Calorific value of plants is an important parameter for evalu- ating and indexing material cycles and energy conversion in forest eco- systems. Based on mensuration data of 150 sample sets, we analyzed the calorific v...Calorific value of plants is an important parameter for evalu- ating and indexing material cycles and energy conversion in forest eco- systems. Based on mensuration data of 150 sample sets, we analyzed the calorific value （CV） and ash content （AC） of different parts of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） trees in southern China using hypothesis testing and regression analysis. CV and AC of different tree parts were almost significantly different （P〈0.05）. In descending order, ash-free calorific value （AFCV） ranked as foliage 〉 branch 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 stem wood, and AC ranked as foliage 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 branch 〉 stem wood. CV and AC of stem wood from the top, middle and lower sections of trees differed significantly. CV increased from the top to the lower sections of the tnmk while AC decreased. Mean gross calorific value （GCV） and AFCV of aboveground parts were significantly higher than those of belowground parts （roots）. The mean GCV, AFCV and AC of a whole tree of Masson pine were 21.54 kJ/g, 21.74 kJ/g and 0.90%, re- spectively. CV and AC of different tree parts were, to some extent, cor- related with tree diameter, height and origin.展开更多
An activated carbon with ash content less than 10% and specific surface area more than 1 600 m 2 /g was prepared from coal and the effect of K containing compounds in preparation of coal based activated carbon was inv...An activated carbon with ash content less than 10% and specific surface area more than 1 600 m 2 /g was prepared from coal and the effect of K containing compounds in preparation of coal based activated carbon was investigated in detail in this paper. KOH was used in co carbonization with coal, changes in graphitic crystallites in chars derived from carbonization of coal with and without KOH were analyzed by X ray diffraction (XRD) technique, activation rates of chars with different contents of K containing compounds were deduced, and resulting activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K and iodine numbers. The results showed that the addition of KOH to the coal before carbonization can realize the intensive removal of inorganic matters from chars under mild conditions, especially the efficient removal of dispersive quartz, an extremely difficult separated mineral component in other processes else. Apart from this, KOH demonstrates a favorable effect in control over coal carbonization with the goal to form nongraphitizable isotropic carbon precursor, which is a necessary prerequisite for the formation and development of micro pores. However, the K containing compounds such as K 2 CO 3 and K 2 O remaining in chars after carbonization catalyze the reaction between carbon and steam in activation, which leads to the formation of macro pores. In the end an innovative method, in which KOH is added to coal before carbonization and K containing compounds are removed by acid washing after carbonization, was proposed for the synthesis of quality coal based activated carbon.展开更多
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has become a widely used atomic spectroscopic technique for rapid coal analysis.However,the vast amount of spectral information in LIBS contains signal uncertainty,which can a...Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has become a widely used atomic spectroscopic technique for rapid coal analysis.However,the vast amount of spectral information in LIBS contains signal uncertainty,which can affect its quantification performance.In this work,we propose a hybrid variable selection method to improve the performance of LIBS quantification.Important variables are first identified using Pearson's correlation coefficient,mutual information,least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)and random forest,and then filtered and combined with empirical variables related to fingerprint elements of coal ash content.Subsequently,these variables are fed into a partial least squares regression(PLSR).Additionally,in some models,certain variables unrelated to ash content are removed manually to study the impact of variable deselection on model performance.The proposed hybrid strategy was tested on three LIBS datasets for quantitative analysis of coal ash content and compared with the corresponding data-driven baseline method.It is significantly better than the variable selection only method based on empirical knowledge and in most cases outperforms the baseline method.The results showed that on all three datasets the hybrid strategy for variable selection combining empirical knowledge and data-driven algorithms achieved the lowest root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)values of 1.605,3.478 and 1.647,respectively,which were significantly lower than those obtained from multiple linear regression using only 12 empirical variables,which are 1.959,3.718 and 2.181,respectively.The LASSO-PLSR model with empirical support and 20 selected variables exhibited a significantly improved performance after variable deselection,with RMSEP values dropping from 1.635,3.962 and 1.647 to 1.483,3.086 and 1.567,respectively.Such results demonstrate that using empirical knowledge as a support for datadriven variable selection can be a viable approach to improve the accuracy and reliability of LIBS quantification.展开更多
Based on analysis of regularity of stacking coal,discrete element simultaneous simulation is adopted to predict the process of unloading coal,which is proved to be effcient in the prediction of ash content.The results...Based on analysis of regularity of stacking coal,discrete element simultaneous simulation is adopted to predict the process of unloading coal,which is proved to be effcient in the prediction of ash content.The results show that the altitude of new irregular coal is equal to the income coal volume divided by area of cabin.The distribution of infnitesimal flow velocity helps to induce the motion equation of infnitesimal element,which provides the mathematical model for computer simulation.Swarm,a computer programming language,is utilized in this study.Adaptive infnitesimal stacking algorithm helps settle the diffculties in attainment of infnitesimal elements.The result of simulation is similar to the actual situation,which can accurately predict the ash contents of current time and cumulative time.Coal movement in the cabin is a new project,the result of which can also be applied to other solid particles and the widespread of the result will be highly valued.展开更多
The ash contents in coal particles were examined in the paper dependably on particle size and its density. So, the two-dimensional regressive function Z = Z（P, D） was the searched object, where Z is random variable ...The ash contents in coal particles were examined in the paper dependably on particle size and its density. So, the two-dimensional regressive function Z = Z（P, D） was the searched object, where Z is random variable describing ash contents, P---density and D---particle diameter. This dependence was determined based on experimental data concerning the coal of type 31. For this coal, the method of ordinary kriging was applied to calculate the values of random variable Z. This method required the proper selection of so-called variogram function, in which four forms were considered in this paper in purpose to select the best solution. The given results were then evaluated by the mean standard error value and compared with empirical data.展开更多
The coal filter cake is a product of fine coal after floatation which has an ash content of 7-13%, water content of 30±2%, and a particle size of less than 1 mm. The ash content was measured by the intensity of t...The coal filter cake is a product of fine coal after floatation which has an ash content of 7-13%, water content of 30±2%, and a particle size of less than 1 mm. The ash content was measured by the intensity of the single backscattered gamma-ray, and its accuracy is mainly dependent on the energy of the gamma-ray. The 238Pu low energy photon source is selected in this work. The energy of its gamma-ray is 15 keV, which can result not only in the best sensitivity, but also in the lowest contribution to the environment radiation. The root mean square deviation of the ash measurement is±0.33% (±1σ).展开更多
[Objectives]To determine the water content,total ash content and acid-insoluble ash content of Yi medicinal material"Qibujing",so as to provide experimental basis for establishing the Quality Standard(Draft)...[Objectives]To determine the water content,total ash content and acid-insoluble ash content of Yi medicinal material"Qibujing",so as to provide experimental basis for establishing the Quality Standard(Draft)of Yi Medicinal Material"Qibujing"in Sichuan Province.[Methods]According to the second method(drying method)in 0832 water content determination method and 2301 ash content determination method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 Edition),it was determined,respectively,and the data were processed by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and DPS 7.05 data processing system.[Results]All the 14 batches of sample met the stipulation that the water content should not exceed 12.0%,the total ash content should not exceed 8.0%,and the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 1.5%under"Guan Zhong-(Qibujing)"in the 2005 edition of Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine Standard.There was a negative correlation between water content,acid-insoluble ash content and altitude,and a positive correlation between total ash content and altitude.[Conclusions]It is suggested that Quality Standard(Draft)of Yi Medicinal Material"Qibujing"in Sichuan Province stipulate that the water content should not exceed 12.0%,the total ash content should not exceed 8.0%,and the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 1.5%.展开更多
The significant amount of ash content in agricultural biomass presents an enormous challenge for efficient conversion processes.In addressing this issue,various deashing treatments have been tested and established,inc...The significant amount of ash content in agricultural biomass presents an enormous challenge for efficient conversion processes.In addressing this issue,various deashing treatments have been tested and established,including simple leaching techniques,which can either be performed with or without the addition of chemical agents.These techniques hold promise for improving the deashing efficiency while potentially altering the structural and chemical composition of biomass,specifically lignin content,which is the key focus of this review.This review starts by exploring the presence of ash in agricultural residues and its impact on biomass properties.Next,this review examines deashing strategies aimed at reducing ash levels in biomass followed by analysis of the resulting changes in lignin physical and chemical properties as well as its thermal characteristics.The final part of this review is concluded by the discussion on the limitations of current approaches and the possible future directions to address the challenges covering the environmental impacts of the deashing treatments.A green process approach is emphasized as a sustainable solution with the aim to minimize negative environmental impacts associated with chemical usage during deashing.Finally,this review highlights the potential for ash recovery as a byproduct of the deashing processes,paving the way for an integrative,closed-loop approach within the biorefinery concept.展开更多
[Objectives] The moisture, ash and extract content of Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. were measured.[Methods] The moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and extract content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 pr...[Objectives] The moisture, ash and extract content of Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. were measured.[Methods] The moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and extract content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 producing areas were detected by using the methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition, volume I), and D. tanguticum Maxim. was identified by thin layer chromatography in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition, volume I).[Results] The moisture content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 producing areas ranged from 8.68% to 10.36%, averaging 9.28%. The content of total ash was between 7.21% and 11.60%, averaging 9.89%. The content of acid-insoluble ash was 0.21%-2.71%, averaging 1.51%. The extract content (water-soluble) was 26.67%-42.91%, averaging 32.65%. According to the results of TLC identification, the 16 samples and reference substance had the same characteristic spots at the corresponding positions.[Conclusions] It was recommended that the moisture, total ash and acid-insolue ash content of D. tanguticum Maxim were not be more than 11%, 12%, and 3% respectively, while the extract content was not less than 26%. It provides reference for filling the gaps in the quality standards of D. tanguticum Maxim.展开更多
[Objectives]The research aimed to determine the contents of moisture,ash and extract of wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch produced in Sichuan,so as to provide the basis for evaluating quality of wild P.veitchii Lynch from S...[Objectives]The research aimed to determine the contents of moisture,ash and extract of wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch produced in Sichuan,so as to provide the basis for evaluating quality of wild P.veitchii Lynch from Sichuan.[Methods]Moisture,ash and extract contents of wild P.veitchii Lynch were respectively determined according to the fourth part of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version,and correlation analysis and TOPSIS analysis were used for data processing.[Results]12 batches of samples all corresponded with the provision that moisture of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 14.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;11 batches of samples all corresponded with the provisions that total ash and acid insoluble ash of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 7.0%and 1.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;average content of alcohol-soluble extract by hot dipping from 12 batches of samples was 42.29%,which was not less than 30.0%.In P.veitchii Lynch,moisture and acid insoluble ash showed positive correlation with altitude,while total ash and extract content were negatively correlated with altitude.Taking moisture,ash and extract as evaluation indexes,No.9 P.veitchii Lynch sample was the best.[Conclusions]Moisture and ash of P.veitchii Lynch corresponded with the provisions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version and the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version,while extract content was higher than provision of the standard.The research could provide reference basis for rational utilization and quality evaluation of P.veitchii Lynch resources.展开更多
[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L...[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L. franchetii from different localities were determined according to the methods described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 Edition). [Results] In the 10 samples,the contents of moisture were all less than or equal to 15. 0%; the contents of total ash were all below 12. 0%; and the contents of acid-insoluble ash were all less than 3. 0%. The contents of water-soluble extract( by cold-soaked extraction method) in the samples were all below 12. 0% except those from Hongyuan Prairie of Sichuan Province and Xinglong Mountain in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. [Conclusions]The contents of the four indicators measured in this experiment varied by small margins,indicating that the quality was relatively stable. This study provides theoretical data for the revision of the quality standards for L. franchetii.展开更多
The impact of fly ash content on bond performance of steel bars and their surrounding concrete is studied by means of sticking strain gauges on steel bars. The average bond stress-slip curves, the steel strain-anchor ...The impact of fly ash content on bond performance of steel bars and their surrounding concrete is studied by means of sticking strain gauges on steel bars. The average bond stress-slip curves, the steel strain-anchor location curves, and the bond stress-anchor position curves of the pullout specimens with various fly ash contents are obtained. Results indicate that the bond performance of concrete and steel bars can be improved and the distribution of steel strain along the anchorage length tends to be more uniform by adding fly ash in concrete specimens, and both ultimate bond stress and ultimate slip deformation increase the most when 20% of specimens′ content is fly ash.展开更多
Red mud is a type of highly alkaline waste residue produced in the process of alumina smelting by the Bayer process.Based on the idea of medium calcium content,solid wastes such as red mud and fly ash were used to pre...Red mud is a type of highly alkaline waste residue produced in the process of alumina smelting by the Bayer process.Based on the idea of medium calcium content,solid wastes such as red mud and fly ash were used to prepare non-burnt bricks;and the mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 was selected in the range of 0.88–1.42.Mechanical properties and durability were investigated with a compressive strength test.X-ray diffractometry(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)techniques were used to characterize the hydration characteristic.The environmental performance was analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP).The results indicated that the mechanical properties and the durability were optimal when the mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 was 1.23.The hydration products were mostly C–S–H gel,ettringite,Na4Ca(Si10All6)O32·12H2O and Ca3Al2(SiO4)(OH)8.They were responsible for the strength development,and the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio of 1.23 had the best polymerized structure.The results of an environmental performance test showed that the heavy metals in the raw materials were well-solidified in the brick.Therefore,this paper provides an effective solution for use of solid wastes in building material.展开更多
Through unconfined compressive strength test,influencing factors on compressive strength of solidified inshore saline soil with SH lime-ash,ratio of lime-ash(1-K),quantity of lime-ash,age,degree of compression and sal...Through unconfined compressive strength test,influencing factors on compressive strength of solidified inshore saline soil with SH lime-ash,ratio of lime-ash(1-K),quantity of lime-ash,age,degree of compression and salt content were studied.The results show that because inshore saline soil has special engineering characteristic,more influencing factors must be considered compared with ordinary soil for the perfect effect of solidifying.展开更多
This paper reports the results of an investigation carried out on clay soil stabilized with pond ash(PA),rice husk ash(RHA) and cement. Modified Proctor compaction tests were performed in order to investigate the comp...This paper reports the results of an investigation carried out on clay soil stabilized with pond ash(PA),rice husk ash(RHA) and cement. Modified Proctor compaction tests were performed in order to investigate the compaction behavior of clay, and California bearing ratio(CBR) tests were performed to determine the strength characteristics of clay. For evaluation purpose, the specimens containing different amounts of admixtures were prepared. Clay was replaced with PA and RHA at a dosage of 30%e45% and5%e20%, respectively. The influence of stabilizer types and dosages on mechanical properties of clay was evaluated. In order to study the surface morphology and crystallization characteristics of the soil samples, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) analyses were carried out,respectively. The results obtained indicated a decrease in the maximum dry density(MDD) and a simultaneous increase in the optimum moisture content(OMC) with the addition of PA and RHA.Multiple linear regression analysis(MLRA) showed that the predicted values of CBR tests are in good agreement with the experimental values. Developed stabilized soil mixtures showed satisfactory strength and can be used for construction of embankments and stabilization of sub-grade soil. The use of locally available soils, PA, RHA, and cement in the production of stabilized soils for such applications can provide sustainability for the local construction industry.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to study the effects of different drying methods on moisture content and nutrient composition of alfalfa.[Method] Alfalfa collected from the same piece of land in early flowering period were ...[Objective] The paper was to study the effects of different drying methods on moisture content and nutrient composition of alfalfa.[Method] Alfalfa collected from the same piece of land in early flowering period were dried through three different drying methods, solar drying,outdoor drying in the sun and outdoor drying in the shade, and the effects of different drying methods on contents of moisture, crude protein, crude ash and neutral detergent fiber（NDF） were measured. [Result] The moisture evaporation rate of different drying methods over the same period successively were solar drying 〉 outdoor drying in the sun 〉 outdoor drying in the shade. The crude protein content of alfalfa was the highest through solar drying（P〈0.05）, followed by outdoor drying in the shade, and the crude protein content through outdoor drying in the sun was the lowest. Under the condition of different moisture contents, the crude protein content of dried samples through outdoor drying in the sun decreased by 6.86%-22.43% compared to solar drying, and that through outdoor drying in the shade reduced by 4.92%-17.20%. Under the same moisture content, the crude ash content successively were outdoor drying in the shade 〉 outdoor drying in the sun 〉 solar drying; the crude ash content of alfalfa through solar drying was 3.72%-19.22% lower than outdoor drying in the sun, and 8.12%-29.93% lower than outdoor drying in the shade. The NDF content of alfalfa through outdoor drying in the sun was the highest, significantly higher than the other two drying methods（ P〈0.05）. The NDF content through solar drying was the lowest, 9.08%-27.25% lower than outdoor drying in the sun, and 4.84%-24.84% lower than outdoor drying in the shade. [Conclusion] The paper will provide some references for selection of appropriate alfalfa drying method.展开更多
The fly ash occasionally has high content of iron oxide and carbon that are good electrical conducting components. This paper investigates the effect of the fly ash used as mineral admixtures on the electrical conduct...The fly ash occasionally has high content of iron oxide and carbon that are good electrical conducting components. This paper investigates the effect of the fly ash used as mineral admixtures on the electrical conductivity of concretes. The electrical properties of concretes using 3 kinds of fly ash with different iron oxide contents have been studied. Experimental results show that at the same fly ash dosage the resistivity of concrete using fly ash with high content of iron oxide is slightly lower than that with low content of iron oxide. However, the concrete resistivity after 14d increases as fly ash dosage increases regardless of iron oxide content in fly ash.展开更多
The experimental determination of mineral matter in coal is a tedious as well as time consuming process, and requires highly skilled analyst to carry out the chemical analysis of coal and ash. On the other hand, deter...The experimental determination of mineral matter in coal is a tedious as well as time consuming process, and requires highly skilled analyst to carry out the chemical analysis of coal and ash. On the other hand, determination of moisture and ash is relatively easy using moisture oven and muffle furnace and can be determined anywhere with little care. Most of the methods reported till date for the evaluation of mineral matter in coal involves indirect determination of mineral matter using high temperature ash as one parameter. All these methods offer conversion of ash yield into mineral matter with the help of correlations based on certain assumptions. Although, the method for direct determination of mineral matter by chemical analysis is also reported, but is of little use as it requires extensive chemical analysis. In this study mineral matter is determined directly by oxygen plasma asher in coal samples collected from different regions of India. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by existing correlations. It has been observed that all the existing correlations including Parr’s, are found to be unrealistic for high ash Indian coal. An attempt has been made to develop a new correlation for the estimation of mineral matter based on two simple parameter i.e. moisture content and ash yield. Present model was developed after analyzing 75 coal samples. The developed correlation appears to be more simple and better and is represented as Mineral Matter(MM)= 0.74(Moisture) + 1.17(Ash)展开更多
基金initiated as part of the National Biomass Modeling Program in Continuous Forest Inventory(NBMP-CFI)funded by the State Forestry Administration of China
文摘Calorific value of plants is an important parameter for evalu- ating and indexing material cycles and energy conversion in forest eco- systems. Based on mensuration data of 150 sample sets, we analyzed the calorific value （CV） and ash content （AC） of different parts of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） trees in southern China using hypothesis testing and regression analysis. CV and AC of different tree parts were almost significantly different （P〈0.05）. In descending order, ash-free calorific value （AFCV） ranked as foliage 〉 branch 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 stem wood, and AC ranked as foliage 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 branch 〉 stem wood. CV and AC of stem wood from the top, middle and lower sections of trees differed significantly. CV increased from the top to the lower sections of the tnmk while AC decreased. Mean gross calorific value （GCV） and AFCV of aboveground parts were significantly higher than those of belowground parts （roots）. The mean GCV, AFCV and AC of a whole tree of Masson pine were 21.54 kJ/g, 21.74 kJ/g and 0.90%, re- spectively. CV and AC of different tree parts were, to some extent, cor- related with tree diameter, height and origin.
文摘An activated carbon with ash content less than 10% and specific surface area more than 1 600 m 2 /g was prepared from coal and the effect of K containing compounds in preparation of coal based activated carbon was investigated in detail in this paper. KOH was used in co carbonization with coal, changes in graphitic crystallites in chars derived from carbonization of coal with and without KOH were analyzed by X ray diffraction (XRD) technique, activation rates of chars with different contents of K containing compounds were deduced, and resulting activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K and iodine numbers. The results showed that the addition of KOH to the coal before carbonization can realize the intensive removal of inorganic matters from chars under mild conditions, especially the efficient removal of dispersive quartz, an extremely difficult separated mineral component in other processes else. Apart from this, KOH demonstrates a favorable effect in control over coal carbonization with the goal to form nongraphitizable isotropic carbon precursor, which is a necessary prerequisite for the formation and development of micro pores. However, the K containing compounds such as K 2 CO 3 and K 2 O remaining in chars after carbonization catalyze the reaction between carbon and steam in activation, which leads to the formation of macro pores. In the end an innovative method, in which KOH is added to coal before carbonization and K containing compounds are removed by acid washing after carbonization, was proposed for the synthesis of quality coal based activated carbon.
基金financial supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62205172)Huaneng Group Science and Technology Research Project(No.HNKJ22-H105)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program and the International Joint Mission on Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality。
文摘Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has become a widely used atomic spectroscopic technique for rapid coal analysis.However,the vast amount of spectral information in LIBS contains signal uncertainty,which can affect its quantification performance.In this work,we propose a hybrid variable selection method to improve the performance of LIBS quantification.Important variables are first identified using Pearson's correlation coefficient,mutual information,least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)and random forest,and then filtered and combined with empirical variables related to fingerprint elements of coal ash content.Subsequently,these variables are fed into a partial least squares regression(PLSR).Additionally,in some models,certain variables unrelated to ash content are removed manually to study the impact of variable deselection on model performance.The proposed hybrid strategy was tested on three LIBS datasets for quantitative analysis of coal ash content and compared with the corresponding data-driven baseline method.It is significantly better than the variable selection only method based on empirical knowledge and in most cases outperforms the baseline method.The results showed that on all three datasets the hybrid strategy for variable selection combining empirical knowledge and data-driven algorithms achieved the lowest root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)values of 1.605,3.478 and 1.647,respectively,which were significantly lower than those obtained from multiple linear regression using only 12 empirical variables,which are 1.959,3.718 and 2.181,respectively.The LASSO-PLSR model with empirical support and 20 selected variables exhibited a significantly improved performance after variable deselection,with RMSEP values dropping from 1.635,3.962 and 1.647 to 1.483,3.086 and 1.567,respectively.Such results demonstrate that using empirical knowledge as a support for datadriven variable selection can be a viable approach to improve the accuracy and reliability of LIBS quantification.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51174202)Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20100095110013)
文摘Based on analysis of regularity of stacking coal,discrete element simultaneous simulation is adopted to predict the process of unloading coal,which is proved to be effcient in the prediction of ash content.The results show that the altitude of new irregular coal is equal to the income coal volume divided by area of cabin.The distribution of infnitesimal flow velocity helps to induce the motion equation of infnitesimal element,which provides the mathematical model for computer simulation.Swarm,a computer programming language,is utilized in this study.Adaptive infnitesimal stacking algorithm helps settle the diffculties in attainment of infnitesimal elements.The result of simulation is similar to the actual situation,which can accurately predict the ash contents of current time and cumulative time.Coal movement in the cabin is a new project,the result of which can also be applied to other solid particles and the widespread of the result will be highly valued.
文摘The ash contents in coal particles were examined in the paper dependably on particle size and its density. So, the two-dimensional regressive function Z = Z（P, D） was the searched object, where Z is random variable describing ash contents, P---density and D---particle diameter. This dependence was determined based on experimental data concerning the coal of type 31. For this coal, the method of ordinary kriging was applied to calculate the values of random variable Z. This method required the proper selection of so-called variogram function, in which four forms were considered in this paper in purpose to select the best solution. The given results were then evaluated by the mean standard error value and compared with empirical data.
文摘The coal filter cake is a product of fine coal after floatation which has an ash content of 7-13%, water content of 30±2%, and a particle size of less than 1 mm. The ash content was measured by the intensity of the single backscattered gamma-ray, and its accuracy is mainly dependent on the energy of the gamma-ray. The 238Pu low energy photon source is selected in this work. The energy of its gamma-ray is 15 keV, which can result not only in the best sensitivity, but also in the lowest contribution to the environment radiation. The root mean square deviation of the ash measurement is±0.33% (±1σ).
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1708005)Fourth National Survey of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Program(2017)+1 种基金Liangshan Prefecture Technology Research,Development,Popularization and Application Project(17YYJS0084)Special Research Fund Project for the Basic Research in Central Colleges and Universities(2020NGD01).
文摘[Objectives]To determine the water content,total ash content and acid-insoluble ash content of Yi medicinal material"Qibujing",so as to provide experimental basis for establishing the Quality Standard(Draft)of Yi Medicinal Material"Qibujing"in Sichuan Province.[Methods]According to the second method(drying method)in 0832 water content determination method and 2301 ash content determination method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 Edition),it was determined,respectively,and the data were processed by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and DPS 7.05 data processing system.[Results]All the 14 batches of sample met the stipulation that the water content should not exceed 12.0%,the total ash content should not exceed 8.0%,and the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 1.5%under"Guan Zhong-(Qibujing)"in the 2005 edition of Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine Standard.There was a negative correlation between water content,acid-insoluble ash content and altitude,and a positive correlation between total ash content and altitude.[Conclusions]It is suggested that Quality Standard(Draft)of Yi Medicinal Material"Qibujing"in Sichuan Province stipulate that the water content should not exceed 12.0%,the total ash content should not exceed 8.0%,and the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 1.5%.
基金funded by the joint research collaboration of the Research Organization of Nanotechnology and Material,National Research and Innovation Agency(BRIN)(Grant number:8/HK/II/2024)with the title Organosolv Lignin-Based Hydrogels from Sugarcane Leaves and Their Potential as Wound Dressings with Widya Fatriasari as the Principal Investigatorthe Degree by Research(DBR)program of BRIN with scheme number:20/III.10/HK/2024 and scholarship number 4637/II.5.4/SI.06.01/7/2024 for Eko Budi Santoso。
文摘The significant amount of ash content in agricultural biomass presents an enormous challenge for efficient conversion processes.In addressing this issue,various deashing treatments have been tested and established,including simple leaching techniques,which can either be performed with or without the addition of chemical agents.These techniques hold promise for improving the deashing efficiency while potentially altering the structural and chemical composition of biomass,specifically lignin content,which is the key focus of this review.This review starts by exploring the presence of ash in agricultural residues and its impact on biomass properties.Next,this review examines deashing strategies aimed at reducing ash levels in biomass followed by analysis of the resulting changes in lignin physical and chemical properties as well as its thermal characteristics.The final part of this review is concluded by the discussion on the limitations of current approaches and the possible future directions to address the challenges covering the environmental impacts of the deashing treatments.A green process approach is emphasized as a sustainable solution with the aim to minimize negative environmental impacts associated with chemical usage during deashing.Finally,this review highlights the potential for ash recovery as a byproduct of the deashing processes,paving the way for an integrative,closed-loop approach within the biorefinery concept.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1708005)Applied Basic Research Project of Sichuan Province,China(2018JY0066)Masters’ Key Project of Innovative Scientific Research Project for Postgraduates of Southwest Minzu University in 2018(CX2018SZ87)
文摘[Objectives] The moisture, ash and extract content of Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. were measured.[Methods] The moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and extract content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 producing areas were detected by using the methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition, volume I), and D. tanguticum Maxim. was identified by thin layer chromatography in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition, volume I).[Results] The moisture content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 producing areas ranged from 8.68% to 10.36%, averaging 9.28%. The content of total ash was between 7.21% and 11.60%, averaging 9.89%. The content of acid-insoluble ash was 0.21%-2.71%, averaging 1.51%. The extract content (water-soluble) was 26.67%-42.91%, averaging 32.65%. According to the results of TLC identification, the 16 samples and reference substance had the same characteristic spots at the corresponding positions.[Conclusions] It was recommended that the moisture, total ash and acid-insolue ash content of D. tanguticum Maxim were not be more than 11%, 12%, and 3% respectively, while the extract content was not less than 26%. It provides reference for filling the gaps in the quality standards of D. tanguticum Maxim.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1708005)Key Research and Development in Science and Technology Rural Areas of Sichuan Province(2019YFN0089)Innovating Research Program of Postgraduates of Southwest Minzu University in 2018(CX2018SZ84).
文摘[Objectives]The research aimed to determine the contents of moisture,ash and extract of wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch produced in Sichuan,so as to provide the basis for evaluating quality of wild P.veitchii Lynch from Sichuan.[Methods]Moisture,ash and extract contents of wild P.veitchii Lynch were respectively determined according to the fourth part of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version,and correlation analysis and TOPSIS analysis were used for data processing.[Results]12 batches of samples all corresponded with the provision that moisture of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 14.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;11 batches of samples all corresponded with the provisions that total ash and acid insoluble ash of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 7.0%and 1.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;average content of alcohol-soluble extract by hot dipping from 12 batches of samples was 42.29%,which was not less than 30.0%.In P.veitchii Lynch,moisture and acid insoluble ash showed positive correlation with altitude,while total ash and extract content were negatively correlated with altitude.Taking moisture,ash and extract as evaluation indexes,No.9 P.veitchii Lynch sample was the best.[Conclusions]Moisture and ash of P.veitchii Lynch corresponded with the provisions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version and the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version,while extract content was higher than provision of the standard.The research could provide reference basis for rational utilization and quality evaluation of P.veitchii Lynch resources.
基金Supported by National Key Technology Research and Development Program(2015BAC05B02)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2018NZD10)
文摘[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L. franchetii from different localities were determined according to the methods described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 Edition). [Results] In the 10 samples,the contents of moisture were all less than or equal to 15. 0%; the contents of total ash were all below 12. 0%; and the contents of acid-insoluble ash were all less than 3. 0%. The contents of water-soluble extract( by cold-soaked extraction method) in the samples were all below 12. 0% except those from Hongyuan Prairie of Sichuan Province and Xinglong Mountain in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. [Conclusions]The contents of the four indicators measured in this experiment varied by small margins,indicating that the quality was relatively stable. This study provides theoretical data for the revision of the quality standards for L. franchetii.
基金Supported by the Program of Excellent Talents in Six Fields of Jiangsu Province(2008183)~~
文摘The impact of fly ash content on bond performance of steel bars and their surrounding concrete is studied by means of sticking strain gauges on steel bars. The average bond stress-slip curves, the steel strain-anchor location curves, and the bond stress-anchor position curves of the pullout specimens with various fly ash contents are obtained. Results indicate that the bond performance of concrete and steel bars can be improved and the distribution of steel strain along the anchorage length tends to be more uniform by adding fly ash in concrete specimens, and both ultimate bond stress and ultimate slip deformation increase the most when 20% of specimens′ content is fly ash.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51574024)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (FRF-TP-18-005B1)Technological Research and Development Programs of China Railways Corporation (No.2017G006-J)
文摘Red mud is a type of highly alkaline waste residue produced in the process of alumina smelting by the Bayer process.Based on the idea of medium calcium content,solid wastes such as red mud and fly ash were used to prepare non-burnt bricks;and the mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 was selected in the range of 0.88–1.42.Mechanical properties and durability were investigated with a compressive strength test.X-ray diffractometry(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)techniques were used to characterize the hydration characteristic.The environmental performance was analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP).The results indicated that the mechanical properties and the durability were optimal when the mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 was 1.23.The hydration products were mostly C–S–H gel,ettringite,Na4Ca(Si10All6)O32·12H2O and Ca3Al2(SiO4)(OH)8.They were responsible for the strength development,and the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio of 1.23 had the best polymerized structure.The results of an environmental performance test showed that the heavy metals in the raw materials were well-solidified in the brick.Therefore,this paper provides an effective solution for use of solid wastes in building material.
基金Project(05YFSYSF00300) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin
文摘Through unconfined compressive strength test,influencing factors on compressive strength of solidified inshore saline soil with SH lime-ash,ratio of lime-ash(1-K),quantity of lime-ash,age,degree of compression and salt content were studied.The results show that because inshore saline soil has special engineering characteristic,more influencing factors must be considered compared with ordinary soil for the perfect effect of solidifying.
文摘This paper reports the results of an investigation carried out on clay soil stabilized with pond ash(PA),rice husk ash(RHA) and cement. Modified Proctor compaction tests were performed in order to investigate the compaction behavior of clay, and California bearing ratio(CBR) tests were performed to determine the strength characteristics of clay. For evaluation purpose, the specimens containing different amounts of admixtures were prepared. Clay was replaced with PA and RHA at a dosage of 30%e45% and5%e20%, respectively. The influence of stabilizer types and dosages on mechanical properties of clay was evaluated. In order to study the surface morphology and crystallization characteristics of the soil samples, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) analyses were carried out,respectively. The results obtained indicated a decrease in the maximum dry density(MDD) and a simultaneous increase in the optimum moisture content(OMC) with the addition of PA and RHA.Multiple linear regression analysis(MLRA) showed that the predicted values of CBR tests are in good agreement with the experimental values. Developed stabilized soil mixtures showed satisfactory strength and can be used for construction of embankments and stabilization of sub-grade soil. The use of locally available soils, PA, RHA, and cement in the production of stabilized soils for such applications can provide sustainability for the local construction industry.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51266009)
文摘[Objective] The paper was to study the effects of different drying methods on moisture content and nutrient composition of alfalfa.[Method] Alfalfa collected from the same piece of land in early flowering period were dried through three different drying methods, solar drying,outdoor drying in the sun and outdoor drying in the shade, and the effects of different drying methods on contents of moisture, crude protein, crude ash and neutral detergent fiber（NDF） were measured. [Result] The moisture evaporation rate of different drying methods over the same period successively were solar drying 〉 outdoor drying in the sun 〉 outdoor drying in the shade. The crude protein content of alfalfa was the highest through solar drying（P〈0.05）, followed by outdoor drying in the shade, and the crude protein content through outdoor drying in the sun was the lowest. Under the condition of different moisture contents, the crude protein content of dried samples through outdoor drying in the sun decreased by 6.86%-22.43% compared to solar drying, and that through outdoor drying in the shade reduced by 4.92%-17.20%. Under the same moisture content, the crude ash content successively were outdoor drying in the shade 〉 outdoor drying in the sun 〉 solar drying; the crude ash content of alfalfa through solar drying was 3.72%-19.22% lower than outdoor drying in the sun, and 8.12%-29.93% lower than outdoor drying in the shade. The NDF content of alfalfa through outdoor drying in the sun was the highest, significantly higher than the other two drying methods（ P〈0.05）. The NDF content through solar drying was the lowest, 9.08%-27.25% lower than outdoor drying in the sun, and 4.84%-24.84% lower than outdoor drying in the shade. [Conclusion] The paper will provide some references for selection of appropriate alfalfa drying method.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50404005)
文摘The fly ash occasionally has high content of iron oxide and carbon that are good electrical conducting components. This paper investigates the effect of the fly ash used as mineral admixtures on the electrical conductivity of concretes. The electrical properties of concretes using 3 kinds of fly ash with different iron oxide contents have been studied. Experimental results show that at the same fly ash dosage the resistivity of concrete using fly ash with high content of iron oxide is slightly lower than that with low content of iron oxide. However, the concrete resistivity after 14d increases as fly ash dosage increases regardless of iron oxide content in fly ash.
文摘The experimental determination of mineral matter in coal is a tedious as well as time consuming process, and requires highly skilled analyst to carry out the chemical analysis of coal and ash. On the other hand, determination of moisture and ash is relatively easy using moisture oven and muffle furnace and can be determined anywhere with little care. Most of the methods reported till date for the evaluation of mineral matter in coal involves indirect determination of mineral matter using high temperature ash as one parameter. All these methods offer conversion of ash yield into mineral matter with the help of correlations based on certain assumptions. Although, the method for direct determination of mineral matter by chemical analysis is also reported, but is of little use as it requires extensive chemical analysis. In this study mineral matter is determined directly by oxygen plasma asher in coal samples collected from different regions of India. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by existing correlations. It has been observed that all the existing correlations including Parr’s, are found to be unrealistic for high ash Indian coal. An attempt has been made to develop a new correlation for the estimation of mineral matter based on two simple parameter i.e. moisture content and ash yield. Present model was developed after analyzing 75 coal samples. The developed correlation appears to be more simple and better and is represented as Mineral Matter(MM)= 0.74(Moisture) + 1.17(Ash)
