The focus of this paper is to investigate the role self-employment conceptualized as a lifestyle factor on health, access to health care, and health behaviors. We analyze rich data on 13,435 working adults in the US, ...The focus of this paper is to investigate the role self-employment conceptualized as a lifestyle factor on health, access to health care, and health behaviors. We analyze rich data on 13,435 working adults in the US, who are either selfemployed or salaried workers. Outcomes include physical and mental health perception, validated indexes of physical and mental health, and medical conditions;access-to-care measures such as a barrier to obtaining necessary health care;and health behaviors such as smoking, physical activity and body mass index. Instrumental variables methods are used to correct for selection into self-employment. We find that self-employment is positively associated with perceived physical health, and is negatively associated with having diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and arthritis. No mental health outcome is significantly associated with self-employment. There is no significant difference between self-employed and wage-earning individuals with regard to access to care. Self-employed individuals are less likely to smoke, and are more likely to participate in physical activity and have normal-weight. We conclude that despite lack of health insurance, self-employed persons in the US are as healthy as wage-earners, do not experience a greater barrier to access to care, and are more likely to engage in healthy behavior.展开更多
This study examines the socio-spatial context of uneven development and the residential accessibility of green space in Dalian of Liaoning Province, China. The social fairness was analyzed with a community scale as th...This study examines the socio-spatial context of uneven development and the residential accessibility of green space in Dalian of Liaoning Province, China. The social fairness was analyzed with a community scale as the basis. We combined social scientific methods with a GIS method using a behavior accessibility model from the perspectives of fairness of urban green space allocation based on social geography, geographic information science, management science and many other related discipline theories. The results show that: 1) Most of the urban green space distribution presents an unbalanced phenomenon, and it does not match with the population distribution; 2) We found some differences in the accessibility of the population with different attributes and opportunities to use and enjoy the urban green spaces, mainly due to: the dual social and spatial attributes of the residents and the serious stratum differentiation generated were the internal causes; the residential space differentiation and the pursuit of economic and real estate development were the direct causes; and unreasonable planning, in regard to the fact that government policies did not give consideration to efficiency and fairness, was also an important factor.展开更多
The paper focuses on the habits of China Web users' language utilization behaviors in accessing the Web. It also seeks to make a general study on the basic nature of language phenomenon with regard to digital acce...The paper focuses on the habits of China Web users' language utilization behaviors in accessing the Web. It also seeks to make a general study on the basic nature of language phenomenon with regard to digital accessing. A questionnaire survey was formulated and distributed online for these research purposes. There were 1,267 responses collected. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Chi-square testing and contingency table analyses. Results revealed the following findings. Tagging has already played an important role in Web2.0 communication for China's Web users. China users rely greatly on all kinds of taxonomies in browsing and have also an awareness of them in effective searching. These imply that the classified languages in digital environment may aid Chinese Web users in a more satisfying manner. Highly subject-specific words, especially those from authorized tools, yielded better results in searching. Chinese users have high recognition for related terms. As to the demographic aspect, there is little difference between different genders in the utilization of information retrieval languages. Age may constitute a variable element to a certain degree. Educational background has a complex effect on language utilizations in searching. These research findings characterize China Web users' behaviors in digital information accessing. They also can be potentially valuable for the modeling and further refinement of digital accessing services.展开更多
文摘The focus of this paper is to investigate the role self-employment conceptualized as a lifestyle factor on health, access to health care, and health behaviors. We analyze rich data on 13,435 working adults in the US, who are either selfemployed or salaried workers. Outcomes include physical and mental health perception, validated indexes of physical and mental health, and medical conditions;access-to-care measures such as a barrier to obtaining necessary health care;and health behaviors such as smoking, physical activity and body mass index. Instrumental variables methods are used to correct for selection into self-employment. We find that self-employment is positively associated with perceived physical health, and is negatively associated with having diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and arthritis. No mental health outcome is significantly associated with self-employment. There is no significant difference between self-employed and wage-earning individuals with regard to access to care. Self-employed individuals are less likely to smoke, and are more likely to participate in physical activity and have normal-weight. We conclude that despite lack of health insurance, self-employed persons in the US are as healthy as wage-earners, do not experience a greater barrier to access to care, and are more likely to engage in healthy behavior.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41471140)
文摘This study examines the socio-spatial context of uneven development and the residential accessibility of green space in Dalian of Liaoning Province, China. The social fairness was analyzed with a community scale as the basis. We combined social scientific methods with a GIS method using a behavior accessibility model from the perspectives of fairness of urban green space allocation based on social geography, geographic information science, management science and many other related discipline theories. The results show that: 1) Most of the urban green space distribution presents an unbalanced phenomenon, and it does not match with the population distribution; 2) We found some differences in the accessibility of the population with different attributes and opportunities to use and enjoy the urban green spaces, mainly due to: the dual social and spatial attributes of the residents and the serious stratum differentiation generated were the internal causes; the residential space differentiation and the pursuit of economic and real estate development were the direct causes; and unreasonable planning, in regard to the fact that government policies did not give consideration to efficiency and fairness, was also an important factor.
文摘The paper focuses on the habits of China Web users' language utilization behaviors in accessing the Web. It also seeks to make a general study on the basic nature of language phenomenon with regard to digital accessing. A questionnaire survey was formulated and distributed online for these research purposes. There were 1,267 responses collected. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Chi-square testing and contingency table analyses. Results revealed the following findings. Tagging has already played an important role in Web2.0 communication for China's Web users. China users rely greatly on all kinds of taxonomies in browsing and have also an awareness of them in effective searching. These imply that the classified languages in digital environment may aid Chinese Web users in a more satisfying manner. Highly subject-specific words, especially those from authorized tools, yielded better results in searching. Chinese users have high recognition for related terms. As to the demographic aspect, there is little difference between different genders in the utilization of information retrieval languages. Age may constitute a variable element to a certain degree. Educational background has a complex effect on language utilizations in searching. These research findings characterize China Web users' behaviors in digital information accessing. They also can be potentially valuable for the modeling and further refinement of digital accessing services.
