This paper proposed a new systematic approach-functional evidential reasoning model(FERM) for exploring hazardous chemical operational accidents under uncertainty. First, FERM was introduced to identify various causal...This paper proposed a new systematic approach-functional evidential reasoning model(FERM) for exploring hazardous chemical operational accidents under uncertainty. First, FERM was introduced to identify various causal factors and their performance changes in hazardous chemical operational accidents, along with determining the functional failure link relationships. Subsequently, FERM was employed to elucidate both qualitative and quantitative operational accident information within a unified framework, which could be regarded as the input of information fusion to obtain the fuzzy belief distribution of each cause factor. Finally, the derived risk values of the causal factors were ranked while constructing multi-level accident causation chains to unveil the weak links in system functionality and the primary roots of operational accidents. Using the specific case of the “1·15” major explosion and fire accident at Liaoning Panjin Haoye Chemical Co., Ltd., seven causal factors and their corresponding performance changes were identified. Additionally, five accident causation chains were uncovered based on the fuzzy joint distribution of the functional assessment level(FAL) and reliability distribution(RD),revealing an overall increase in risk along the accident evolution path. The research findings demonstrated that FERM enabled the effective characterization, rational quantification and accurate analysis of the inherent uncertainties in hazardous chemical operational accident risks from a systemic perspective.展开更多
Purpose–This study aims to enhance the accuracy of key entity extraction from railway accident report texts and address challenges such as complex domain-specific semantics,data sparsity and strong inter-sentence sem...Purpose–This study aims to enhance the accuracy of key entity extraction from railway accident report texts and address challenges such as complex domain-specific semantics,data sparsity and strong inter-sentence semantic dependencies.A robust entity extraction method tailored for accident texts is proposed.Design/methodology/approach–This method is implemented through a dual-branch multi-task mutual learning model named R-MLP,which jointly performs entity recognition and accident phase classification.The model leverages a shared BERT encoder to extract contextual features and incorporates a sentence span indexing module to align feature granularity.A cross-task mutual learning mechanism is also introduced to strengthen semantic representation.Findings–R-MLP effectively mitigates the impact of semantic complexity and data sparsity in domain entities and enhances the model’s ability to capture inter-sentence semantic dependencies.Experimental results show that R-MLP achieves a maximum F1-score of 0.736 in extracting six types of key railway accident entities,significantly outperforming baseline models such as RoBERTa and MacBERT.Originality/value–This demonstrates the proposed method’s superior generalization and accuracy in domainspecific entity extraction tasks,confirming its effectiveness and practical value.展开更多
A literature review on AI applications in the field of railway safety shows that the implemented approaches mainly concern the operational,maintenance,and feedback phases following railway incidents or accidents.These...A literature review on AI applications in the field of railway safety shows that the implemented approaches mainly concern the operational,maintenance,and feedback phases following railway incidents or accidents.These approaches exploit railway safety data once the transport system has received authorization for commissioning.However,railway standards and regulations require the development of a safety management system(SMS)from the specification and design phases of the railway system.This article proposes a new AI approach for analyzing and assessing safety from the specification and design phases of the railway system with a view to improving the development of the SMS.Unlike some learning methods,the proposed approach,which is dedicated in particular to safety assessment bodies,is based on semi-supervised learning carried out in close collaboration with safety experts who contributed to the development of a database of potential accident scenarios(learning example database)relating to the risk of rail collision.The proposed decision support is based on the use of an expert system whose knowledge base is automatically generated by inductive learning in the form of an association rule(rule base)and whose main objective is to suggest to the safety expert possible hazards not considered during the development of the SMS to complete the initial hazard register.展开更多
As tunnel engineering progresses,the complexity of geological strata and the presence of water bodies beneath tunnels have exacerbated the risk of water inrush incidents.Mutation theory is utilized to elucidate the me...As tunnel engineering progresses,the complexity of geological strata and the presence of water bodies beneath tunnels have exacerbated the risk of water inrush incidents.Mutation theory is utilized to elucidate the mech-anisms underlying stratum collapse-induced water inrush,with the Shijingshan Tunnel’s water inrush pattern identified as stratum collapse-induced.Finite element method(FEM)numerical models were developed for four conditions:original tunnel,Grade III surrounding rock,advanced grouting reinforcement,and sectional exca-vation.The evolution of the plastic zone,deformation,and support forces in the surrounding rock was compared across these models.The study demonstrates that shear failure of the rock mass,induced by concentrated stress and water pressure during excavation,results in the formation of water inrush pathways.Advanced grouting and sectional excavation effectively reduced the plastic zone and vertical deformation.This mitigation lessened support damage and decreased the likelihood of stratum collapse.This paper offers technical support and case analysis for the prevention of stratum collapse-induced water inrush in underwater blasting operations.展开更多
Emergency resources play a vital role in the emergency rescue process.The adequate and timely supply of emergency resources can effectively control the development of accidents and reduce accident losses.However,the c...Emergency resources play a vital role in the emergency rescue process.The adequate and timely supply of emergency resources can effectively control the development of accidents and reduce accident losses.However,the current emergency resource allocation of chemical enterprises lacks scientific analysis of accident scenarios,and the individual allocation method of enterprises increases the cost of emergency resource allocation.Given the above problems,this paper proposes a regional collaborative allocation method of emergency resources for enterprises within the chemical industry park(CIP)based on the worst credible accident scenario(WCAS).Firstly,the concept and analysis method of the WCAS is proposed.Then,based on the characteristics and consequences of the accident,the mapping relationship between accident scenarios and emergency resources is established.Finally,an optimization model for regional collaborative allocation of emergency resources is constructed to determine the amount of emergency resource allocation for each enterprise.Through the case study,the emergency resource allocation method based on the WCAS analysis can better meet the demands of accident emergency rescue.Simultaneously,the regional collaborative allocation optimization model can strengthen the cooperation ability among enterprises,greatly reducing the cost of emergency resource allocation for each enterprise.展开更多
Domestic accidents (DA) are common in children and responsible for high morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Objective: This work aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of AD in children aged 0 to 15...Domestic accidents (DA) are common in children and responsible for high morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Objective: This work aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of AD in children aged 0 to 15 years in Libreville. Materials and Methods: All children aged 0 to 15 years who were victims of unintentional trauma occurring at home or in its immediate surroundings were included. We studied the mother’s age, family situation, socioeconomic level, type of housing, age and sex of the child, characteristics of AD and their management. Results: The majority of mothers lived in an intermediate dwelling (80.6%). They were married (37.1%), middle managers (58.2%) and of average socioeconomic level (60.5%). The average age of the mothers was 39.9 ± 11.4 years. Families with more than three children were most exposed (39.2%) to the occurrence of AD. The average age of the children was 6.5 ± 3.3 years with a male predominance. The sex ratio was 1.8. The most common ADs were falls (34.7%), followed by cuts (22.3%) and burns (17.7%). Wounds (54.4%), followed by burns (33%) and fractures (5.1%) were the main types of injuries. The upper limbs were the most affected body part (33.9%) followed by the lower limbs (30.1%) and the head (27.3%). The yard was the preferred location for ADs to occur (51.1%), and particularly during the holiday period (48.4%). The risk factors related to the occurrence of AD were age, socioeconomic level, number of children and type of housing. Care was provided at home in 51.9% of cases. Conclusion: The occurrence of AD in children is not negligible;hence the need to implement preventive measures to minimize their frequency.展开更多
Traffic intersections are incredibly dangerous for drivers and pedestrians. Statistics from both Canada and the U.S. show a high number of fatalities and serious injuries related to crashes at intersections. In Canada...Traffic intersections are incredibly dangerous for drivers and pedestrians. Statistics from both Canada and the U.S. show a high number of fatalities and serious injuries related to crashes at intersections. In Canada, during 2019, the National Collision Database shows that 28% of traffic fatalities and 42% of serious injuries occurred at intersections. Likewise, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA) found that about 40% of the estimated 5,811,000 accidents in the U.S. during the year studied were intersection-related crashes. In fact, a major survey by the car insurance industry found that nearly 85% of drivers could not identify the correct action to take when approaching a yellow traffic light at an intersection. One major reason for these accidents is the “yellow light dilemma,” the ambiguous situation where a driver should stop or proceed forward when unexpectedly faced with a yellow light. This situation is even further exacerbated by the tendency of aggressive drivers to inappropriately speed up on the yellow just to get through the traffic light. A survey of Canadian drivers conducted by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation found that 9% of drivers admitted to speeding up to get through a traffic light. Another reason for these accidents is the increased danger of making a left-hand turn on yellow. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA), left turns occur in approximately 22.2% of collisions—as opposed to just 1.2% for right turns. Moreover, a study by CNN found left turns are three times as likely to kill pedestrians than right turns. The reason left turns are so much more likely to cause an accident is because they take a driver against traffic and in the path of oncoming cars. Additionally, most of these left turns occur at the driver’s discretion—as opposed to the distressingly brief left-hand arrow at busy intersections. Drive Safe Now proposes a workable solution for reducing the number of accidents occurring during a yellow light at intersections. We believe this fairly simple solution will save lives, prevent injuries, reduce damage to public and private property, and decrease insurance costs.展开更多
Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Ba...Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Based on system and control theories,System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes(STAMP)is a widely recognized approach for accident analysis.In this paper,we propose a STAMP-Game model to analyze accidents in oil and gas storage and transportation systems.Stakeholders in accident analysis by STAMP can be regarded as players of a game.Game theory can,thus,be adopted in accident analysis to depict the competition and cooperation between stakeholders.Subsequently,we established a game model to study the strategies of both supervisory and supervised entities.The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed game model allows for identifying the effectiveness deficiency of the supervisory entity,and the safety and protection altitudes of the supervised entity.The STAMP-Game model can generate quantitative parameters for supporting the behavior and strategy selections of the supervisory and supervised entities.The quantitative data obtained can be used to guide the safety improvement,to reduce the costs of safety regulation violation and accident risk.展开更多
Introduction: Motorcyclists bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality from road accidents. In addition, the consequences of these accidents affect the ability of victims to return to work. This study a...Introduction: Motorcyclists bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality from road accidents. In addition, the consequences of these accidents affect the ability of victims to return to work. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with non-return to work among surviving motorcyclists involved in road accidents 12 months after the event. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted using data from a cohort of motorcyclists involved in accidents and recruited in five hospitals in Benin from July 2019 to January 2020. The dependent variable was non-return to work 12 months after the accident (yes vs no). The independent variables were categorized into two groups: baseline and 12-month follow-up variables. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with non-return to work at 12 months among the participants. Results: Among the 362 participants, 55 (15.19%, 95% CI = 11.84 - 19.29) had not returned to work 12 months after the accident. Risk factors for non-return to work identified were: smoking (aOR = 4.41, 95% CI = 1.44 - 13.56, p = 0.010), hospitalization (aOR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.14 - 7.24, p Conclusion: The prevalence of non-return to work at 12 months was high among surviving motorcyclists involved in road accidents in Benin. Integrated support for patients based on identified risk factors should effectively improve their return to work.展开更多
The phenomenology involved in severe accidents in nuclear reactors is highly complex.Currently,integrated analysis programs used for severe accident analysis heavily rely on custom empirical parameters,which introduce...The phenomenology involved in severe accidents in nuclear reactors is highly complex.Currently,integrated analysis programs used for severe accident analysis heavily rely on custom empirical parameters,which introduce considerable uncertainty.Therefore,in recent years,the field of severe accidents has shifted its focus toward applying uncertainty analysis methods to quantify uncertainty in safety assessment programs,known as“best estimate plus uncertainty(BEPU).”This approach aids in enhancing our comprehension of these programs and their further development and improvement.This study concentrates on a third-generation pressurized water reactor equipped with advanced active and passive mitigation strategies.Through an Integrated Severe Accident Analysis Program(ISAA),numerical modeling and uncertainty analysis were conducted on severe accidents resulting from large break loss of coolant accidents.Seventeen uncertainty parameters of the ISAA program were meticulously screened.Using Wilks'formula,the developed uncertainty program code,SAUP,was employed to carry out Latin hypercube sampling,while ISAA was employed to execute batch calculations.Statistical analysis was then conducted on two figures of merit,namely hydrogen generation and the release of fission products within the pressure vessel.Uncertainty calculations revealed that hydrogen production and the fraction of fission product released exhibited a normal distribution,ranging from 182.784 to 330.664 kg and from 15.6 to 84.3%,respectively.The ratio of hydrogen production to reactor thermal power fell within the range of 0.0578–0.105.A sensitivity analysis was performed for uncertain input parameters,revealing significant correlations between the failure temperature of the cladding oxide layer,maximum melt flow rate,size of the particulate debris,and porosity of the debris with both hydrogen generation and the release of fission products.展开更多
The reactor coolant pump(RCP)rotor seizure accident is defined as a short-time seizure of the RCP rotor.This event typically leads to an abrupt flow decrease in the corresponding loop and an ensuing reactor and turbin...The reactor coolant pump(RCP)rotor seizure accident is defined as a short-time seizure of the RCP rotor.This event typically leads to an abrupt flow decrease in the corresponding loop and an ensuing reactor and turbine trip.The significant reduction of core coolant flow while the reactor is being operated at full load can have very negative consequences.This potentially dangerous event is typically characterized by a complex transient behavior in terms of flow conditions and energy transformation,which need to be analyzed and understood.This study constructed transient flow and rotational speed mathematical models under various degrees of rotor seizure using the test data collected from a dedicated transient rotor seizure test system.Then,bidirectional fluid-solid coupling simulations were conducted to investigate the flow evolution mechanism.It is found that the influence of the impeller structure size and transient braking acceleration on the unsteady head(Hu)is dominant in rotor seizure accident events.Moreover,the present results also show that the rotational acceleration additional head(Hu1)is much higher than the instantaneous head(Hu2).展开更多
Human agency has become increasingly limited in complex systems with increasingly automated decision-making capabilities.For instance,human occupants are passengers and do not have direct vehicle control in fully auto...Human agency has become increasingly limited in complex systems with increasingly automated decision-making capabilities.For instance,human occupants are passengers and do not have direct vehicle control in fully automated cars(i.e.,driverless cars).An interesting question is whether users are responsible for the accidents of these cars.Normative ethical and legal analyses frequently argue that individuals should not bear responsibility for harm beyond their control.Here,we consider human judgment of responsibility for accidents involving fully automated cars through three studies with seven experiments(N=2668).We compared the responsibility attributed to the occupants in three conditions:an owner in his private fully automated car,a passenger in a driverless robotaxi,and a passenger in a conventional taxi,where none of these three occupants have direct vehicle control over the involved vehicles that cause identical pedestrian injury.In contrast to normative analyses,we show that the occupants of driverless cars(private cars and robotaxis)are attributed more responsibility than conventional taxi passengers.This dilemma is robust across different contexts(e.g.,participants from China vs the Republic of Korea,participants with first-vs third-person perspectives,and occupant presence vs absence).Furthermore,we observe that this is not due to the perception that these occupants have greater control over driving but because they are more expected to foresee the potential consequences of using driverless cars.Our findings suggest that when driverless vehicles(private cars and taxis)cause harm,their users may face more social pressure,which public discourse and legal regulations should manage appropriately.展开更多
[Background]The previous studies suggest that radioactive elements like Cs and Sr may adversely affect marine ecosystems and the fishing industry.Traditional treatment systems for radioactive wastewater like the Advan...[Background]The previous studies suggest that radioactive elements like Cs and Sr may adversely affect marine ecosystems and the fishing industry.Traditional treatment systems for radioactive wastewater like the Advanced Liquid Processing System(ALPS)and Kurion have faced challenges in limiting concentration and achieving safety criteria.Studies suggest potential long-term impacts on benthic organisms and seafood networks due to radioactive elements like Cs and Sr from the discharged radioactive wastewater,which may hinder post-disaster recovery and provoke economic losses in the fishing industry both domestically and internationally.A series of studies indicate that there are issues of Cs and Sr pollution migration in soil and water conservation in Fukushima.[Methods]To provide feasible solutions,the main article includes five nuclear wastewater treatment technologies,and soil and water conservation measures for different media(water and soil)were evaluated through reviewing the previous fifteen years'articles.To provide feasible solutions,the main articles,the phytoextraction technologies in Cs and Sr treatment within different land use areas were wildly analyzed(Camellia japonica,Arabidopsis halleri and other local species).[Results]1)A 99.9%removal rate for Cs^(+)and 99.5%for Sr^(2+)was achieved by the KFe[Fe(CN)_(6)]and BaSO_(4)co-precipitation method.2)For membrane filtration,Sr^(2+)and Cs^(+)were removed using metal-organic framework(MOF/graphene oxide)and ion exchange techniques using inorganic materials like titanosilicates.The absorption efficiency of membrane filtration for Sr^(2+)and Cs^(+)was at least 92%and 94%,respectively.The study analyzed soil and water conservation technologies in different land uses,river basins and catchments.3)The underground water treatment mainly were completed via the membrance technologies like reverse osmosis and Permeable Reactive Barriers(PRB)technologies.The ^(90) Sr concentration decreased 77%-91%compared to the initial concentration by PRB technology.These diverse methods offered effective strategies for radioactive wastewater treatment,especially the co-precipitation method may be feasible remediation measures to ensure ecological safety surrounding nuclear power utilizing areas.Soil and water conservation measures for soil pollution treatment mainly focused on the use of stabilizers to hinder the migration of Cs and Sr in the soil and the effects of wind erosion such as interpolyelectrolyte complexes.[Conclusions]We evaluated the pollution of Cs and Sr in the Fukushima nuclear radiation soil and water to provide solutions for the treatment of nuclear wastewater and to prevent radionuclide pollutants from migrating into the soil and water.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular accident(CVA)is a major global contributor to death and disability.As part of its medical management,researchers have recognized the importance of promising neuroprotective strategies,where ...BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular accident(CVA)is a major global contributor to death and disability.As part of its medical management,researchers have recognized the importance of promising neuroprotective strategies,where stem cell transplantation(SCT)is thought to confer advantages via trophic and neuroprotective effects.AIM To evaluate the current state of research on SCT in patients with CVA,assess key trends and highlight literature gaps.METHODS PubMed was screened for SCT in CVA-related articles in October 2023,for each country during the period between 2000 and 2023.Using the World Bank data,total population and gross domestic product were collected for comparison.VOSviewer_1.6.19 was used to create the VOS figure using the results of the same query.Graphs and tables were obtained using Microsoft Office Excel.RESULTS A total of 6923 studies were identified on SCT in CVA,making 0.03%of all published studies worldwide.Approximately,68%were conducted in high-income countries,with a significant focus on mesenchymal stem cells.The journal“Stroke”featured the largest share of these articles,with mesenchymal SCT having the highest rate of inclusion,followed by hematopoietic SCT.Over time,there has been a noticeable shift from in vitro studies,which assess stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis,to in vivo studies aimed at evaluating efficacy and safety.Additionally,the number of reviews increased along this approach.CONCLUSION This bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive guide for physicians and researchers in the field through an objective overview of research activity,and highlights both current trends and gaps.Having a potential therapeutic role in CVA,more research is needed in the future to focus on different aspects of SCT,aiming to reach a better treatment strategy and improve life quality in patients.展开更多
Traffic accidents involving pedestrians and drivers pose significant public health and safety concerns.Understanding the differential influences of road physical design attributes on crash frequencies for these two gr...Traffic accidents involving pedestrians and drivers pose significant public health and safety concerns.Understanding the differential influences of road physical design attributes on crash frequencies for these two groups is critical for developing targeted safety interventions.Considering that the zero-truncated characteristic of the data is uncertain,the results of the zero-truncated negative binomial models and traditional negative binomial models are calculated to seek the better model.The result revealed that the road surface conditions and vertical and horizontal curvature have greater influence on both pedestrian and driver compared to number of lanes and speed limit.And speed limits were more pronounced for pedestrian crash frequency than driver group.Conversely,the effect of different types of intersections was stronger for driver crash frequency.The differential influences of road physical design attributes on traffic crash frequencies for pedestrians versus drivers highlight the importance of adopting a user-centric approach to transportation safety planning and infrastructure design.Tailoring interventions to address the unique needs and vulnerabilities of different road user groups can lead to more effective safety improvements and better overall traffic safety outcomes.展开更多
Hydrogen challenge mitigation stands as one of the main objectives in the management of severe accidents at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Key strategies for hydrogen control include atmospheric inertization and hydroge...Hydrogen challenge mitigation stands as one of the main objectives in the management of severe accidents at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Key strategies for hydrogen control include atmospheric inertization and hydrogen removal with Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PARs) being a commonly accepted approach. However, an examination of PAR operation specificity reveals potential inefficiencies and reliability issues in certain severe accident scenarios. Moreover, during the in-vessel stage of severe accident development, in some severe accident scenarios PARs can unexpectedly become a source of hydrogen detonation. The effectiveness of hydrogen removal systems depends on various factors, including the chosen strategies, severe accident scenarios, reactor building design, and other influencing factors. Consequently, a comprehensive hydrogen mitigation strategy must effectively incorporate a combination of strategies rather than be based on one strategy, taking into consideration the probabilistic risks and uncertainties associated with the implementation of PARs or other traditional methods. In response to these considerations, within the framework of this research it has been suggested a conceptual strategy to mitigate the hydrogen challenge during the in-vessel stage of severe accident development.展开更多
The marine accidents are among the main components of the Zanzibar Disaster Management Policy (2011) and the Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy (2020). These policies aimed to institute legal frame works and procedures for ...The marine accidents are among the main components of the Zanzibar Disaster Management Policy (2011) and the Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy (2020). These policies aimed to institute legal frame works and procedures for reducing both the frequency of marine accidents and their associated fatalities. These fatalities include deaths, permanent disabilities and loss of properties which may result into increased poverty levels as per the sustainable development goal one (SDG1) which stipulates on ending the poverty in all its forms everywhere. Thus, in the way to support these Government efforts, the influence of climate and weather on marine accidents along Zanzibar and Pemba Channels was investigated. The study used the 10 years (2013-2022) records of daily rainfall and hourly wind speed acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) (for the observation stations of Zanzibar, Pemba, Dares Salaam and Tanga), and the significant wave heights data, which was freely downloaded from Globally Forecasting System (GFS-World model of 13 km resolution). The marine accident records were collected from TASAC and Zanzibar Maritime Authority (ZMA), and the anecdotal information was collected from heads of quay and boat captains in different areas of Zanzibar. The Mann Kendal test, was used to determine the slopes and trends direction of used weather parameters, while the Pearson correlations analysis and t-tests were used to understand the significance of the underlying relationship between the weather and marine accidents. The paired t-test was used to evaluate the extent to which weather parameters affect the marine accidents. Results revealed that the variability of extreme weather events (rainfall, ocean waves and wind speed) was seen to be among the key factors for most of the recorded marine accidents. For instance, in Pemba high rainfall showed an increasing trend of extreme rainfall events, while Zanzibar has shown a decreasing trend of these events. As for extreme wind events, results show that Dar es Salaam and Tanga had an increasing trend, while Zanzibar and Pemba had shown a decreasing trend. As for the monthly variability of frequencies of extreme rainfall events, March to May (MAM) season was shown to have the highest frequencies over all stations with the peaks at Zanzibar and Pemba. On the other hand, high frequency of extreme wind speed was observed from May to September with peaks in June to July, and the highest strength was observed during 09:00 to 15:00 GMT. Moreover, results revealed an increasing trend of marine accidents caused by bad weather except during November. Also, results showed that bad weather conditions contributed to 48 (32%) of all 150 recorded accidents. Further results revealed significant correlation between the extreme wind and marine accidents, with the highest strong correlation of r = 0.71 (at p ≤ 0.007) and r = 0.75 (at p ≤ 0.009) at Tanga and Pemba, indicating the occurrence of more marine accidents at the Pemba channel. Indeed, strong correlation of r = 0.6 between extreme rainfall events and marine accidents was shown in Pemba, while the correlations between extremely significant wave heights and marine accidents were r = 0.41 (at p ≤ 0.006) and r = 0.34 (p ≤ 0.0006) for Pemba and Zanzibar Channel, respectively. In conclusion, the study has shown high influence between marine accidents and bad weather events with more impacts in Pemba and Zanzibar. Thus, the study calls for more work to be undertaken to raise the awareness on marine accidents as a way to alleviate the poverty and enhance the sustainable blue economy.展开更多
A mathematical model describing the risks of road accidents has been built on the basis of statistical data of drivers’ accident rate. It has been revealed that drivers can be divided by the degree of their accident ...A mathematical model describing the risks of road accidents has been built on the basis of statistical data of drivers’ accident rate. It has been revealed that drivers can be divided by the degree of their accident proneness into four categories with sharply differing probabilities of road accidents. It has been shown that there is a possibility of classification of drivers in accordance with specified categories.展开更多
Introduction: Though common in society, caustic accidental ingestion is rare in the agricultural industry. This study describes a case of ingestion of nitric acid used as an agricultural fertilizer by an ordinary work...Introduction: Though common in society, caustic accidental ingestion is rare in the agricultural industry. This study describes a case of ingestion of nitric acid used as an agricultural fertilizer by an ordinary worker at the Société de Cultures Légumières. Clinical Case: This is a 33-year-old unschooled woman who ingested a sip of nitric acid from an abandoned labelled acid canister near a farming plot of land. She showed a burn of the oral cavity with a bleeding tablecloth and an intense retrosternal pain. The duodenal oesophagus fibroscopy screening that was carried out 18 hours after the accident, revealed an esophagitis class 2b. The tests revealed no anomalies. Fifteen (15) days after the accident, the FOGD was normal. Following an 8-month-follow up, no signs of stenosis or degeneration were noted. Conclusion: The accidental ingestion of nitric acid is rare in adult. Its treatment is mainly symptomatic and aims at preserving vital functions without directly fighting the ingested substance off. The right actions must be integrated into the 15-minute Health and Safety awarenesssessions for optimum pre-hospital management. The hospital evaluation is mandatory and is carried out thanks to the digestive endoscopy, which is still relevant in this indication, but is completed by the thoraco-abdominal CT. The latter is very sensitive the transmural necrosis diagnosis.展开更多
Introduction: Children involved in road accidents most often suffer head or limb injuries. The severity of these injuries varies according to the age of the child, the type of road user and whether or not protective d...Introduction: Children involved in road accidents most often suffer head or limb injuries. The severity of these injuries varies according to the age of the child, the type of road user and whether or not protective devices are used. The aim of this study was to carry out a census of admissions and to identify the epidemiological and clinical profile of children involved in road traffic accidents at Donka National Hospital. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of children involved in traffic accidents over a 3-month period from September 1 to November 30, 2021. All children admitted to the emergency department for a traffic accident were included in the study. Results: During the study period, 435/530 children (82.1%) were victims of road accidents. Boys accounted for 54.94% of cases, compared with 45.06% for girls. The age group most affected was 12-17 years old (48.97%). October had the highest accident rate (36.4%). Pedestrians are most affected (52.87%). Bicycles and mopeds were involved in 59.77% of accidents. Head injury was the most frequent pathology (33.33%). The study showed that 12.64% of victims were referred to intensive care, pediatric surgery, etc. We recorded 8 cases of death (1.84%). Conclusion: This study highlighted the characteristics, incidence and risk factors for accidents in children admitted to emergency departments. Accident prevention, particularly serious accidents in children, requires more precise knowledge of the factors and circumstances leading to their occurrence.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2021YFB3301100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52004014)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(ZY2406).
文摘This paper proposed a new systematic approach-functional evidential reasoning model(FERM) for exploring hazardous chemical operational accidents under uncertainty. First, FERM was introduced to identify various causal factors and their performance changes in hazardous chemical operational accidents, along with determining the functional failure link relationships. Subsequently, FERM was employed to elucidate both qualitative and quantitative operational accident information within a unified framework, which could be regarded as the input of information fusion to obtain the fuzzy belief distribution of each cause factor. Finally, the derived risk values of the causal factors were ranked while constructing multi-level accident causation chains to unveil the weak links in system functionality and the primary roots of operational accidents. Using the specific case of the “1·15” major explosion and fire accident at Liaoning Panjin Haoye Chemical Co., Ltd., seven causal factors and their corresponding performance changes were identified. Additionally, five accident causation chains were uncovered based on the fuzzy joint distribution of the functional assessment level(FAL) and reliability distribution(RD),revealing an overall increase in risk along the accident evolution path. The research findings demonstrated that FERM enabled the effective characterization, rational quantification and accurate analysis of the inherent uncertainties in hazardous chemical operational accident risks from a systemic perspective.
基金funded by the Technology Research and Development Plan Program of China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.(No.Q2024T001)the Foundation of China Academy of Railway Sciences Co.,Ltd.(No:2024YJ259).
文摘Purpose–This study aims to enhance the accuracy of key entity extraction from railway accident report texts and address challenges such as complex domain-specific semantics,data sparsity and strong inter-sentence semantic dependencies.A robust entity extraction method tailored for accident texts is proposed.Design/methodology/approach–This method is implemented through a dual-branch multi-task mutual learning model named R-MLP,which jointly performs entity recognition and accident phase classification.The model leverages a shared BERT encoder to extract contextual features and incorporates a sentence span indexing module to align feature granularity.A cross-task mutual learning mechanism is also introduced to strengthen semantic representation.Findings–R-MLP effectively mitigates the impact of semantic complexity and data sparsity in domain entities and enhances the model’s ability to capture inter-sentence semantic dependencies.Experimental results show that R-MLP achieves a maximum F1-score of 0.736 in extracting six types of key railway accident entities,significantly outperforming baseline models such as RoBERTa and MacBERT.Originality/value–This demonstrates the proposed method’s superior generalization and accuracy in domainspecific entity extraction tasks,confirming its effectiveness and practical value.
文摘A literature review on AI applications in the field of railway safety shows that the implemented approaches mainly concern the operational,maintenance,and feedback phases following railway incidents or accidents.These approaches exploit railway safety data once the transport system has received authorization for commissioning.However,railway standards and regulations require the development of a safety management system(SMS)from the specification and design phases of the railway system.This article proposes a new AI approach for analyzing and assessing safety from the specification and design phases of the railway system with a view to improving the development of the SMS.Unlike some learning methods,the proposed approach,which is dedicated in particular to safety assessment bodies,is based on semi-supervised learning carried out in close collaboration with safety experts who contributed to the development of a database of potential accident scenarios(learning example database)relating to the risk of rail collision.The proposed decision support is based on the use of an expert system whose knowledge base is automatically generated by inductive learning in the form of an association rule(rule base)and whose main objective is to suggest to the safety expert possible hazards not considered during the development of the SMS to complete the initial hazard register.
基金supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2023JBRC005)Natu-ral Science Foundation Committee Program of China(Grant No.52308388)+1 种基金fund of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Pre-vention and Geoenvironment Protection(Chengdu University of Tech-nology)(No.SKLGP2024K008)open project of State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring and Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure,East China Jiaotong University(No.HIGZ2023101).
文摘As tunnel engineering progresses,the complexity of geological strata and the presence of water bodies beneath tunnels have exacerbated the risk of water inrush incidents.Mutation theory is utilized to elucidate the mech-anisms underlying stratum collapse-induced water inrush,with the Shijingshan Tunnel’s water inrush pattern identified as stratum collapse-induced.Finite element method(FEM)numerical models were developed for four conditions:original tunnel,Grade III surrounding rock,advanced grouting reinforcement,and sectional exca-vation.The evolution of the plastic zone,deformation,and support forces in the surrounding rock was compared across these models.The study demonstrates that shear failure of the rock mass,induced by concentrated stress and water pressure during excavation,results in the formation of water inrush pathways.Advanced grouting and sectional excavation effectively reduced the plastic zone and vertical deformation.This mitigation lessened support damage and decreased the likelihood of stratum collapse.This paper offers technical support and case analysis for the prevention of stratum collapse-induced water inrush in underwater blasting operations.
基金support provided by the Qingdao Science and Technology Benefits People Demonstration and Guidance Project(21-1-4-sf-4-nsh).
文摘Emergency resources play a vital role in the emergency rescue process.The adequate and timely supply of emergency resources can effectively control the development of accidents and reduce accident losses.However,the current emergency resource allocation of chemical enterprises lacks scientific analysis of accident scenarios,and the individual allocation method of enterprises increases the cost of emergency resource allocation.Given the above problems,this paper proposes a regional collaborative allocation method of emergency resources for enterprises within the chemical industry park(CIP)based on the worst credible accident scenario(WCAS).Firstly,the concept and analysis method of the WCAS is proposed.Then,based on the characteristics and consequences of the accident,the mapping relationship between accident scenarios and emergency resources is established.Finally,an optimization model for regional collaborative allocation of emergency resources is constructed to determine the amount of emergency resource allocation for each enterprise.Through the case study,the emergency resource allocation method based on the WCAS analysis can better meet the demands of accident emergency rescue.Simultaneously,the regional collaborative allocation optimization model can strengthen the cooperation ability among enterprises,greatly reducing the cost of emergency resource allocation for each enterprise.
文摘Domestic accidents (DA) are common in children and responsible for high morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Objective: This work aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of AD in children aged 0 to 15 years in Libreville. Materials and Methods: All children aged 0 to 15 years who were victims of unintentional trauma occurring at home or in its immediate surroundings were included. We studied the mother’s age, family situation, socioeconomic level, type of housing, age and sex of the child, characteristics of AD and their management. Results: The majority of mothers lived in an intermediate dwelling (80.6%). They were married (37.1%), middle managers (58.2%) and of average socioeconomic level (60.5%). The average age of the mothers was 39.9 ± 11.4 years. Families with more than three children were most exposed (39.2%) to the occurrence of AD. The average age of the children was 6.5 ± 3.3 years with a male predominance. The sex ratio was 1.8. The most common ADs were falls (34.7%), followed by cuts (22.3%) and burns (17.7%). Wounds (54.4%), followed by burns (33%) and fractures (5.1%) were the main types of injuries. The upper limbs were the most affected body part (33.9%) followed by the lower limbs (30.1%) and the head (27.3%). The yard was the preferred location for ADs to occur (51.1%), and particularly during the holiday period (48.4%). The risk factors related to the occurrence of AD were age, socioeconomic level, number of children and type of housing. Care was provided at home in 51.9% of cases. Conclusion: The occurrence of AD in children is not negligible;hence the need to implement preventive measures to minimize their frequency.
文摘Traffic intersections are incredibly dangerous for drivers and pedestrians. Statistics from both Canada and the U.S. show a high number of fatalities and serious injuries related to crashes at intersections. In Canada, during 2019, the National Collision Database shows that 28% of traffic fatalities and 42% of serious injuries occurred at intersections. Likewise, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA) found that about 40% of the estimated 5,811,000 accidents in the U.S. during the year studied were intersection-related crashes. In fact, a major survey by the car insurance industry found that nearly 85% of drivers could not identify the correct action to take when approaching a yellow traffic light at an intersection. One major reason for these accidents is the “yellow light dilemma,” the ambiguous situation where a driver should stop or proceed forward when unexpectedly faced with a yellow light. This situation is even further exacerbated by the tendency of aggressive drivers to inappropriately speed up on the yellow just to get through the traffic light. A survey of Canadian drivers conducted by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation found that 9% of drivers admitted to speeding up to get through a traffic light. Another reason for these accidents is the increased danger of making a left-hand turn on yellow. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA), left turns occur in approximately 22.2% of collisions—as opposed to just 1.2% for right turns. Moreover, a study by CNN found left turns are three times as likely to kill pedestrians than right turns. The reason left turns are so much more likely to cause an accident is because they take a driver against traffic and in the path of oncoming cars. Additionally, most of these left turns occur at the driver’s discretion—as opposed to the distressingly brief left-hand arrow at busy intersections. Drive Safe Now proposes a workable solution for reducing the number of accidents occurring during a yellow light at intersections. We believe this fairly simple solution will save lives, prevent injuries, reduce damage to public and private property, and decrease insurance costs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52004030)the R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.KM202310016003)the Exchange Program of High-end Foreign Experts of Ministry of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.G2022178013L)。
文摘Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Based on system and control theories,System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes(STAMP)is a widely recognized approach for accident analysis.In this paper,we propose a STAMP-Game model to analyze accidents in oil and gas storage and transportation systems.Stakeholders in accident analysis by STAMP can be regarded as players of a game.Game theory can,thus,be adopted in accident analysis to depict the competition and cooperation between stakeholders.Subsequently,we established a game model to study the strategies of both supervisory and supervised entities.The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed game model allows for identifying the effectiveness deficiency of the supervisory entity,and the safety and protection altitudes of the supervised entity.The STAMP-Game model can generate quantitative parameters for supporting the behavior and strategy selections of the supervisory and supervised entities.The quantitative data obtained can be used to guide the safety improvement,to reduce the costs of safety regulation violation and accident risk.
文摘Introduction: Motorcyclists bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality from road accidents. In addition, the consequences of these accidents affect the ability of victims to return to work. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with non-return to work among surviving motorcyclists involved in road accidents 12 months after the event. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted using data from a cohort of motorcyclists involved in accidents and recruited in five hospitals in Benin from July 2019 to January 2020. The dependent variable was non-return to work 12 months after the accident (yes vs no). The independent variables were categorized into two groups: baseline and 12-month follow-up variables. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with non-return to work at 12 months among the participants. Results: Among the 362 participants, 55 (15.19%, 95% CI = 11.84 - 19.29) had not returned to work 12 months after the accident. Risk factors for non-return to work identified were: smoking (aOR = 4.41, 95% CI = 1.44 - 13.56, p = 0.010), hospitalization (aOR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.14 - 7.24, p Conclusion: The prevalence of non-return to work at 12 months was high among surviving motorcyclists involved in road accidents in Benin. Integrated support for patients based on identified risk factors should effectively improve their return to work.
基金This work was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12375176).
文摘The phenomenology involved in severe accidents in nuclear reactors is highly complex.Currently,integrated analysis programs used for severe accident analysis heavily rely on custom empirical parameters,which introduce considerable uncertainty.Therefore,in recent years,the field of severe accidents has shifted its focus toward applying uncertainty analysis methods to quantify uncertainty in safety assessment programs,known as“best estimate plus uncertainty(BEPU).”This approach aids in enhancing our comprehension of these programs and their further development and improvement.This study concentrates on a third-generation pressurized water reactor equipped with advanced active and passive mitigation strategies.Through an Integrated Severe Accident Analysis Program(ISAA),numerical modeling and uncertainty analysis were conducted on severe accidents resulting from large break loss of coolant accidents.Seventeen uncertainty parameters of the ISAA program were meticulously screened.Using Wilks'formula,the developed uncertainty program code,SAUP,was employed to carry out Latin hypercube sampling,while ISAA was employed to execute batch calculations.Statistical analysis was then conducted on two figures of merit,namely hydrogen generation and the release of fission products within the pressure vessel.Uncertainty calculations revealed that hydrogen production and the fraction of fission product released exhibited a normal distribution,ranging from 182.784 to 330.664 kg and from 15.6 to 84.3%,respectively.The ratio of hydrogen production to reactor thermal power fell within the range of 0.0578–0.105.A sensitivity analysis was performed for uncertain input parameters,revealing significant correlations between the failure temperature of the cladding oxide layer,maximum melt flow rate,size of the particulate debris,and porosity of the debris with both hydrogen generation and the release of fission products.
基金National Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund Key Project(U20A20292)Task Book for Shandong Provincial Science and Technology Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Innovation Capability Enhancement Engineering Project(2023TSGC0005).
文摘The reactor coolant pump(RCP)rotor seizure accident is defined as a short-time seizure of the RCP rotor.This event typically leads to an abrupt flow decrease in the corresponding loop and an ensuing reactor and turbine trip.The significant reduction of core coolant flow while the reactor is being operated at full load can have very negative consequences.This potentially dangerous event is typically characterized by a complex transient behavior in terms of flow conditions and energy transformation,which need to be analyzed and understood.This study constructed transient flow and rotational speed mathematical models under various degrees of rotor seizure using the test data collected from a dedicated transient rotor seizure test system.Then,bidirectional fluid-solid coupling simulations were conducted to investigate the flow evolution mechanism.It is found that the influence of the impeller structure size and transient braking acceleration on the unsteady head(Hu)is dominant in rotor seizure accident events.Moreover,the present results also show that the rotational acceleration additional head(Hu1)is much higher than the instantaneous head(Hu2).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72071143)。
文摘Human agency has become increasingly limited in complex systems with increasingly automated decision-making capabilities.For instance,human occupants are passengers and do not have direct vehicle control in fully automated cars(i.e.,driverless cars).An interesting question is whether users are responsible for the accidents of these cars.Normative ethical and legal analyses frequently argue that individuals should not bear responsibility for harm beyond their control.Here,we consider human judgment of responsibility for accidents involving fully automated cars through three studies with seven experiments(N=2668).We compared the responsibility attributed to the occupants in three conditions:an owner in his private fully automated car,a passenger in a driverless robotaxi,and a passenger in a conventional taxi,where none of these three occupants have direct vehicle control over the involved vehicles that cause identical pedestrian injury.In contrast to normative analyses,we show that the occupants of driverless cars(private cars and robotaxis)are attributed more responsibility than conventional taxi passengers.This dilemma is robust across different contexts(e.g.,participants from China vs the Republic of Korea,participants with first-vs third-person perspectives,and occupant presence vs absence).Furthermore,we observe that this is not due to the perception that these occupants have greater control over driving but because they are more expected to foresee the potential consequences of using driverless cars.Our findings suggest that when driverless vehicles(private cars and taxis)cause harm,their users may face more social pressure,which public discourse and legal regulations should manage appropriately.
基金Xiong′an New Area Science and Technology Innovation Project(2022XACX1000)。
文摘[Background]The previous studies suggest that radioactive elements like Cs and Sr may adversely affect marine ecosystems and the fishing industry.Traditional treatment systems for radioactive wastewater like the Advanced Liquid Processing System(ALPS)and Kurion have faced challenges in limiting concentration and achieving safety criteria.Studies suggest potential long-term impacts on benthic organisms and seafood networks due to radioactive elements like Cs and Sr from the discharged radioactive wastewater,which may hinder post-disaster recovery and provoke economic losses in the fishing industry both domestically and internationally.A series of studies indicate that there are issues of Cs and Sr pollution migration in soil and water conservation in Fukushima.[Methods]To provide feasible solutions,the main article includes five nuclear wastewater treatment technologies,and soil and water conservation measures for different media(water and soil)were evaluated through reviewing the previous fifteen years'articles.To provide feasible solutions,the main articles,the phytoextraction technologies in Cs and Sr treatment within different land use areas were wildly analyzed(Camellia japonica,Arabidopsis halleri and other local species).[Results]1)A 99.9%removal rate for Cs^(+)and 99.5%for Sr^(2+)was achieved by the KFe[Fe(CN)_(6)]and BaSO_(4)co-precipitation method.2)For membrane filtration,Sr^(2+)and Cs^(+)were removed using metal-organic framework(MOF/graphene oxide)and ion exchange techniques using inorganic materials like titanosilicates.The absorption efficiency of membrane filtration for Sr^(2+)and Cs^(+)was at least 92%and 94%,respectively.The study analyzed soil and water conservation technologies in different land uses,river basins and catchments.3)The underground water treatment mainly were completed via the membrance technologies like reverse osmosis and Permeable Reactive Barriers(PRB)technologies.The ^(90) Sr concentration decreased 77%-91%compared to the initial concentration by PRB technology.These diverse methods offered effective strategies for radioactive wastewater treatment,especially the co-precipitation method may be feasible remediation measures to ensure ecological safety surrounding nuclear power utilizing areas.Soil and water conservation measures for soil pollution treatment mainly focused on the use of stabilizers to hinder the migration of Cs and Sr in the soil and the effects of wind erosion such as interpolyelectrolyte complexes.[Conclusions]We evaluated the pollution of Cs and Sr in the Fukushima nuclear radiation soil and water to provide solutions for the treatment of nuclear wastewater and to prevent radionuclide pollutants from migrating into the soil and water.
文摘BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular accident(CVA)is a major global contributor to death and disability.As part of its medical management,researchers have recognized the importance of promising neuroprotective strategies,where stem cell transplantation(SCT)is thought to confer advantages via trophic and neuroprotective effects.AIM To evaluate the current state of research on SCT in patients with CVA,assess key trends and highlight literature gaps.METHODS PubMed was screened for SCT in CVA-related articles in October 2023,for each country during the period between 2000 and 2023.Using the World Bank data,total population and gross domestic product were collected for comparison.VOSviewer_1.6.19 was used to create the VOS figure using the results of the same query.Graphs and tables were obtained using Microsoft Office Excel.RESULTS A total of 6923 studies were identified on SCT in CVA,making 0.03%of all published studies worldwide.Approximately,68%were conducted in high-income countries,with a significant focus on mesenchymal stem cells.The journal“Stroke”featured the largest share of these articles,with mesenchymal SCT having the highest rate of inclusion,followed by hematopoietic SCT.Over time,there has been a noticeable shift from in vitro studies,which assess stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis,to in vivo studies aimed at evaluating efficacy and safety.Additionally,the number of reviews increased along this approach.CONCLUSION This bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive guide for physicians and researchers in the field through an objective overview of research activity,and highlights both current trends and gaps.Having a potential therapeutic role in CVA,more research is needed in the future to focus on different aspects of SCT,aiming to reach a better treatment strategy and improve life quality in patients.
基金Projects(52102407,52472354)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Traffic accidents involving pedestrians and drivers pose significant public health and safety concerns.Understanding the differential influences of road physical design attributes on crash frequencies for these two groups is critical for developing targeted safety interventions.Considering that the zero-truncated characteristic of the data is uncertain,the results of the zero-truncated negative binomial models and traditional negative binomial models are calculated to seek the better model.The result revealed that the road surface conditions and vertical and horizontal curvature have greater influence on both pedestrian and driver compared to number of lanes and speed limit.And speed limits were more pronounced for pedestrian crash frequency than driver group.Conversely,the effect of different types of intersections was stronger for driver crash frequency.The differential influences of road physical design attributes on traffic crash frequencies for pedestrians versus drivers highlight the importance of adopting a user-centric approach to transportation safety planning and infrastructure design.Tailoring interventions to address the unique needs and vulnerabilities of different road user groups can lead to more effective safety improvements and better overall traffic safety outcomes.
文摘Hydrogen challenge mitigation stands as one of the main objectives in the management of severe accidents at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Key strategies for hydrogen control include atmospheric inertization and hydrogen removal with Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PARs) being a commonly accepted approach. However, an examination of PAR operation specificity reveals potential inefficiencies and reliability issues in certain severe accident scenarios. Moreover, during the in-vessel stage of severe accident development, in some severe accident scenarios PARs can unexpectedly become a source of hydrogen detonation. The effectiveness of hydrogen removal systems depends on various factors, including the chosen strategies, severe accident scenarios, reactor building design, and other influencing factors. Consequently, a comprehensive hydrogen mitigation strategy must effectively incorporate a combination of strategies rather than be based on one strategy, taking into consideration the probabilistic risks and uncertainties associated with the implementation of PARs or other traditional methods. In response to these considerations, within the framework of this research it has been suggested a conceptual strategy to mitigate the hydrogen challenge during the in-vessel stage of severe accident development.
文摘The marine accidents are among the main components of the Zanzibar Disaster Management Policy (2011) and the Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy (2020). These policies aimed to institute legal frame works and procedures for reducing both the frequency of marine accidents and their associated fatalities. These fatalities include deaths, permanent disabilities and loss of properties which may result into increased poverty levels as per the sustainable development goal one (SDG1) which stipulates on ending the poverty in all its forms everywhere. Thus, in the way to support these Government efforts, the influence of climate and weather on marine accidents along Zanzibar and Pemba Channels was investigated. The study used the 10 years (2013-2022) records of daily rainfall and hourly wind speed acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) (for the observation stations of Zanzibar, Pemba, Dares Salaam and Tanga), and the significant wave heights data, which was freely downloaded from Globally Forecasting System (GFS-World model of 13 km resolution). The marine accident records were collected from TASAC and Zanzibar Maritime Authority (ZMA), and the anecdotal information was collected from heads of quay and boat captains in different areas of Zanzibar. The Mann Kendal test, was used to determine the slopes and trends direction of used weather parameters, while the Pearson correlations analysis and t-tests were used to understand the significance of the underlying relationship between the weather and marine accidents. The paired t-test was used to evaluate the extent to which weather parameters affect the marine accidents. Results revealed that the variability of extreme weather events (rainfall, ocean waves and wind speed) was seen to be among the key factors for most of the recorded marine accidents. For instance, in Pemba high rainfall showed an increasing trend of extreme rainfall events, while Zanzibar has shown a decreasing trend of these events. As for extreme wind events, results show that Dar es Salaam and Tanga had an increasing trend, while Zanzibar and Pemba had shown a decreasing trend. As for the monthly variability of frequencies of extreme rainfall events, March to May (MAM) season was shown to have the highest frequencies over all stations with the peaks at Zanzibar and Pemba. On the other hand, high frequency of extreme wind speed was observed from May to September with peaks in June to July, and the highest strength was observed during 09:00 to 15:00 GMT. Moreover, results revealed an increasing trend of marine accidents caused by bad weather except during November. Also, results showed that bad weather conditions contributed to 48 (32%) of all 150 recorded accidents. Further results revealed significant correlation between the extreme wind and marine accidents, with the highest strong correlation of r = 0.71 (at p ≤ 0.007) and r = 0.75 (at p ≤ 0.009) at Tanga and Pemba, indicating the occurrence of more marine accidents at the Pemba channel. Indeed, strong correlation of r = 0.6 between extreme rainfall events and marine accidents was shown in Pemba, while the correlations between extremely significant wave heights and marine accidents were r = 0.41 (at p ≤ 0.006) and r = 0.34 (p ≤ 0.0006) for Pemba and Zanzibar Channel, respectively. In conclusion, the study has shown high influence between marine accidents and bad weather events with more impacts in Pemba and Zanzibar. Thus, the study calls for more work to be undertaken to raise the awareness on marine accidents as a way to alleviate the poverty and enhance the sustainable blue economy.
文摘A mathematical model describing the risks of road accidents has been built on the basis of statistical data of drivers’ accident rate. It has been revealed that drivers can be divided by the degree of their accident proneness into four categories with sharply differing probabilities of road accidents. It has been shown that there is a possibility of classification of drivers in accordance with specified categories.
文摘Introduction: Though common in society, caustic accidental ingestion is rare in the agricultural industry. This study describes a case of ingestion of nitric acid used as an agricultural fertilizer by an ordinary worker at the Société de Cultures Légumières. Clinical Case: This is a 33-year-old unschooled woman who ingested a sip of nitric acid from an abandoned labelled acid canister near a farming plot of land. She showed a burn of the oral cavity with a bleeding tablecloth and an intense retrosternal pain. The duodenal oesophagus fibroscopy screening that was carried out 18 hours after the accident, revealed an esophagitis class 2b. The tests revealed no anomalies. Fifteen (15) days after the accident, the FOGD was normal. Following an 8-month-follow up, no signs of stenosis or degeneration were noted. Conclusion: The accidental ingestion of nitric acid is rare in adult. Its treatment is mainly symptomatic and aims at preserving vital functions without directly fighting the ingested substance off. The right actions must be integrated into the 15-minute Health and Safety awarenesssessions for optimum pre-hospital management. The hospital evaluation is mandatory and is carried out thanks to the digestive endoscopy, which is still relevant in this indication, but is completed by the thoraco-abdominal CT. The latter is very sensitive the transmural necrosis diagnosis.
文摘Introduction: Children involved in road accidents most often suffer head or limb injuries. The severity of these injuries varies according to the age of the child, the type of road user and whether or not protective devices are used. The aim of this study was to carry out a census of admissions and to identify the epidemiological and clinical profile of children involved in road traffic accidents at Donka National Hospital. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of children involved in traffic accidents over a 3-month period from September 1 to November 30, 2021. All children admitted to the emergency department for a traffic accident were included in the study. Results: During the study period, 435/530 children (82.1%) were victims of road accidents. Boys accounted for 54.94% of cases, compared with 45.06% for girls. The age group most affected was 12-17 years old (48.97%). October had the highest accident rate (36.4%). Pedestrians are most affected (52.87%). Bicycles and mopeds were involved in 59.77% of accidents. Head injury was the most frequent pathology (33.33%). The study showed that 12.64% of victims were referred to intensive care, pediatric surgery, etc. We recorded 8 cases of death (1.84%). Conclusion: This study highlighted the characteristics, incidence and risk factors for accidents in children admitted to emergency departments. Accident prevention, particularly serious accidents in children, requires more precise knowledge of the factors and circumstances leading to their occurrence.
