Longkou City is a coastal area,and lacks water resources.The overexploitation of groundwater causes seawater intrusion.At present,seawater intrudes an area of 68 km2.With the decrease of groundwater extraction,the sea...Longkou City is a coastal area,and lacks water resources.The overexploitation of groundwater causes seawater intrusion.At present,seawater intrudes an area of 68 km2.With the decrease of groundwater extraction,the seawater intrusion area has generally declined.The paper expounds the development process of seawater intrusion as well as the corresponding prevention and control measures of using groundwater replenishment and groundwater throttling in Longkou City.In view of the seawater intrusion problem in Longkou City,some adaptive management countermeasures are put forward,which include:Adjusting industrial and agricultural structure,promoting economic and social development to match water resources;improving water usage structure,optimizing the utilization of water resources;advancing the construction of a water-saving society,using water resources efficiently;implementing inter-basin water transfer,using water resources rationally;developing and utilizing unconventional water sources,making full use of water resources;strengthening water infrastructure construction,increasing the development and utilization potential of water resources;carrying out ecological restoration,protecting water resources and ecological environment;improving the management informationalization level,strengthening the capabilities of groundwater monitoring and management;increasing publicity,improving public awareness of participation.展开更多
Forest management planning faces uncertainties regarding future timber prices,tree growth,and survival.Future seed production is an additional source of uncertainty in Korean pine stands managed for the joint producti...Forest management planning faces uncertainties regarding future timber prices,tree growth,and survival.Future seed production is an additional source of uncertainty in Korean pine stands managed for the joint production of timber and edible seeds.Modern forest planning uses optimisation to determine the best possible cutting schedule.Optimisation can accommodate uncertainty by using decision rules for adaptive forest management instead of optimising cutting years and intensities.In this study,we optimised two adaptive decision rules for managing Korean pine plantations for the joint production of timber and pinecones when timber prices,tree growth,and seed production are stochastic.The first rule indicated the minimum price to sell timber,i.e.,the reservation price,as a function of the mean tree diameter and stand basal area.The second adaptive rule expressed the mean tree diameter at which cutting is optimal as a function of timber price and stand basal area.Both decision rules resulted in nearly the same mean net present value when the optimised rule was applied to 100 stochastic scenarios for future timber prices,tree growth,and seed production.The net present values were over 20% higher than those for the deterministically optimised cutting schedules under the same scenarios.Therefore,the expected economic gain from switching from deterministic to adaptive stochastic optimisation was at least 20%.The cutting years of the adaptive optima were frequently later than those indicated by the deterministic optima,and optimal adaptive harvesting often involved waiting for high timber prices.The minimum price or minimum mean diameter to sell timber was higher when the income from seeds was considered in the optimisation.The cuttings were later,and the rotations were longer in the joint production of timber and pinecones than in timber production alone.展开更多
Smart Marine Protected Areas(SMPAs)are innovative frameworks that integrate advanced technologies and participatory governance and management approaches to protect marine ecosystems effectively.Due to their dynamic ma...Smart Marine Protected Areas(SMPAs)are innovative frameworks that integrate advanced technologies and participatory governance and management approaches to protect marine ecosystems effectively.Due to their dynamic management practices,these regions can adapt more rapidly and effectively to environmental fluctuations via real-time data.Scientific research indicates that the engagement of local communities in decision-making results in conservation initiatives that more closely reflect socio-economic conditions.By seeking sustainable economic activities,they further drive economic growth at the local level.However,the implementation of SMPAs faces several challenges.High costs,lack of technological infrastructure,and regional digital disparities can limit their diffusion and effectiveness.Therefore,increasing international cooperation and strengthening local capacity is of utmost importance.Drawing on traditional marine protected areas,this study provides a roadmap on how these areas can be more effectively integrated with advanced technologies.It also covers the pros and cons that you might face throughout and the ways to cope with it,along with an alternative view.A comprehensive framework is suggested for a more just,inclusive,and sustainable design and implementation of SMPAs.展开更多
With the increasing integration of emerging source-load types such as distributed photovoltaics,electric vehicles,and energy storage into distribution networks,the operational characteristics of these networks have ev...With the increasing integration of emerging source-load types such as distributed photovoltaics,electric vehicles,and energy storage into distribution networks,the operational characteristics of these networks have evolved from traditional single-load centers to complex multi-source,multi-load systems.This transition not only increases the difficulty of effectively classifying distribution networks due to their heightened complexity but also renders traditional energy management approaches-primarily focused on economic objectives-insufficient to meet the growing demands for flexible scheduling and dynamic response.To address these challenges,this paper proposes an adaptive multi-objective energy management strategy that accounts for the distinct operational requirements of distribution networks with a high penetration of new-type source-loads.The goal is to establish a comprehensive energy management framework that optimally balances energy efficiency,carbon reduction,and economic performance in modern distribution networks.To enhance classification accuracy,the strategy constructs amulti-dimensional scenario classification model that integrates environmental and climatic factors by analyzing the operational characteristics of new-type distribution networks and incorporating expert knowledge.An improved split-coupling K-means preclustering algorithm is employed to classify distribution networks effectively.Based on the classification results,fuzzy logic control is then utilized to dynamically optimize the weighting of each objective,allowing for an adaptive adjustment of priorities to achieve a flexible and responsivemulti-objective energy management strategy.The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through practical case studies.Simulation results indicate that the proposed method improves classification accuracy by 18.18%compared to traditional classification methods and enhances energy savings and carbon reduction by 4.34%and 20.94%,respectively,compared to the fixed-weight strategy.展开更多
The giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca David,1869)is an iconic species for global conservation,yet field research has only recently advanced to the point where adaptive management is possible.Here,we review recent dev...The giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca David,1869)is an iconic species for global conservation,yet field research has only recently advanced to the point where adaptive management is possible.Here,we review recent developments in giant panda conservation science and propose a strategic plan for moving panda conservation forward.Because of scientific,funding,political,and logistical hurdles,few endangered species management programs have embraced adaptive management,wherein management decisions are shaped iteratively by targeted scientific research.Specific threats,such as habitat destruction,anthropogenic disturbance and fragmented nonviable populations,need to be addressed simultaneously by researchers,managers and policy-makers working in concert to understand and overcome these obstacles to species recovery.With the backing of the Chinese Govern-ment and the conservation community,the giant panda can become a high-profile test species for this much touted,but rarely implemented,approach to conservation management.展开更多
Many of the world’s coastlines are vulnerable to erosion and at risk from tidal flooding.Addressing and managing these risks presents major challenges especially when seeking to sustainably balance the requirements f...Many of the world’s coastlines are vulnerable to erosion and at risk from tidal flooding.Addressing and managing these risks presents major challenges especially when seeking to sustainably balance the requirements for coastal protection with other economic,environmental,and societal objectives.The nature and scale of these challenges varies greatly from site to site and can often be magnified on dynamic shorelines that are subject to a high degree of physical and ecological change.Applying an ongoing process of adaptive management is widely agreed to be a key mechanism for dealing with such dynamic conditions and issues of uncertainty.However,under this process it can be difficult for different stakeholders to reach a consensus about the most suitable intervention actions.In part,this can arise because there is an incomplete understanding about past,present,and,especially,future environmental processes.It can also occur due to differences in the perceptions and priorities of the relevant stakeholders.This paper reviews some of these complexities using,as a case study,recent developments of a shingle spit and tidal inlet at Pagham Harbour,on the south coast of the UK.This example provides lessons in the application of adaptive management and working with nature concepts in a particularly complex coastal setting.This paper considers these lessons in the context of the site’s history,the legal and policy framework,and established understanding about the natural environment.展开更多
This paper addresses issues on adaptive water management under the impact of climate change. Based on a set of comprehensive indicators of water system, a decision making approach of multi-objects is developed and app...This paper addresses issues on adaptive water management under the impact of climate change. Based on a set of comprehensive indicators of water system, a decision making approach of multi-objects is developed and applied to quantify water adaptive man- agement for the demands of water sustainable use, water environmental protection and eco-water requirement under the climate change. For this study in China, two key indicators are proposed, namely （1） the water resources vulnerability （V） that was represented by inte- grated sensitivity （S） and resilience （C） of climate change impact on water resources, and （2） the sustainability of socio-economy and water environment, marked by DD, that is integrated scaler of socio-economic development （EG） based on the amount of GDP and the water en- vironment and relative eco-system quality （LI）. To find a reasonable solution for adaptive water management, a multi-objective decision making model of adaptive water management is further developed and the multi-objective model was transformed into an integrated single optimization model through developing an integrated measure function, called as VDD=DD/V. This approach has been applied to adaptive water resources planning and management for case study of China with new policy, called as the strict management of water resources based on three red line controls, i.e., the control of total water use by the total water re- sources allocation, the control of lower water use efficiency by the water demand manage- ment and the control of the total waste water load by water quality management in the East- ern China Monsoon Region that covers major eight big river basins including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Haihe River and Huaihe River. It is shown that the synthetic representation of water resource vulnerability and socio-economic sustainability by the integrated objective function （VDD） and integrated decision making model are workable and practicable. Adaptive management effect of the criterion compliance rate and water use efficiency are more ap- preciable through new water policy of the three red line controls, which can reduce 21.3% of the water resources vulnerability （V） and increase 18.4% of the sustainability of socio- economy and water environment （DD） for the unfavorable scenario of climate change in2030.展开更多
Compared with the traditional phased array radar, the co-located multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) radar is able to transmit orthogonal waveforms to form different illuminating modes, providing a larger freedom deg...Compared with the traditional phased array radar, the co-located multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) radar is able to transmit orthogonal waveforms to form different illuminating modes, providing a larger freedom degree in radar resource management. In order to implement the effective resource management for the co-located MIMO radar in multi-target tracking,this paper proposes a resource management optimization model,where the system resource consumption and the tracking accuracy requirements are considered comprehensively. An adaptive resource management algorithm for the co-located MIMO radar is obtained based on the proposed model, where the sub-array number, sampling period, transmitting energy, beam direction and working mode are adaptively controlled to realize the time-space resource joint allocation. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the co-located MIMO radar using the proposed algorithm can satisfy the predetermined tracking accuracy requirements with less comprehensive cost compared with the phased array radar.展开更多
In order to realize the required scalable and adaptive system management, an interactive intelligent agency framework, iSMAcy （intelligent System Management Agency） , is proposed as an integrated solution to realize...In order to realize the required scalable and adaptive system management, an interactive intelligent agency framework, iSMAcy （intelligent System Management Agency） , is proposed as an integrated solution to realize distributed autonomoas system management. Firstly, it is a multiagent platform that supports inter-agent communication and cooperation. Secondly, the functional agents are based on intentional agent architecture that achieves balance between goal-directed behavior and situated reactive action. An example of applying the iSMAcy system to a network management environment has been described to illustrate and validate the scalable and adaptive management capability of the intelligent agency framework.展开更多
Watershed management is an ever-evolving practice involving the management of land, water, biota, and other resources in a defined area for ecological, social, and economic purposes. In this paper, we explore the foll...Watershed management is an ever-evolving practice involving the management of land, water, biota, and other resources in a defined area for ecological, social, and economic purposes. In this paper, we explore the following questions： How has watershed management evolved？ What new tools are available and how can they be integrated into sustainable watershed management？ To address these questions, we discuss the process of developing integrated watershed management strategies for sustainable manage- ment through the incorporation of adaptive management techniques and traditional ecological knowledge. We address the numerous benefits from integration acrossdisciplines and jurisdictional boundaries, as well as the incorporation of technological advancements, such as remote sensing, GIS, big data, and multi-level social-eco- logical systems analysis, into watershed management strategies. We use three case studies from China, Europe, and Canada to review the success and failure of integrated watershed management in addressing different ecological, social, and economic dilemmas in geographically diverse locations. Although progress has been made in watershed management strategies, there are still numerous issues impeding successful management outcomes; many of which can be remedied through holistic management approaches, incorporation of cutting-edge science and technology, and cross-jurisdictional coordination. We conclude by high- lighting that future watershed management will need to account for climate change impacts by employing techno- logical advancements and holistic, cross-disciplinary approaches to ensure watersheds continue to serve their ecological, social, and economic functions. We present three case studies in this paper as a valuable resource for scientists, resource managers, government agencies, and other stakeholders aiming to improve integrated watershed management strategies and more efficiently and successfully achieve ecological and socio-economic management objectives.展开更多
Mountain areas are often rich in ecological diversity and recreational opportunities. Mountain tourism is thought to be an effective and important means for maintaining and expanding rural economies and, thus, improvi...Mountain areas are often rich in ecological diversity and recreational opportunities. Mountain tourism is thought to be an effective and important means for maintaining and expanding rural economies and, thus, improving the living conditions of rural societies. As mountain tourism service research is a professional field with several disciplines involved, a multi-disciplinary management pIatform is needed and it facilitates participation in sustainable mountain development by diverse stakeholders. With the source regions of the Yangtze and the Yellow River as a case study, this paper presents a conceptual framework for an adaptation management of mountain tourism services according to technical, policy, social and economic dimensions. The framework is based on a vulnerability assessment of mountain ecosystems, and can serve as a reference for the development of tourism service in other mountain areas.展开更多
1.Introduction As global temperatures increase and weather patterns grow more er-ratic,the urgency of adopting climate-smart conservation strategies has intensified(Manyakaidze et al.,2024).Climate-smart conservation ...1.Introduction As global temperatures increase and weather patterns grow more er-ratic,the urgency of adopting climate-smart conservation strategies has intensified(Manyakaidze et al.,2024).Climate-smart conservation com-prises adaptive management practices aimed at bolstering the resilience of ecosystems and species amid climate variability(Birchall et al.,2021;Gabriel-Campos et al.,2021).展开更多
Ecological conservation is at a crossroad as environmental stresses around the world intensify and traditional models of conservation exhibit intrinsic weaknesses in their response to present and future problems.In th...Ecological conservation is at a crossroad as environmental stresses around the world intensify and traditional models of conservation exhibit intrinsic weaknesses in their response to present and future problems.In the project,we evaluated novel approaches integrating adaptive management,technological innovations,and community-based action towards more efficient sustainable conservation results and ecosystem resilience.The multi-site experimental design was based on comparison between conventional reserve management and novel integrative models implemented in diverse ecological zones.Data were collected over a period of three years employing remote sensing technologies,in situ biodiversity assessments,and large socioeconomic surveys.These instruments enabled a robust and multi-dimensional measurement of variables such as species diversity,ecological resilience,community engagement,and stakeholder engagement.The results indicate that adaptive strategies significantly enhance real-time decision-making abilities and enhance long-term ecosystem resilience.Further,technology-driven monitoring greatly enhances data accuracy,responsiveness,and early warning capabilities.Besides that,community-based conservation initiatives were found to be pivotal in facilitating local stewardship,enhancing participatory governance,and enabling more adaptive and adaptive policy systems.This research rejects mainstream conservation paradigms by placing importance on flexibility,interdisciplinarity,and inclusivity of governance systems in effectively mitigating the impacts of climate change and loss of biodiversity.Our findings offer strong evidence that emerging paradigms of conservation can provide greater ecological and social sustainability than traditional methods.These results support the need for a paradigm shift towards conservation strategies that are dynamic,collaborative,and technologically integrated,with significant implications for policy formulation as well as operational environmental management.展开更多
China has executed large-scale ecological restoration projects(ERPs)to meet the goals of environmental pro-tection and economic development.Yet,the integrated outcomes of these projects on the biodiversity-eco-environ...China has executed large-scale ecological restoration projects(ERPs)to meet the goals of environmental pro-tection and economic development.Yet,the integrated outcomes of these projects on the biodiversity-eco-environment-society dimensions remain unclear,but when available could be insightful for adaptation and ad-justments,particularly in this United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration(2021-2030).Based on multi-source data,we identified the categories and quantities of large-scale ERP implementation in the county-level.By comparing the time-series multiple factors of implemented vs unimplemented counties,we quantify the con-tributions and compare the relative effects of up to six different ERPs.Combining random forest,spatial autocor-relation,and network analysis,we explore the key factors that affect the contributions of ERPs.Here,we show that the triple dimensions in the low ERP group(regions implementing 0-2 projects)produced better outcomes than the high ERP group(regions implementing 3-5 projects)in relatively developed regions,while the high ERP group has more gains than the low ERP group in relatively less-developed regions.Notably,regional character-istics and different social assets mediate the ERP contributions,while human capital and financial capital have important roles.Overall,the ERPs generated positive contributions and could increase the network stability of multi-dimensions in relatively less-developed regions,but it may lead to imbalances in some factors(i.e.,mam-mal species conservation,and human capital).To continue to minimize the negative effects from past,and to improve the returns of ERP policy and investments,more timely and adaptive management of ERPs are needed,especially in relatively less-developed regions.展开更多
There is growing interest in introducing ecological risks(ERs)and ecosystem services(ESs)into environmental policies and practices.However,the integration of ESs and ERs into actual decision-making remains insufficien...There is growing interest in introducing ecological risks(ERs)and ecosystem services(ESs)into environmental policies and practices.However,the integration of ESs and ERs into actual decision-making remains insufficient.We simulated the spatiotemporal dynamics of ESs(e.g.,carbon storage,water yield,habitat quality,and soil conservation)and ERs in the upper reach of the Yellow River(URYR)from 2000 to 2100.Additionally,we explored their relationships by combining the InVEST model and a landscape ecological risk model with CMIP6 data.Our main findings showed that regional ERs change in response to land use and environmental dynamics.Specifically,the ER area decreased by 27,673 m^(2)during 2000-2020,but it is projected to increase by 13,273,438,and 68 m^(2)under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios,respectively.We also observed remarkable spatial differences in ESs and ERs between past and future scenarios.For instance,the source area of the URYR exhibited high ESs and low ERs(P<0.001),while the ESs and ERs are declining and increasing,respectively,in the northeastern URYR(P<0.05).Finally,we proposed a spatial optimization framework to improve ESs and reduce ERs,which will support regional sustainable development.展开更多
The response of plant functional diversity to external disturbances not only effectively predicts changes in the ecosystem but it also reflects how plant communities use external environmental resources.However,resear...The response of plant functional diversity to external disturbances not only effectively predicts changes in the ecosystem but it also reflects how plant communities use external environmental resources.However,research on how different herbivore assemblages affect plant functional diversity is limited.Therefore,this study systematically explored the effects of three typical herbivore assemblages(yak grazing,Tibetan sheep grazing,and mixed grazing by yaks and Tibetan sheep)on species richness,plant functional diversity,and soil physicochemical properties in alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.This study further investigated the primary mechanisms driving the changes in plant functional diversity.The results indicate four key aspects of this system:(1)Grazing significantly enhanced plant functional diversity,particularly when the mixed grazing by yaks and Tibetan sheep was applied at a ratio of 1:2.This ratio showed the most substantial improvement in the functional dispersion index and Rao's quadratic entropy index.(2)Compared to enclosed treatments,grazing increased species richness andβ-diversity,contributing to higher plant functional diversity.(3)Grazing treatments affected various plant traits,such as reducing plant community height and leaf thickness while increasing specific leaf area.However,the impact on plant functional diversity was most pronounced under the mixed grazing by yaks and Tibetan sheep at a ratio of 1:2.(4)Speciesα-diversity was positively correlated with plant functional diversity.Changes in plant functional diversity were primarily regulated by variations in soil physicochemical properties.Specifically,increases in soil available nitrogen significantly promoted changes in plant functional diversity,while increases in soil available potassium and bulk density had a significant inhibitory effect on these changes.Long-term grazing significantly reduced the height of plant communities in alpine meadows,while a balanced mixture of yak and Tibetan sheep grazing,especially at a ratio of 1:2,enhanced plant functional diversity the most.This suggests that,under these conditions,the use of external environmental resources by the plant community is optimized.展开更多
A better understanding of the structure and dynamics of disturbed forests is key for forecasting their future successional trajectories.Despite vulnerability of subalpine forests to warming climate,little is known as ...A better understanding of the structure and dynamics of disturbed forests is key for forecasting their future successional trajectories.Despite vulnerability of subalpine forests to warming climate,little is known as to how their community composition has responded to disturbances and climate warming over decades.Before the 1970s,subalpine forests on the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau mainly experienced logging and fire,but afterwards they were more impacted by climate warming.Thus,they provide an excellent setting to test whether disturbances and climate warming led to changes in forest structure.Based on the analysis of 3145 forest inventory plots at 4-to 5-year resolution,we found that spruce-fir forests shifted to pine and broadleaved forests since the early 1970s.Such a turnover in species composition mainly occurred in the 1994e1998 period.By strongly altering site conditions,disturbances in concert with climate warming reshuffle community composition to warm-adapted broadleaf-pine species.Thus,moderate disturbances shifted forest composition through a gradual loss of resilience of spruce-fir forests.Shifts in these foundation species will have profound impacts on ecosystem functions and services.In the future,broadleaved forests could expand more rapidly than evergreen needle-leaved forests under moderate warming scenarios.In addition to climate,the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on subalpine forests should be considered in adaptive forest management and in projections of future forest changes.展开更多
With technological advancements,consumer demands for textile functionality and intelligence have increased substantially.Next-generation E-textiles should enable multidirectional force sensing while ensuring high leve...With technological advancements,consumer demands for textile functionality and intelligence have increased substantially.Next-generation E-textiles should enable multidirectional force sensing while ensuring high levels of wearer comfort.However,existing electronic textiles are insufficient to simultaneously monitor the direction and degree of strain,and sweat accumulation can lead to poor comfort.Here,inspired by the asymmetric gradient structure of human skin,Janus double-layer woven electronic textile(JDET)was designed.Through material-structure-function biomimetic design,bidirectional bending recognition and moisture management function are integrated into the device.A high-sensitivity strain sensing unit(GF=1402.94)was constructed using a single wrapped yarn and conductive materials.Combined with a double-layer fabric structure design,a plain weave layer woven with hydrophilic sensing yarn and a twill weave layer woven with hydrophobic polyester yarn formed a dual gradient structure of fabric wettability and porosity,resulting in excellent unidirectional moisture transport capability.The asymmetric design of the sensing layer enables JDET to selectively identify bending directions(-180°-180°),and has good stability(>8000 s)in bending cycle testing.In addition,JDET has been successfully applied to human motion monitoring and Morse code interaction systems.This asymmetric gradient structure design of textiles provides ideas for the design of the next generation of intelligent electronic textiles.展开更多
Despite their importance to conservation, reintroductions are still a risky endeavor and tend to fail, highlighting the need for more efficient post-release monitoring techniques. Reintroduced animals are released int...Despite their importance to conservation, reintroductions are still a risky endeavor and tend to fail, highlighting the need for more efficient post-release monitoring techniques. Reintroduced animals are released into unfamiliar novel environ ments and must explore their surroundings to gain knowledge in order to survive. According to theory, knowledge gain should be followed by subsequent changes to the animal＇s movement behavior, making movement behavior an excellent indicator of reintroduction progress. We aim to conceptually describe a logical process that will enable the inclusion of behavior （in particular, movement behavior） in management decision-making post-reintroductions, and to do so, we provide four basic components that a manager should look for in the behaviors of released animals. The suggested components are release-site fidelity, recurring locations, proximity to other individuals, and individual variation in movement behavior. These components are by no means the only possible ones available to a manager, but they provide an efficient tool to understanding animals＇ decision-making based on ecological theory; namely, the exploration-exploitation trade-off that released animals go through, and which underlies their behavior. We demonstrate our conceptual approach using data from two ungulate species reintroduced in Israel： the Persian fallow deer Dama mesopotamica and the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 515-526, 2014] .展开更多
In recent decades,a series of policies and practices for environmental flows(e-flows)have been implemented in China,with the sustainable development goal of balancing the utilization and protection of water resources ...In recent decades,a series of policies and practices for environmental flows(e-flows)have been implemented in China,with the sustainable development goal of balancing the utilization and protection of water resources among social,economic,and ecological needs.The aims of this study were to determine the main challenges and issues in e-flows implementation at different scales by analyzing policies and practices for eflows in China,and to propose some recommendations for bridging the gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows.The gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows were found after review of literature,policies,and practices,and it was found that ecological flow was a more widely used term by the government,rather than e-flows,in implementation.The plans and effects of e-flows implementation are discussed in this paper and challenges of e-flows implementation are recognized:(1)limited water resources and uneven spatial and temporal distribution,(2)a weak scientific basis for e-flows implementation,(3)poor operability of e-flows science,and(4)ineffective supervision and guarantee measures.The recommendations are(1)to strengthen the scientific foundation of e-flows,(2)to improve effectiveness in application of e-flows science,and(3)to propose operable and effective supervision and guarantee measures.This paper elaborates the current understanding of e-flows science and provides practical recommendations for implementing e-flows and for improving the effectiveness in e-flows implementation.To bridge the gaps between science and implementation of e-flows and improve the operability of policies in future practices,more scientific research on practices is recommended through adaptive management.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0402800)
文摘Longkou City is a coastal area,and lacks water resources.The overexploitation of groundwater causes seawater intrusion.At present,seawater intrudes an area of 68 km2.With the decrease of groundwater extraction,the seawater intrusion area has generally declined.The paper expounds the development process of seawater intrusion as well as the corresponding prevention and control measures of using groundwater replenishment and groundwater throttling in Longkou City.In view of the seawater intrusion problem in Longkou City,some adaptive management countermeasures are put forward,which include:Adjusting industrial and agricultural structure,promoting economic and social development to match water resources;improving water usage structure,optimizing the utilization of water resources;advancing the construction of a water-saving society,using water resources efficiently;implementing inter-basin water transfer,using water resources rationally;developing and utilizing unconventional water sources,making full use of water resources;strengthening water infrastructure construction,increasing the development and utilization potential of water resources;carrying out ecological restoration,protecting water resources and ecological environment;improving the management informationalization level,strengthening the capabilities of groundwater monitoring and management;increasing publicity,improving public awareness of participation.
基金funded by the Joint Funds for Regional Innovation and Development of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. U21A20244)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 32071758)the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2022YFD2201000)
文摘Forest management planning faces uncertainties regarding future timber prices,tree growth,and survival.Future seed production is an additional source of uncertainty in Korean pine stands managed for the joint production of timber and edible seeds.Modern forest planning uses optimisation to determine the best possible cutting schedule.Optimisation can accommodate uncertainty by using decision rules for adaptive forest management instead of optimising cutting years and intensities.In this study,we optimised two adaptive decision rules for managing Korean pine plantations for the joint production of timber and pinecones when timber prices,tree growth,and seed production are stochastic.The first rule indicated the minimum price to sell timber,i.e.,the reservation price,as a function of the mean tree diameter and stand basal area.The second adaptive rule expressed the mean tree diameter at which cutting is optimal as a function of timber price and stand basal area.Both decision rules resulted in nearly the same mean net present value when the optimised rule was applied to 100 stochastic scenarios for future timber prices,tree growth,and seed production.The net present values were over 20% higher than those for the deterministically optimised cutting schedules under the same scenarios.Therefore,the expected economic gain from switching from deterministic to adaptive stochastic optimisation was at least 20%.The cutting years of the adaptive optima were frequently later than those indicated by the deterministic optima,and optimal adaptive harvesting often involved waiting for high timber prices.The minimum price or minimum mean diameter to sell timber was higher when the income from seeds was considered in the optimisation.The cuttings were later,and the rotations were longer in the joint production of timber and pinecones than in timber production alone.
文摘Smart Marine Protected Areas(SMPAs)are innovative frameworks that integrate advanced technologies and participatory governance and management approaches to protect marine ecosystems effectively.Due to their dynamic management practices,these regions can adapt more rapidly and effectively to environmental fluctuations via real-time data.Scientific research indicates that the engagement of local communities in decision-making results in conservation initiatives that more closely reflect socio-economic conditions.By seeking sustainable economic activities,they further drive economic growth at the local level.However,the implementation of SMPAs faces several challenges.High costs,lack of technological infrastructure,and regional digital disparities can limit their diffusion and effectiveness.Therefore,increasing international cooperation and strengthening local capacity is of utmost importance.Drawing on traditional marine protected areas,this study provides a roadmap on how these areas can be more effectively integrated with advanced technologies.It also covers the pros and cons that you might face throughout and the ways to cope with it,along with an alternative view.A comprehensive framework is suggested for a more just,inclusive,and sustainable design and implementation of SMPAs.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of the Headquarters of the State Grid Corporation(project code:5400-202323233A-1-1-ZN).
文摘With the increasing integration of emerging source-load types such as distributed photovoltaics,electric vehicles,and energy storage into distribution networks,the operational characteristics of these networks have evolved from traditional single-load centers to complex multi-source,multi-load systems.This transition not only increases the difficulty of effectively classifying distribution networks due to their heightened complexity but also renders traditional energy management approaches-primarily focused on economic objectives-insufficient to meet the growing demands for flexible scheduling and dynamic response.To address these challenges,this paper proposes an adaptive multi-objective energy management strategy that accounts for the distinct operational requirements of distribution networks with a high penetration of new-type source-loads.The goal is to establish a comprehensive energy management framework that optimally balances energy efficiency,carbon reduction,and economic performance in modern distribution networks.To enhance classification accuracy,the strategy constructs amulti-dimensional scenario classification model that integrates environmental and climatic factors by analyzing the operational characteristics of new-type distribution networks and incorporating expert knowledge.An improved split-coupling K-means preclustering algorithm is employed to classify distribution networks effectively.Based on the classification results,fuzzy logic control is then utilized to dynamically optimize the weighting of each objective,allowing for an adaptive adjustment of priorities to achieve a flexible and responsivemulti-objective energy management strategy.The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through practical case studies.Simulation results indicate that the proposed method improves classification accuracy by 18.18%compared to traditional classification methods and enhances energy savings and carbon reduction by 4.34%and 20.94%,respectively,compared to the fixed-weight strategy.
文摘The giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca David,1869)is an iconic species for global conservation,yet field research has only recently advanced to the point where adaptive management is possible.Here,we review recent developments in giant panda conservation science and propose a strategic plan for moving panda conservation forward.Because of scientific,funding,political,and logistical hurdles,few endangered species management programs have embraced adaptive management,wherein management decisions are shaped iteratively by targeted scientific research.Specific threats,such as habitat destruction,anthropogenic disturbance and fragmented nonviable populations,need to be addressed simultaneously by researchers,managers and policy-makers working in concert to understand and overcome these obstacles to species recovery.With the backing of the Chinese Govern-ment and the conservation community,the giant panda can become a high-profile test species for this much touted,but rarely implemented,approach to conservation management.
文摘Many of the world’s coastlines are vulnerable to erosion and at risk from tidal flooding.Addressing and managing these risks presents major challenges especially when seeking to sustainably balance the requirements for coastal protection with other economic,environmental,and societal objectives.The nature and scale of these challenges varies greatly from site to site and can often be magnified on dynamic shorelines that are subject to a high degree of physical and ecological change.Applying an ongoing process of adaptive management is widely agreed to be a key mechanism for dealing with such dynamic conditions and issues of uncertainty.However,under this process it can be difficult for different stakeholders to reach a consensus about the most suitable intervention actions.In part,this can arise because there is an incomplete understanding about past,present,and,especially,future environmental processes.It can also occur due to differences in the perceptions and priorities of the relevant stakeholders.This paper reviews some of these complexities using,as a case study,recent developments of a shingle spit and tidal inlet at Pagham Harbour,on the south coast of the UK.This example provides lessons in the application of adaptive management and working with nature concepts in a particularly complex coastal setting.This paper considers these lessons in the context of the site’s history,the legal and policy framework,and established understanding about the natural environment.
基金Major National Scientific Research Projects, No.2012CB956204 National Basic Research Program of China, No.2015CB452701, No.2010CB428406 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.51279140
文摘This paper addresses issues on adaptive water management under the impact of climate change. Based on a set of comprehensive indicators of water system, a decision making approach of multi-objects is developed and applied to quantify water adaptive man- agement for the demands of water sustainable use, water environmental protection and eco-water requirement under the climate change. For this study in China, two key indicators are proposed, namely （1） the water resources vulnerability （V） that was represented by inte- grated sensitivity （S） and resilience （C） of climate change impact on water resources, and （2） the sustainability of socio-economy and water environment, marked by DD, that is integrated scaler of socio-economic development （EG） based on the amount of GDP and the water en- vironment and relative eco-system quality （LI）. To find a reasonable solution for adaptive water management, a multi-objective decision making model of adaptive water management is further developed and the multi-objective model was transformed into an integrated single optimization model through developing an integrated measure function, called as VDD=DD/V. This approach has been applied to adaptive water resources planning and management for case study of China with new policy, called as the strict management of water resources based on three red line controls, i.e., the control of total water use by the total water re- sources allocation, the control of lower water use efficiency by the water demand manage- ment and the control of the total waste water load by water quality management in the East- ern China Monsoon Region that covers major eight big river basins including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Haihe River and Huaihe River. It is shown that the synthetic representation of water resource vulnerability and socio-economic sustainability by the integrated objective function （VDD） and integrated decision making model are workable and practicable. Adaptive management effect of the criterion compliance rate and water use efficiency are more ap- preciable through new water policy of the three red line controls, which can reduce 21.3% of the water resources vulnerability （V） and increase 18.4% of the sustainability of socio- economy and water environment （DD） for the unfavorable scenario of climate change in2030.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China (61671137)。
文摘Compared with the traditional phased array radar, the co-located multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) radar is able to transmit orthogonal waveforms to form different illuminating modes, providing a larger freedom degree in radar resource management. In order to implement the effective resource management for the co-located MIMO radar in multi-target tracking,this paper proposes a resource management optimization model,where the system resource consumption and the tracking accuracy requirements are considered comprehensively. An adaptive resource management algorithm for the co-located MIMO radar is obtained based on the proposed model, where the sub-array number, sampling period, transmitting energy, beam direction and working mode are adaptively controlled to realize the time-space resource joint allocation. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the co-located MIMO radar using the proposed algorithm can satisfy the predetermined tracking accuracy requirements with less comprehensive cost compared with the phased array radar.
文摘In order to realize the required scalable and adaptive system management, an interactive intelligent agency framework, iSMAcy （intelligent System Management Agency） , is proposed as an integrated solution to realize distributed autonomoas system management. Firstly, it is a multiagent platform that supports inter-agent communication and cooperation. Secondly, the functional agents are based on intentional agent architecture that achieves balance between goal-directed behavior and situated reactive action. An example of applying the iSMAcy system to a network management environment has been described to illustrate and validate the scalable and adaptive management capability of the intelligent agency framework.
基金supported by Canadian SSHRC Standard Research Grant:entitled ‘‘Application of sustainable forest management in a culturally modified landscape’’the Asia–Pacific Forests Network’s project entitled‘‘Adaptation of Asia–Pacific Forests to Climate Change’’(APFNET/2010/FPF/001)
文摘Watershed management is an ever-evolving practice involving the management of land, water, biota, and other resources in a defined area for ecological, social, and economic purposes. In this paper, we explore the following questions： How has watershed management evolved？ What new tools are available and how can they be integrated into sustainable watershed management？ To address these questions, we discuss the process of developing integrated watershed management strategies for sustainable manage- ment through the incorporation of adaptive management techniques and traditional ecological knowledge. We address the numerous benefits from integration acrossdisciplines and jurisdictional boundaries, as well as the incorporation of technological advancements, such as remote sensing, GIS, big data, and multi-level social-eco- logical systems analysis, into watershed management strategies. We use three case studies from China, Europe, and Canada to review the success and failure of integrated watershed management in addressing different ecological, social, and economic dilemmas in geographically diverse locations. Although progress has been made in watershed management strategies, there are still numerous issues impeding successful management outcomes; many of which can be remedied through holistic management approaches, incorporation of cutting-edge science and technology, and cross-jurisdictional coordination. We conclude by high- lighting that future watershed management will need to account for climate change impacts by employing techno- logical advancements and holistic, cross-disciplinary approaches to ensure watersheds continue to serve their ecological, social, and economic functions. We present three case studies in this paper as a valuable resource for scientists, resource managers, government agencies, and other stakeholders aiming to improve integrated watershed management strategies and more efficiently and successfully achieve ecological and socio-economic management objectives.
基金supported by the grant from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2007CB411507)Open Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science (SKLCS 08-05)
文摘Mountain areas are often rich in ecological diversity and recreational opportunities. Mountain tourism is thought to be an effective and important means for maintaining and expanding rural economies and, thus, improving the living conditions of rural societies. As mountain tourism service research is a professional field with several disciplines involved, a multi-disciplinary management pIatform is needed and it facilitates participation in sustainable mountain development by diverse stakeholders. With the source regions of the Yangtze and the Yellow River as a case study, this paper presents a conceptual framework for an adaptation management of mountain tourism services according to technical, policy, social and economic dimensions. The framework is based on a vulnerability assessment of mountain ecosystems, and can serve as a reference for the development of tourism service in other mountain areas.
文摘1.Introduction As global temperatures increase and weather patterns grow more er-ratic,the urgency of adopting climate-smart conservation strategies has intensified(Manyakaidze et al.,2024).Climate-smart conservation com-prises adaptive management practices aimed at bolstering the resilience of ecosystems and species amid climate variability(Birchall et al.,2021;Gabriel-Campos et al.,2021).
基金supported by the Lebanese International University(LIU)with a funding amount of$500.
文摘Ecological conservation is at a crossroad as environmental stresses around the world intensify and traditional models of conservation exhibit intrinsic weaknesses in their response to present and future problems.In the project,we evaluated novel approaches integrating adaptive management,technological innovations,and community-based action towards more efficient sustainable conservation results and ecosystem resilience.The multi-site experimental design was based on comparison between conventional reserve management and novel integrative models implemented in diverse ecological zones.Data were collected over a period of three years employing remote sensing technologies,in situ biodiversity assessments,and large socioeconomic surveys.These instruments enabled a robust and multi-dimensional measurement of variables such as species diversity,ecological resilience,community engagement,and stakeholder engagement.The results indicate that adaptive strategies significantly enhance real-time decision-making abilities and enhance long-term ecosystem resilience.Further,technology-driven monitoring greatly enhances data accuracy,responsiveness,and early warning capabilities.Besides that,community-based conservation initiatives were found to be pivotal in facilitating local stewardship,enhancing participatory governance,and enabling more adaptive and adaptive policy systems.This research rejects mainstream conservation paradigms by placing importance on flexibility,interdisciplinarity,and inclusivity of governance systems in effectively mitigating the impacts of climate change and loss of biodiversity.Our findings offer strong evidence that emerging paradigms of conservation can provide greater ecological and social sustainability than traditional methods.These results support the need for a paradigm shift towards conservation strategies that are dynamic,collaborative,and technologically integrated,with significant implications for policy formulation as well as operational environmental management.
基金funded by the National Overseas High-level Talent Program China(Grants No.41180953 and 41180944)Guangdong Provincial Special Research Grant for the Creation of National Parks(Grant No.2021GJGY034).
文摘China has executed large-scale ecological restoration projects(ERPs)to meet the goals of environmental pro-tection and economic development.Yet,the integrated outcomes of these projects on the biodiversity-eco-environment-society dimensions remain unclear,but when available could be insightful for adaptation and ad-justments,particularly in this United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration(2021-2030).Based on multi-source data,we identified the categories and quantities of large-scale ERP implementation in the county-level.By comparing the time-series multiple factors of implemented vs unimplemented counties,we quantify the con-tributions and compare the relative effects of up to six different ERPs.Combining random forest,spatial autocor-relation,and network analysis,we explore the key factors that affect the contributions of ERPs.Here,we show that the triple dimensions in the low ERP group(regions implementing 0-2 projects)produced better outcomes than the high ERP group(regions implementing 3-5 projects)in relatively developed regions,while the high ERP group has more gains than the low ERP group in relatively less-developed regions.Notably,regional character-istics and different social assets mediate the ERP contributions,while human capital and financial capital have important roles.Overall,the ERPs generated positive contributions and could increase the network stability of multi-dimensions in relatively less-developed regions,but it may lead to imbalances in some factors(i.e.,mam-mal species conservation,and human capital).To continue to minimize the negative effects from past,and to improve the returns of ERP policy and investments,more timely and adaptive management of ERPs are needed,especially in relatively less-developed regions.
基金supported by the Ecological Conservation and High-Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin Program,China(2022-YRUC-010102)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program,China(20190ZKK0405)the Basic Research Fund Project of Innovation Team of Novel Forage Germplasm and Sustainable Utilization of Grassland Resources,China(BR22-12-07)。
文摘There is growing interest in introducing ecological risks(ERs)and ecosystem services(ESs)into environmental policies and practices.However,the integration of ESs and ERs into actual decision-making remains insufficient.We simulated the spatiotemporal dynamics of ESs(e.g.,carbon storage,water yield,habitat quality,and soil conservation)and ERs in the upper reach of the Yellow River(URYR)from 2000 to 2100.Additionally,we explored their relationships by combining the InVEST model and a landscape ecological risk model with CMIP6 data.Our main findings showed that regional ERs change in response to land use and environmental dynamics.Specifically,the ER area decreased by 27,673 m^(2)during 2000-2020,but it is projected to increase by 13,273,438,and 68 m^(2)under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios,respectively.We also observed remarkable spatial differences in ESs and ERs between past and future scenarios.For instance,the source area of the URYR exhibited high ESs and low ERs(P<0.001),while the ESs and ERs are declining and increasing,respectively,in the northeastern URYR(P<0.05).Finally,we proposed a spatial optimization framework to improve ESs and reduce ERs,which will support regional sustainable development.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2007 and 32160343)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of the Alpine Grassland Ecology in the Three Rivers Region(Qinghai University),Ministry of Education of China(2023-SJY-KF-02)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘The response of plant functional diversity to external disturbances not only effectively predicts changes in the ecosystem but it also reflects how plant communities use external environmental resources.However,research on how different herbivore assemblages affect plant functional diversity is limited.Therefore,this study systematically explored the effects of three typical herbivore assemblages(yak grazing,Tibetan sheep grazing,and mixed grazing by yaks and Tibetan sheep)on species richness,plant functional diversity,and soil physicochemical properties in alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.This study further investigated the primary mechanisms driving the changes in plant functional diversity.The results indicate four key aspects of this system:(1)Grazing significantly enhanced plant functional diversity,particularly when the mixed grazing by yaks and Tibetan sheep was applied at a ratio of 1:2.This ratio showed the most substantial improvement in the functional dispersion index and Rao's quadratic entropy index.(2)Compared to enclosed treatments,grazing increased species richness andβ-diversity,contributing to higher plant functional diversity.(3)Grazing treatments affected various plant traits,such as reducing plant community height and leaf thickness while increasing specific leaf area.However,the impact on plant functional diversity was most pronounced under the mixed grazing by yaks and Tibetan sheep at a ratio of 1:2.(4)Speciesα-diversity was positively correlated with plant functional diversity.Changes in plant functional diversity were primarily regulated by variations in soil physicochemical properties.Specifically,increases in soil available nitrogen significantly promoted changes in plant functional diversity,while increases in soil available potassium and bulk density had a significant inhibitory effect on these changes.Long-term grazing significantly reduced the height of plant communities in alpine meadows,while a balanced mixture of yak and Tibetan sheep grazing,especially at a ratio of 1:2,enhanced plant functional diversity the most.This suggests that,under these conditions,the use of external environmental resources by the plant community is optimized.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42030508)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0301)the Key technology research and development projects in Xizang Autonomous Regions(XZ202101ZY0005G).
文摘A better understanding of the structure and dynamics of disturbed forests is key for forecasting their future successional trajectories.Despite vulnerability of subalpine forests to warming climate,little is known as to how their community composition has responded to disturbances and climate warming over decades.Before the 1970s,subalpine forests on the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau mainly experienced logging and fire,but afterwards they were more impacted by climate warming.Thus,they provide an excellent setting to test whether disturbances and climate warming led to changes in forest structure.Based on the analysis of 3145 forest inventory plots at 4-to 5-year resolution,we found that spruce-fir forests shifted to pine and broadleaved forests since the early 1970s.Such a turnover in species composition mainly occurred in the 1994e1998 period.By strongly altering site conditions,disturbances in concert with climate warming reshuffle community composition to warm-adapted broadleaf-pine species.Thus,moderate disturbances shifted forest composition through a gradual loss of resilience of spruce-fir forests.Shifts in these foundation species will have profound impacts on ecosystem functions and services.In the future,broadleaved forests could expand more rapidly than evergreen needle-leaved forests under moderate warming scenarios.In addition to climate,the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on subalpine forests should be considered in adaptive forest management and in projections of future forest changes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.Grant52173218)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Shanghai“science and technology innovation action plan”(Nos.22ZR1400500 and 20ZR1400200)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Bureau of Ningbo City(Grant No.2023Z082)supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”(CUSF-DH-T-2024043).
文摘With technological advancements,consumer demands for textile functionality and intelligence have increased substantially.Next-generation E-textiles should enable multidirectional force sensing while ensuring high levels of wearer comfort.However,existing electronic textiles are insufficient to simultaneously monitor the direction and degree of strain,and sweat accumulation can lead to poor comfort.Here,inspired by the asymmetric gradient structure of human skin,Janus double-layer woven electronic textile(JDET)was designed.Through material-structure-function biomimetic design,bidirectional bending recognition and moisture management function are integrated into the device.A high-sensitivity strain sensing unit(GF=1402.94)was constructed using a single wrapped yarn and conductive materials.Combined with a double-layer fabric structure design,a plain weave layer woven with hydrophilic sensing yarn and a twill weave layer woven with hydrophobic polyester yarn formed a dual gradient structure of fabric wettability and porosity,resulting in excellent unidirectional moisture transport capability.The asymmetric design of the sensing layer enables JDET to selectively identify bending directions(-180°-180°),and has good stability(>8000 s)in bending cycle testing.In addition,JDET has been successfully applied to human motion monitoring and Morse code interaction systems.This asymmetric gradient structure design of textiles provides ideas for the design of the next generation of intelligent electronic textiles.
基金Acknowledgments O.B-T is supported by a Fulbright post-doctoral fellowship from the United States - Israel Educational Foundation. This study was funded by an Israel Science Foundation （ISF） grant 1397/10 and by the Israel Nature and Park Authority. We thank R. King and A. Dolev for their help during various phases of the project. This is publication number 844 of the Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology.
文摘Despite their importance to conservation, reintroductions are still a risky endeavor and tend to fail, highlighting the need for more efficient post-release monitoring techniques. Reintroduced animals are released into unfamiliar novel environ ments and must explore their surroundings to gain knowledge in order to survive. According to theory, knowledge gain should be followed by subsequent changes to the animal＇s movement behavior, making movement behavior an excellent indicator of reintroduction progress. We aim to conceptually describe a logical process that will enable the inclusion of behavior （in particular, movement behavior） in management decision-making post-reintroductions, and to do so, we provide four basic components that a manager should look for in the behaviors of released animals. The suggested components are release-site fidelity, recurring locations, proximity to other individuals, and individual variation in movement behavior. These components are by no means the only possible ones available to a manager, but they provide an efficient tool to understanding animals＇ decision-making based on ecological theory; namely, the exploration-exploitation trade-off that released animals go through, and which underlies their behavior. We demonstrate our conceptual approach using data from two ungulate species reintroduced in Israel： the Persian fallow deer Dama mesopotamica and the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 515-526, 2014] .
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0196000)
文摘In recent decades,a series of policies and practices for environmental flows(e-flows)have been implemented in China,with the sustainable development goal of balancing the utilization and protection of water resources among social,economic,and ecological needs.The aims of this study were to determine the main challenges and issues in e-flows implementation at different scales by analyzing policies and practices for eflows in China,and to propose some recommendations for bridging the gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows.The gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows were found after review of literature,policies,and practices,and it was found that ecological flow was a more widely used term by the government,rather than e-flows,in implementation.The plans and effects of e-flows implementation are discussed in this paper and challenges of e-flows implementation are recognized:(1)limited water resources and uneven spatial and temporal distribution,(2)a weak scientific basis for e-flows implementation,(3)poor operability of e-flows science,and(4)ineffective supervision and guarantee measures.The recommendations are(1)to strengthen the scientific foundation of e-flows,(2)to improve effectiveness in application of e-flows science,and(3)to propose operable and effective supervision and guarantee measures.This paper elaborates the current understanding of e-flows science and provides practical recommendations for implementing e-flows and for improving the effectiveness in e-flows implementation.To bridge the gaps between science and implementation of e-flows and improve the operability of policies in future practices,more scientific research on practices is recommended through adaptive management.
