While the occurrence of rainfall is a regional scale phenomenon, cities influence on precipitation spatial distribution patterns and their characteristics. These influences had been studied for a very long time especi...While the occurrence of rainfall is a regional scale phenomenon, cities influence on precipitation spatial distribution patterns and their characteristics. These influences had been studied for a very long time especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Tandil and Bahia Blanca are middle cities of Argentina located in the south of Buenos Aires province. Both present continental template climate. The aim of this research is to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of precipitation and the rainwater pH values for the period October 2010-September 2011 in Tandil and Bahia Blanca. Gauge rain nets were installed in both cities. In each event of precipitation, amount and pH values were collected. Isohyets plotting were included in the thematic cartography that was made using ArcGis 9.3~ software. Although natural rains are generally considered as being weakly acid, the rainwater pH measurements demonstrated that in both cities the rain is alkaline. Regarding to the spatial distribution of the precipitation amounts, the isohyets of the annual records showed that the highest values were registered in areas of higher elevation while the lowest values were presented in both cities downtown, where the high buildings are concentrated.展开更多
Prosthechea is a neotropical genus, belonging to the family Orchidaceae. The Brazil recorded 32 species of the genus of which nine occur in the state of Bahia, including P. silvana and P. moojenii. The first, P. silva...Prosthechea is a neotropical genus, belonging to the family Orchidaceae. The Brazil recorded 32 species of the genus of which nine occur in the state of Bahia, including P. silvana and P. moojenii. The first, P. silvana is epiphytic, endemic Atlantic Forest areas of South and Southeast of the Bahia and morphologically similar to P. moojenii, rupicolous species considered endemic to the Chapada Diamantina. There are doubts whether these two species are really distinct, because they differ only as to the way of life and aspects related to the size of the inflorescence and floral structure. Thus the anatomical study of these two species, emerges as a tool that aims to investigate the delimitation of these taxa. For this study, the sheet was cut freehand with a razor blade to obtain cross sections and treated by chemical means to obtain paradermic sections, all the material was stained with safranine/Astra blue (safrablau) and safranin, respectively, and the sections were then mounted between a semipermanent and cover slipped slides. The results allowed to distinguish P. silvana of the P. moojenii through the following characteristics observed in the leaf (thickening of the cell walls of epidermal cells, amount and disposition of sclerenchyma fibers and fiber arrangement of vascular and vascular bundles in the mesophyll) and root (number of arcs of xylem and phloem, thickening of cells median cortex), infers taxonomic characters for the genus. The data indicated anatomical distinction between the two species studied here of the Prosthechea, however, suggest the anatomical analysis of other organs to reproductive and vegetative.展开更多
This work developed a statistical correlation between groundwater’s high iron content in the four hydrogeological domains of the State of Bahia,Brazil,and the environmental attributes of climate,lithology,soil,and ve...This work developed a statistical correlation between groundwater’s high iron content in the four hydrogeological domains of the State of Bahia,Brazil,and the environmental attributes of climate,lithology,soil,and vegetation.From 3539 wells,flow test≥1 m3∙h−1,drilling period 2003-2013,940 wells with high iron content(>0.3 mg/L)were used in this study.All groundwater samples came from new wells soon after the drilling,well construction,and a long pumping time for their development:24 hours for sedimentary aquifers and 12 hours for karstic,crystalline,and metasedimentary aquifers.The applica-tion of Pearson and Spearman linear regression to seventeen physicochemical parameters(SPSS V.12)resulted in no correlations between iron and fourteen parameters,indicating no common origin between those parameters and iron.Only color and turbidity presented correlations>0.20 with iron.After spati alizing the 940 values of iron concentration(ArcGIS V.9)on the maps of each environmental attribute,grades 1-5 were given to the variables of each attrib-ute based on the largest iron concentration value.The grades allowed the ap-plication of multivariable methods PCA and FA(SPSS V.12).The PCA indi cated two factors explaining 59.52%of the total variance,closely attending the recommended minimum of 60%.The significant factor weights from the ap-plication of FA were:in Factor 1,soil,−0.71;vegetation,−0.68;and lithology,−0.52;and in Factor 2,climate,+0.74.Indeed,in the crystalline and metased-imentary domains with mafic-ultramafic rocks rich in iron,percentages of wells,53.3%-66.7%,occurred in iron-rich soils;of 49.8%-59.8%in humid to dry forest and of 55.3%-86.8%in humid to sub-humid climate.While,for the sedimentary domain(primarily sandstones)and karstic domain(carbonate rocks)poor in iron content percentages of wells,80.9%-100%occurred in iron-rich soils,57.0%-61.8%in humid to dry forest,and 58.6%-62.4%in sub-humid to dry and semi-arid climate.These results indicated that,although lithology is a determinant for high dissolved iron content in the state of Bahia groundwater,this attribute alone(factor weight−0.52)cannot explain the whole phenomenon.The present work,using multivariable analysis with geo-spatial mapping of high iron content on top of environmental attributes,re-vealed the role of each environmental attribute in groundwater’s high iron con-tent.For the governmental drilling well company and its groundwater manag-ers,this knowledge will result in better well locations and a reduction of both well and economic losses,as the long-term maintenance cost for the treatment process due to high iron content is prohibitive for rural municipalities.展开更多
文摘While the occurrence of rainfall is a regional scale phenomenon, cities influence on precipitation spatial distribution patterns and their characteristics. These influences had been studied for a very long time especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Tandil and Bahia Blanca are middle cities of Argentina located in the south of Buenos Aires province. Both present continental template climate. The aim of this research is to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of precipitation and the rainwater pH values for the period October 2010-September 2011 in Tandil and Bahia Blanca. Gauge rain nets were installed in both cities. In each event of precipitation, amount and pH values were collected. Isohyets plotting were included in the thematic cartography that was made using ArcGis 9.3~ software. Although natural rains are generally considered as being weakly acid, the rainwater pH measurements demonstrated that in both cities the rain is alkaline. Regarding to the spatial distribution of the precipitation amounts, the isohyets of the annual records showed that the highest values were registered in areas of higher elevation while the lowest values were presented in both cities downtown, where the high buildings are concentrated.
基金thank FAPESB-Fundacao de AmparoàPesquisa do Estado da Bahia for the financial support for the development of this research(PPP 083/2010 and PNE 0020/2011).
文摘Prosthechea is a neotropical genus, belonging to the family Orchidaceae. The Brazil recorded 32 species of the genus of which nine occur in the state of Bahia, including P. silvana and P. moojenii. The first, P. silvana is epiphytic, endemic Atlantic Forest areas of South and Southeast of the Bahia and morphologically similar to P. moojenii, rupicolous species considered endemic to the Chapada Diamantina. There are doubts whether these two species are really distinct, because they differ only as to the way of life and aspects related to the size of the inflorescence and floral structure. Thus the anatomical study of these two species, emerges as a tool that aims to investigate the delimitation of these taxa. For this study, the sheet was cut freehand with a razor blade to obtain cross sections and treated by chemical means to obtain paradermic sections, all the material was stained with safranine/Astra blue (safrablau) and safranin, respectively, and the sections were then mounted between a semipermanent and cover slipped slides. The results allowed to distinguish P. silvana of the P. moojenii through the following characteristics observed in the leaf (thickening of the cell walls of epidermal cells, amount and disposition of sclerenchyma fibers and fiber arrangement of vascular and vascular bundles in the mesophyll) and root (number of arcs of xylem and phloem, thickening of cells median cortex), infers taxonomic characters for the genus. The data indicated anatomical distinction between the two species studied here of the Prosthechea, however, suggest the anatomical analysis of other organs to reproductive and vegetative.
文摘This work developed a statistical correlation between groundwater’s high iron content in the four hydrogeological domains of the State of Bahia,Brazil,and the environmental attributes of climate,lithology,soil,and vegetation.From 3539 wells,flow test≥1 m3∙h−1,drilling period 2003-2013,940 wells with high iron content(>0.3 mg/L)were used in this study.All groundwater samples came from new wells soon after the drilling,well construction,and a long pumping time for their development:24 hours for sedimentary aquifers and 12 hours for karstic,crystalline,and metasedimentary aquifers.The applica-tion of Pearson and Spearman linear regression to seventeen physicochemical parameters(SPSS V.12)resulted in no correlations between iron and fourteen parameters,indicating no common origin between those parameters and iron.Only color and turbidity presented correlations>0.20 with iron.After spati alizing the 940 values of iron concentration(ArcGIS V.9)on the maps of each environmental attribute,grades 1-5 were given to the variables of each attrib-ute based on the largest iron concentration value.The grades allowed the ap-plication of multivariable methods PCA and FA(SPSS V.12).The PCA indi cated two factors explaining 59.52%of the total variance,closely attending the recommended minimum of 60%.The significant factor weights from the ap-plication of FA were:in Factor 1,soil,−0.71;vegetation,−0.68;and lithology,−0.52;and in Factor 2,climate,+0.74.Indeed,in the crystalline and metased-imentary domains with mafic-ultramafic rocks rich in iron,percentages of wells,53.3%-66.7%,occurred in iron-rich soils;of 49.8%-59.8%in humid to dry forest and of 55.3%-86.8%in humid to sub-humid climate.While,for the sedimentary domain(primarily sandstones)and karstic domain(carbonate rocks)poor in iron content percentages of wells,80.9%-100%occurred in iron-rich soils,57.0%-61.8%in humid to dry forest,and 58.6%-62.4%in sub-humid to dry and semi-arid climate.These results indicated that,although lithology is a determinant for high dissolved iron content in the state of Bahia groundwater,this attribute alone(factor weight−0.52)cannot explain the whole phenomenon.The present work,using multivariable analysis with geo-spatial mapping of high iron content on top of environmental attributes,re-vealed the role of each environmental attribute in groundwater’s high iron con-tent.For the governmental drilling well company and its groundwater manag-ers,this knowledge will result in better well locations and a reduction of both well and economic losses,as the long-term maintenance cost for the treatment process due to high iron content is prohibitive for rural municipalities.
