual should be closely monitored.
基金Sponsored by the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20123204110001)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK2012816)+3 种基金the Funding Project of Nanjing Municipal Construction Bureauthe Management Office of Dr.Sun Yat-Sen's Mausoleum(200409)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)Nanjing Forestry University Southern Modern Forestry Collabotative Innovation Center
文摘[ Objectives ] To study the reproductive behaviors and the effect of different pairing modes on the developmental status of incipient colonies＇of Odontote- rmes fomosanus （Shiraki）. [ Methods ] We observed the reproductive behaviors of male alates, female Mates and mated alates respectively. Male and female Mates had 9 pairing modes and founded 170 incipient colonies under laboratory conditions. The effect of pairing mode on incipient colonies＇ developmental status was ana- lyzed. [ Results ] Two peaking hours of mating activity within the daily circadian rhythm of Mate activity appeared from 09：00 to 10：00, and from 21：00 to 22：00, respectively. Courtship behavior before mating consisted of touching with antennae, connecting into a ring （head-to-end）, and licking. The reproductive behavior （ calling, pairing, tandem, mating and oviposition） of nestmate pairs was different to that of non-nestmate pairs. The pairing time of non-nestmate pairs was signifi- candy longer than that of alates paired with siblings （P 〈 0.05 ）. The non-swarming alates could mate with swarming or non-swarming Mates and lay fertile eggs which hatched successfully. However, the survival rate of colonies founded by non-swarming alates was very low. The death rate of incipient colonies was in the range of 0.61% -0. 99% after three months, while the death rate of the colonies founded by swarming alates was in the range of 0.22% -0.58%. Females that had been experimentally prevented from mating could lay eggs, but the eggs did not hatch. [ Conclusion] There are two distinct hourly peaks of mating activity within each 24 hour period. Incipient colonies founded by outbreeding have the highest probability of survival.
