A study was conducted to determine the physiological characteristics changes of Aesculus chinensis seeds during natural dehydration in 2003. The results showed that A. chinensis seeds were recalcitrant with being high...A study was conducted to determine the physiological characteristics changes of Aesculus chinensis seeds during natural dehydration in 2003. The results showed that A. chinensis seeds were recalcitrant with being highly desiccation-sensitive. The seed moisture content of fresh fruits was higher than 60%. When the seeds were naturally dried for 30 days, their moisture content declined to 30.2% and their viability was completely lost. The seed germination percentage had a small increase at the beginning of desiccation and then decreased rapidly. The relative electrical conductivity of the A. chinensis seeds increased along with a decrease in seed moisture content. However, there was an abnormal increase in relative electrical conductivity when the seed moisture content was between 53.7% and 50.9%. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity decreased rapidly in the period of desiccation except for an abnormality when the seed moisture content was between 53.7% and 50.9%. Malondialdehyde （MDA） content increased slowly at the early stage of desiccation and then rose rapidly after the moisture content was below 50.9%. The soluble sugar content in seeds slowly increased with the increasing period of desiccation. The seed germination percentage was at the high level when seed moisture content was in range of 47%- 60%, which suggests that this was the optimum moisture content for maintaining A. chinensis seed viability.展开更多
Aim To study the saponin constituents of the seeds of Aesculus chinensis Bunge var. chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang. Methods Compounds were separated and purified by macroreticular resin column chromatography and high...Aim To study the saponin constituents of the seeds of Aesculus chinensis Bunge var. chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang. Methods Compounds were separated and purified by macroreticular resin column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and hydrolysis analysis. Results Six compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanolic extracts. They were identified as escins IVc, IVd, Ia, Ib, isoescins Ia and Ib, respectively. Conclusion The above compounds were obtained from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis Bunge var.chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang for the first time.展开更多
We propose a simple statistical approach for using Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis （DIVA） software to infer biogeographic histories without fully bifurcating trees. In this approach, ancestral ranges are first optimiz...We propose a simple statistical approach for using Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis （DIVA） software to infer biogeographic histories without fully bifurcating trees. In this approach, ancestral ranges are first optimized for a sample of Bayesian trees. The probability P of an ancestral range r at a node is then calculated as P（rY） = ∑t^n=1 F（rY）t Pt where Y is a node, and F（rY） is the frequency of range r among all the optimal solutions resulting from DIVA optimization at node Y, t is one of n topologies optimized, and Pt is the probability of topology t. Node Y is a hypothesized ancestor shared by a specific crown lineage and the sister of that lineage ＂x＂, where x may vary due to phylogenetic uncertainty （polytomies and nodes with posterior probability 〈 100%）. Using this method, the ancestral distribution at Y can be estimated to provide inference of the geographic origins of the specific crown group of interest. This approach takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty as well as uncertainty from DIVA optimization. It is an extension of the previously described method called Bayes-DIVA, which pairs Bayesian phylogenetic analysis with biogeographic analysis using DIVA. Further, we show that the probability P of an ancestral range at Y calculated using this method does not equate to pp＊F（rY） on the Bayesian consensus tree when both variables are 〈 100%, where pp is the posterior probability and F（rY） is the frequency of range r for the node containing the specific crown group. We tested our DIVA-Bayes approach using Aesculus L., which has major lineages unresolved as a polytomy. We inferred the most probable geographic origins of the five traditional sections of Aesculus and ofAesculus californica Nutt. and examined range subdivisions at parental nodes of these lineages. Additionally, we used the DIVA-Bayes data from Aesculus to quantify the effects on biogeographic inference of including two wildcard fossil taxa in phylogenetic analysis. Our analysis resolved the geographic ranges of the parental nodes of the lineages of Aesculus with moderate to high probabilities. The probabilities were greater than those estimated using the simple calculation ofpp＊F（rY） at a statistically significant level for two of the six lineages. We also found that adding fossil wildcard taxa in phylogenetic analysis generally increased P for ancestral ranges including the fossil＇s distribution area. The AP was more dramatic for ranges that include the area of a wildcard fossil with a distribution area underrepresented among extant taxa. This indicates the importance of including fossils in biogeographic analysis. Exmination of range subdivision at the parental nodes revealed potential range evolution （extinction and dispersal events） along the stems ofA. californica and sect. Parryana.展开更多
Cuttage propagation of Aesculus indica was tested by treatments with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm）, indolebutyric acid （IBA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm） and naphthlcetic acid...Cuttage propagation of Aesculus indica was tested by treatments with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm）, indolebutyric acid （IBA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm） and naphthlcetic acid （NAA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm） in dry formulation in the Forest Nursery, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Shalimar. The cuttings treated with IBA @ 4000 ppm and IBA @ 2000 ppm had a sprouting rate of 75% and 50%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of control and other treatments. The highest rooting rate （50%） was recorded in the cuttings with the application of IBA @ 4000 ppm. The cuttings treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm had 25% rooting rate. All other treatments along with control （talc powder） failed to induce rooting. It was concluded that IBA @ 4000 ppm was a better-applied concentration for vegetative propagation ofA. indica under Kashmir conditions.展开更多
A pair of novel geometrically isomeric triterpenoid saponins named escins IVa and IVb, together with known escins Ia and Ib. were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Their structures were determined on the ...A pair of novel geometrically isomeric triterpenoid saponins named escins IVa and IVb, together with known escins Ia and Ib. were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and comparison.展开更多
Three new triterpenoid saponins, escins IVg (1), IVh (2) and VIb (3) were isolatedfrom the seeds of Aesculus chinensis along with two known saponins, escin IIIa (4) anddesacylescin I (5). Their structures were elucida...Three new triterpenoid saponins, escins IVg (1), IVh (2) and VIb (3) were isolatedfrom the seeds of Aesculus chinensis along with two known saponins, escin IIIa (4) anddesacylescin I (5). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemicalhydrolysis.展开更多
A new triterpenoid saponin named escin IV e was isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Its structure was established as 28-tigloylprotoaescigenin-3 beta-O- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl ...A new triterpenoid saponin named escin IV e was isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Its structure was established as 28-tigloylprotoaescigenin-3 beta-O- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-4)] -beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid.展开更多
Cuttage propagation of Aesculus indica was tested by treatments with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm), indolebutyric acid(IBA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm) and naphthlcetic acid(NAA) @ 2000...Cuttage propagation of Aesculus indica was tested by treatments with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm), indolebutyric acid(IBA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm) and naphthlcetic acid(NAA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm) in dry formulation in the Forest Nursery, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Shalimar.The cuttings treated with IBA @ 4000 ppm and IBA @ 2000 ppm had a sprouting rate of 75% and 50%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of control and other treatments.The highest rooting rate(50%) was recorded in the cuttings with the application of IBA @ 4000 ppm.The cuttings treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm had 25% rooting rate.All other treatments along with control(talc powder) failed to induce rooting.It was concluded that IBA @ 4000 ppm was a better-applied concentration for vegetative propagation of A.indica under Kashmir conditions.展开更多
Two new triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis by preparative HPLC. On the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data, their structures were established as 21 beta-tigloyl-28-acetyl...Two new triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis by preparative HPLC. On the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data, their structures were established as 21 beta-tigloyl-28-acetylprotoaescigenin 3 beta-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1 --> 2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 --> 4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (isoescin IIa, 1) and 21 beta-tigloyl-28-acetylprotoaescigenin 3 beta-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1 --> 2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 --> 4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (isoescin IIb, 2), which are a pair of geometrical isomers.展开更多
Six new triterpenoid saponins,aesculusosides A-F(1-6),together with 19 known ones,were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis.The new structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and by c...Six new triterpenoid saponins,aesculusosides A-F(1-6),together with 19 known ones,were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis.The new structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with previously reported data.Some of the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 cell line by an MTT assay,and compounds 15,16,19,and 23-25 exhibited inhibitory activities against MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 7.1 to 31.3μM.展开更多
Two new triterpenoid saponins, named isoescins IIIa (1) and IIIb (2) were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis and identified by spectroscopic analysis and chemical hydrolysis. Their structures were establish...Two new triterpenoid saponins, named isoescins IIIa (1) and IIIb (2) were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis and identified by spectroscopic analysis and chemical hydrolysis. Their structures were established as 21 beta-tigloyl-28-acetylbarringtogenol C-3 beta-O-[beta D-galactopyranosyl( 1-->2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->])1-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (1) and 21 beta-angeloyl-28-acetylbarringtogenol C-3 beta-O-[beta-D;galactopyranosyl (1-->2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 -->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (2), which are geometrically isomeric.展开更多
Three new triterpenoid saponins, escins IVc (1), IVd (2) and IVf (3) were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. They were. determined as 22 alpha-tigloyl-28-acetylprotoaescigenin-3 beta-O- [beta-D-glucopyrano...Three new triterpenoid saponins, escins IVc (1), IVd (2) and IVf (3) were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. They were. determined as 22 alpha-tigloyl-28-acetylprotoaescigenin-3 beta-O- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid 1, 22 alpha-angeloyl-28-acetylprotoaescigenin-3 beta-O- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->2)] [beta-D-glucopyrano- syl (1-->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid 2 and 28-tigloyl protoaescigenin-3 beta-O- [beta-D-gluco-pyranosyl (12)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->4)] -beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid 3.展开更多
A new triterpenoid saponin, 21 β-angeloylprotoaescigenin-3β-O- [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- （1-3）]β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid 1, was isolated from the seeds of Aesculus assamica Griff. Its structure was elucidated on...A new triterpenoid saponin, 21 β-angeloylprotoaescigenin-3β-O- [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- （1-3）]β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid 1, was isolated from the seeds of Aesculus assamica Griff. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis.展开更多
A new flavonol oligosaccharide, quercetin-3-O-[b-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)- a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(16)]-b-D-glucopyranoside-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, named aescuflavoside was isolated from Aesculus chinensis. Its structure w...A new flavonol oligosaccharide, quercetin-3-O-[b-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)- a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(16)]-b-D-glucopyranoside-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, named aescuflavoside was isolated from Aesculus chinensis. Its structure was elucidated by spectra FAB-MS, 1D NMR and 2D NMR including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC and HMBC techniques.展开更多
Studies were carried out in the Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashrnir University of Agricultural Sciences ＆ Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar of India during 2006 and 2007. The Indian horse-chestnut （Aesculus indica Co...Studies were carried out in the Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashrnir University of Agricultural Sciences ＆ Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar of India during 2006 and 2007. The Indian horse-chestnut （Aesculus indica Colebr.）, locally known as ＂Hanudun＂, is one of the more important broad-leaved tree species of the Kashmir valley. No deep dormancy was observed in mature seeds. However, the seeds remained dormant due to unfavorable environmental conditions prevailing after seed dispersal. Both treatments of cold stratification were significantly superior to the control conditions, i.e., no stratification which showed no germination during the test period of 30 d. The effects of the two treatments （cold stratification for 15 or 30 d） also differed significantly. Germination was found to increase with an increase in the time of cold stratification. Chilling treatments of seeds for 30 d showed maximum ger- mination of 80%, requiring the shortest time for germination, i.e., 20.51 d with a maximum evaluated germination value of 14.88. The other treatment with 15 d chilling showed lower germination of 60%, requiring a maximum number of germination days （27.31 d） with lower germination value of 3.26.展开更多
Our study on maturity indices of Aesculus indica Colebr. seeds was conducted under temperate Kashmir conditions in 2006. Seed collection was started from 15 July and continued until the maturation of seeds in December...Our study on maturity indices of Aesculus indica Colebr. seeds was conducted under temperate Kashmir conditions in 2006. Seed collection was started from 15 July and continued until the maturation of seeds in December. The seeds were harvested fortnightly from identified trees and on each collection date maturity indices, viz. seed color, seed weight, moisture content, seed dimension, specific gravity and germination percentage were recorded. The study revealed that at the time of maturity （Nov.-Dec.） the seed color was a shiny chocolate brown, with a moisture content of 58.37% and a specific gravity of 0.82. Germination was maximum （80%） at its maturity with a maximum seed weight of 52.03 g per seed. We recommend that the seeds should be collected before their natural disposal.展开更多
Objective To quantify phytochemicals using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy(LCMS)analysis and explore the therapeutic effect of Aesculus hippocastanum L.(AH)seeds ethanolic extract against gastric ulcers in...Objective To quantify phytochemicals using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy(LCMS)analysis and explore the therapeutic effect of Aesculus hippocastanum L.(AH)seeds ethanolic extract against gastric ulcers in rats.Methods Preliminary phytochemical testing and LCMS analysis were performed according to standard methods.For treatment,the animals were divided into 7 groups including normal control,ulcer control,self-healing,AH seeds low and high doses,ranitidine and per se groups.Rats were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin,excluding the normal control group(which received 1%carboxy methyl cellulose)and the per se group(received 200 mg/kg AH seeds extract).The test group rats were then given 2 doses of AH seeds extract(100 and 200 mg/kg,respectively),while the standard group was given ranitidine(50 mg/kg).On the 11th day,rats in all groups were sacrificed,and their stomach was isolated to calculate the ulcer index,and other parameters such as blood prostaglandin(PGE2),tissue superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),malonyldialdehyde(MDA),and glutathione(GSH).All isolated stomach tissues were analyzed for histopathological findings.Results The phytochemical examination shows that the AH seeds contain alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,phenolic components,and glycosides.LCMS analysis confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin.The AH seeds extract showed significant improvement in gastric mucosa conditions after indomethacin-induced gastric lesions(P<0.01).Further marked improvement in blood PGE2 and antioxidant enzymes,SOD,CAT,MDA and GSH,were observed compared with self-healing and untreated ulcer-induced groups(P<0.01).Histopathology results confirmed that AH seeds extract improved the mucosal layer and gastric epithelial membrane in treated groups compared to untreated ulcer-induced groups.Conclusions LCMS report confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin in AH seeds ethanolic extract.The therapeutic effect of AH seeds extract against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rat model indicated the regenerated membrane integrity,with improved cellular functions and mucus thickness.Further,improved antioxidant enzyme level would help to reduce PGE2 biosynthesis.展开更多
文摘A study was conducted to determine the physiological characteristics changes of Aesculus chinensis seeds during natural dehydration in 2003. The results showed that A. chinensis seeds were recalcitrant with being highly desiccation-sensitive. The seed moisture content of fresh fruits was higher than 60%. When the seeds were naturally dried for 30 days, their moisture content declined to 30.2% and their viability was completely lost. The seed germination percentage had a small increase at the beginning of desiccation and then decreased rapidly. The relative electrical conductivity of the A. chinensis seeds increased along with a decrease in seed moisture content. However, there was an abnormal increase in relative electrical conductivity when the seed moisture content was between 53.7% and 50.9%. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity decreased rapidly in the period of desiccation except for an abnormality when the seed moisture content was between 53.7% and 50.9%. Malondialdehyde （MDA） content increased slowly at the early stage of desiccation and then rose rapidly after the moisture content was below 50.9%. The soluble sugar content in seeds slowly increased with the increasing period of desiccation. The seed germination percentage was at the high level when seed moisture content was in range of 47%- 60%, which suggests that this was the optimum moisture content for maintaining A. chinensis seed viability.
文摘Aim To study the saponin constituents of the seeds of Aesculus chinensis Bunge var. chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang. Methods Compounds were separated and purified by macroreticular resin column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and hydrolysis analysis. Results Six compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanolic extracts. They were identified as escins IVc, IVd, Ia, Ib, isoescins Ia and Ib, respectively. Conclusion The above compounds were obtained from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis Bunge var.chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang for the first time.
基金a National Science Foundation (USA) grant made to Xiang(DEB-0444125)supported by a NSF grant funded to D.E.Soltis (DEB-0090283)
文摘We propose a simple statistical approach for using Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis （DIVA） software to infer biogeographic histories without fully bifurcating trees. In this approach, ancestral ranges are first optimized for a sample of Bayesian trees. The probability P of an ancestral range r at a node is then calculated as P（rY） = ∑t^n=1 F（rY）t Pt where Y is a node, and F（rY） is the frequency of range r among all the optimal solutions resulting from DIVA optimization at node Y, t is one of n topologies optimized, and Pt is the probability of topology t. Node Y is a hypothesized ancestor shared by a specific crown lineage and the sister of that lineage ＂x＂, where x may vary due to phylogenetic uncertainty （polytomies and nodes with posterior probability 〈 100%）. Using this method, the ancestral distribution at Y can be estimated to provide inference of the geographic origins of the specific crown group of interest. This approach takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty as well as uncertainty from DIVA optimization. It is an extension of the previously described method called Bayes-DIVA, which pairs Bayesian phylogenetic analysis with biogeographic analysis using DIVA. Further, we show that the probability P of an ancestral range at Y calculated using this method does not equate to pp＊F（rY） on the Bayesian consensus tree when both variables are 〈 100%, where pp is the posterior probability and F（rY） is the frequency of range r for the node containing the specific crown group. We tested our DIVA-Bayes approach using Aesculus L., which has major lineages unresolved as a polytomy. We inferred the most probable geographic origins of the five traditional sections of Aesculus and ofAesculus californica Nutt. and examined range subdivisions at parental nodes of these lineages. Additionally, we used the DIVA-Bayes data from Aesculus to quantify the effects on biogeographic inference of including two wildcard fossil taxa in phylogenetic analysis. Our analysis resolved the geographic ranges of the parental nodes of the lineages of Aesculus with moderate to high probabilities. The probabilities were greater than those estimated using the simple calculation ofpp＊F（rY） at a statistically significant level for two of the six lineages. We also found that adding fossil wildcard taxa in phylogenetic analysis generally increased P for ancestral ranges including the fossil＇s distribution area. The AP was more dramatic for ranges that include the area of a wildcard fossil with a distribution area underrepresented among extant taxa. This indicates the importance of including fossils in biogeographic analysis. Exmination of range subdivision at the parental nodes revealed potential range evolution （extinction and dispersal events） along the stems ofA. californica and sect. Parryana.
文摘Cuttage propagation of Aesculus indica was tested by treatments with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm）, indolebutyric acid （IBA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm） and naphthlcetic acid （NAA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm） in dry formulation in the Forest Nursery, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Shalimar. The cuttings treated with IBA @ 4000 ppm and IBA @ 2000 ppm had a sprouting rate of 75% and 50%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of control and other treatments. The highest rooting rate （50%） was recorded in the cuttings with the application of IBA @ 4000 ppm. The cuttings treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm had 25% rooting rate. All other treatments along with control （talc powder） failed to induce rooting. It was concluded that IBA @ 4000 ppm was a better-applied concentration for vegetative propagation ofA. indica under Kashmir conditions.
文摘A pair of novel geometrically isomeric triterpenoid saponins named escins IVa and IVb, together with known escins Ia and Ib. were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and comparison.
文摘Three new triterpenoid saponins, escins IVg (1), IVh (2) and VIb (3) were isolatedfrom the seeds of Aesculus chinensis along with two known saponins, escin IIIa (4) anddesacylescin I (5). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemicalhydrolysis.
文摘A new triterpenoid saponin named escin IV e was isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Its structure was established as 28-tigloylprotoaescigenin-3 beta-O- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-4)] -beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid.
文摘Cuttage propagation of Aesculus indica was tested by treatments with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm), indolebutyric acid(IBA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm) and naphthlcetic acid(NAA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm) in dry formulation in the Forest Nursery, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Shalimar.The cuttings treated with IBA @ 4000 ppm and IBA @ 2000 ppm had a sprouting rate of 75% and 50%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of control and other treatments.The highest rooting rate(50%) was recorded in the cuttings with the application of IBA @ 4000 ppm.The cuttings treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm had 25% rooting rate.All other treatments along with control(talc powder) failed to induce rooting.It was concluded that IBA @ 4000 ppm was a better-applied concentration for vegetative propagation of A.indica under Kashmir conditions.
文摘Two new triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis by preparative HPLC. On the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data, their structures were established as 21 beta-tigloyl-28-acetylprotoaescigenin 3 beta-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1 --> 2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 --> 4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (isoescin IIa, 1) and 21 beta-tigloyl-28-acetylprotoaescigenin 3 beta-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1 --> 2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 --> 4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (isoescin IIb, 2), which are a pair of geometrical isomers.
基金support from the independent topics supported by operational expenses for basic research of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(ZXKT15032).
文摘Six new triterpenoid saponins,aesculusosides A-F(1-6),together with 19 known ones,were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis.The new structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with previously reported data.Some of the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 cell line by an MTT assay,and compounds 15,16,19,and 23-25 exhibited inhibitory activities against MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 7.1 to 31.3μM.
文摘Two new triterpenoid saponins, named isoescins IIIa (1) and IIIb (2) were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis and identified by spectroscopic analysis and chemical hydrolysis. Their structures were established as 21 beta-tigloyl-28-acetylbarringtogenol C-3 beta-O-[beta D-galactopyranosyl( 1-->2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->])1-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (1) and 21 beta-angeloyl-28-acetylbarringtogenol C-3 beta-O-[beta-D;galactopyranosyl (1-->2)] [beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 -->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (2), which are geometrically isomeric.
文摘A new triterpenoid saponin, 21 β-angeloylprotoaescigenin-3β-O- [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- （1-3）]β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid 1, was isolated from the seeds of Aesculus assamica Griff. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis.
文摘A new flavonol oligosaccharide, quercetin-3-O-[b-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)- a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(16)]-b-D-glucopyranoside-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, named aescuflavoside was isolated from Aesculus chinensis. Its structure was elucidated by spectra FAB-MS, 1D NMR and 2D NMR including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC and HMBC techniques.
文摘Studies were carried out in the Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashrnir University of Agricultural Sciences ＆ Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar of India during 2006 and 2007. The Indian horse-chestnut （Aesculus indica Colebr.）, locally known as ＂Hanudun＂, is one of the more important broad-leaved tree species of the Kashmir valley. No deep dormancy was observed in mature seeds. However, the seeds remained dormant due to unfavorable environmental conditions prevailing after seed dispersal. Both treatments of cold stratification were significantly superior to the control conditions, i.e., no stratification which showed no germination during the test period of 30 d. The effects of the two treatments （cold stratification for 15 or 30 d） also differed significantly. Germination was found to increase with an increase in the time of cold stratification. Chilling treatments of seeds for 30 d showed maximum ger- mination of 80%, requiring the shortest time for germination, i.e., 20.51 d with a maximum evaluated germination value of 14.88. The other treatment with 15 d chilling showed lower germination of 60%, requiring a maximum number of germination days （27.31 d） with lower germination value of 3.26.
文摘Our study on maturity indices of Aesculus indica Colebr. seeds was conducted under temperate Kashmir conditions in 2006. Seed collection was started from 15 July and continued until the maturation of seeds in December. The seeds were harvested fortnightly from identified trees and on each collection date maturity indices, viz. seed color, seed weight, moisture content, seed dimension, specific gravity and germination percentage were recorded. The study revealed that at the time of maturity （Nov.-Dec.） the seed color was a shiny chocolate brown, with a moisture content of 58.37% and a specific gravity of 0.82. Germination was maximum （80%） at its maturity with a maximum seed weight of 52.03 g per seed. We recommend that the seeds should be collected before their natural disposal.
文摘Objective To quantify phytochemicals using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy(LCMS)analysis and explore the therapeutic effect of Aesculus hippocastanum L.(AH)seeds ethanolic extract against gastric ulcers in rats.Methods Preliminary phytochemical testing and LCMS analysis were performed according to standard methods.For treatment,the animals were divided into 7 groups including normal control,ulcer control,self-healing,AH seeds low and high doses,ranitidine and per se groups.Rats were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin,excluding the normal control group(which received 1%carboxy methyl cellulose)and the per se group(received 200 mg/kg AH seeds extract).The test group rats were then given 2 doses of AH seeds extract(100 and 200 mg/kg,respectively),while the standard group was given ranitidine(50 mg/kg).On the 11th day,rats in all groups were sacrificed,and their stomach was isolated to calculate the ulcer index,and other parameters such as blood prostaglandin(PGE2),tissue superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),malonyldialdehyde(MDA),and glutathione(GSH).All isolated stomach tissues were analyzed for histopathological findings.Results The phytochemical examination shows that the AH seeds contain alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,phenolic components,and glycosides.LCMS analysis confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin.The AH seeds extract showed significant improvement in gastric mucosa conditions after indomethacin-induced gastric lesions(P<0.01).Further marked improvement in blood PGE2 and antioxidant enzymes,SOD,CAT,MDA and GSH,were observed compared with self-healing and untreated ulcer-induced groups(P<0.01).Histopathology results confirmed that AH seeds extract improved the mucosal layer and gastric epithelial membrane in treated groups compared to untreated ulcer-induced groups.Conclusions LCMS report confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin in AH seeds ethanolic extract.The therapeutic effect of AH seeds extract against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rat model indicated the regenerated membrane integrity,with improved cellular functions and mucus thickness.Further,improved antioxidant enzyme level would help to reduce PGE2 biosynthesis.
