With the development of behavioral operational management, human behavior such as altruism, fairness and trust has received considerable attention. This paper studies the effect of altruism on retailer’s and manufact...With the development of behavioral operational management, human behavior such as altruism, fairness and trust has received considerable attention. This paper studies the effect of altruism on retailer’s and manufacturer’s pricing strategy in two classic dual-channel supply chains by presenting Stackelberg game models. The analysis shows that the player’s altruism preference strongly affects their pricing strategies. The more altruistic one player is, the more profits the other player obtains. Moreover, the effect of manufacturer’s altruistic preference is larger than that of retailer’s. In addition, online price is always lower than offline price in dual-channel supply chain, which still holds true considering altruism. The results also reveal that the product web-fit has significant effect on the player’s optimal pricing strategies. The more compatible with online market the product is, the lower the retail price is set, and the more profit the manufacturer obtains whereas the less the retailer gets.展开更多
This study aims to reexamine the relationship between altruistic orientation and individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental goods using contingent valuation. Altruistic motivation is known to be an impor...This study aims to reexamine the relationship between altruistic orientation and individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental goods using contingent valuation. Altruistic motivation is known to be an important determinant of WTP. In the attitudinal scales used in previous research, the context of questions about altruistic motivations is specific to environmental issues. Instead, this study employs other psychological scales that measure altruistic orientation in a more general context, independently from environmental issues. The result is consistent with previous studies, but the impact of altruistic orientation is rather limited. This difference suggests that the context of questions may enhance respondents’ consciousness about the environment and bump up the value of their WTP.展开更多
When considering emissions control problems associated with carbon dioxide (CO2), social planning over quite a long-term horizon is usually considered to be necessary because it takes much time for the full absorption...When considering emissions control problems associated with carbon dioxide (CO2), social planning over quite a long-term horizon is usually considered to be necessary because it takes much time for the full absorption of CO2 by oceans and forests. Sometimes the required time horizon even becomes infinite. Such a fact seems to impose patience beyond the limits of human cognition. However, this study proves that the first-best emissions scenario can be achieved only by local altruism, which is dubbed parentage. Parentage is defined as the action of applying zero social discount rate to its subsequent generation, and discounting the utility of generations thereafter infinitely. In this sense, the nearly first-best emissions scenario is feasible within the ordinal cognition and benevolence of human beings. This paper also examines the definition of egalitarian sustainability, in which the utility of every generation must be kept constant, and reveals that such a definition of sustainability possibly provokes the inefficient intergenerational allocation of CO2. This is because the vested interest of the predecessors is put much importance in the process of the planning. It is required more rigid sustainability concept, in which the utility of each generation is no less decreasing through time and at least strictly increasing locally, to achieve the efficient allocation of CO2. One will find that the intergenerational allocation by the local altruism satisfies this property.展开更多
The aim of the current study was to investigate gender differences in quality of attachment to God, forgiveness, altruism and mental health in college and seminary school students as well. To fulfil the stated goal 99...The aim of the current study was to investigate gender differences in quality of attachment to God, forgiveness, altruism and mental health in college and seminary school students as well. To fulfil the stated goal 993 individuals were selected by means of stratified sampling procedures and the following measures were distributed among them： Muslim-Spiritual Attachment Scale, Kin Altruism, Reciprocal Altruism Enright Forgiveness Inventory, and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised. Analysis of data using t test revealed significant differences between male and female students （/9 〈 0.01）. Moreover, data indicated that interpersonal sensitivity was higher in male students while somatization complains was higher among female students. Analysis of data showed that quality of secure attachment in female students were higher than male students （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, female students were higher in altruism, especially in domain of compassion （P 〈 0.05）. In addition female students were higher in perceiving God as a Safe Haven and providing them with comfort and tranquility. Moreover, females students were higher in altruism （p 〈 0.05）, and forgiveness （p 〈 0.01）. The analysis of data revealed that female students were higher in the secure attachment to God, sympathy toward others and they scored higher in somatization complain while male students were higher in the interpersonal sensitivity. Theoretical implication and practical application of findings have been discussed in the original paper. Findings in this project were consistent with body of research findings. Theoretical implication and practical usage of the current study was described in the original paper. Data revealed that female student were higher in secure attachment to God, altruism and forgiveness. Showing emotional stability and higher spirituality.展开更多
This article describes some dynamic aspects on dynastic utility incorporating two-sided altruism with an OLG setting. The special case is analyzed where the weights of two-sided altruism are dynamically inconsistent. ...This article describes some dynamic aspects on dynastic utility incorporating two-sided altruism with an OLG setting. The special case is analyzed where the weights of two-sided altruism are dynamically inconsistent. The Bellman equation for two-sided altruism proves to be reduced to one-sided dynamic problem, but the effective discount factor is different only in the current generation. It is shown that a contraction mapping result of value function cannot be achieved in general, and that there can locally exist an infinite number of self-consistent policy functions of the class C＂ with distinct steady states （indeterminacy of self-consistent, differentiable policy functions）.展开更多
The relational construct between corporate social responsibility(CSR)altruism and CSR innovation has been under-studied in the literature.By examining firms’innovation practices and CSR altruism level,this study intr...The relational construct between corporate social responsibility(CSR)altruism and CSR innovation has been under-studied in the literature.By examining firms’innovation practices and CSR altruism level,this study introduces a conceptual model for categorizing firms.The study proposes that firms can be divided into four groups(trendsetters,strategists,copycats,and actors)based on their level of CSR altruism and innovation practices.The theoretical underpinning of the model is based on stakeholder and institutional theories.The proposed model suggests that firms have diverse perspectives on CSR innovation.Some firms perceive it as a means to enhance profits,some question its significance,and some emulate others by following emerging CSR trends.The model is anticipated to offer insights into the conflicting evidence found in the CSR and innovation literature and encourage further empirical investigation.Additionally,policymakers can acknowledge firms’underlying innovation and CSR motivation within each category.展开更多
Even though fiduciary duties take the highest position in the spectrum of legal altruism,and legal fiduciary altruism sometimes differs from moral fiduciary altruism,natural law morality is not necessarily useless in ...Even though fiduciary duties take the highest position in the spectrum of legal altruism,and legal fiduciary altruism sometimes differs from moral fiduciary altruism,natural law morality is not necessarily useless in helping to explain,determine,and justify concrete rules in fiduciary law.Five specific inspirations,in addition to divergences,can be drawn by a closer look at the seven basic goods of John Finnis,natural law theory.First,the basic good of life may help to determine the boundary of the best interest test under the duty of loyalty.Second,the basic good of play,in particular the distinction between business community and play community may help to justify the separate treatment between civil agency and commercial agency regarding the unconditional power of immediate termination.Third,practical reasonableness may help to explain the rule against set-off under the duty of no conflict.Fourth,different cultural notions of sociability may lead to distinct understandings with regard to the no-profit rule.Fifth,different attitudes towards knowledge in various religious beliefs may create distinct understandings about the burden of informed consent.展开更多
This study explores the intersection of Chinese cultural values,payment behaviors,and the concept of altruism through a cultural and psychological lens.Drawing from traditional Confucian principles such as renqing(rel...This study explores the intersection of Chinese cultural values,payment behaviors,and the concept of altruism through a cultural and psychological lens.Drawing from traditional Confucian principles such as renqing(relational obligations)and guanxi(social networks),the research examines how these values shape attitudes toward payment,emphasizing trust,reciprocity,and moral obligations over monetary transactions.By analyzing practices like free assistance and non-monetary exchanges,the study highlights the influence of cultural norms on fostering community cohesion and sustaining social support.Case studies,including the innovative model of For A Safer Space(FASS),illustrate the application of these values in mental health services and philanthropy.The findings underscore the complexities of integrating altruistic behaviors with modern economic systems,emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity in service delivery and global business practices.This analysis contributes to a nuanced understanding of how deeply rooted cultural and psychological frameworks drive altruistic motivations,influence consumer and organizational behavior,and reshape the dynamics of social support in the Chinese context.展开更多
This study investigates the psychological and cultural motivations that underpin charitable giving in Sri Lanka,with particular attention to whether such behaviour can be considered genuinely altruistic.While charitab...This study investigates the psychological and cultural motivations that underpin charitable giving in Sri Lanka,with particular attention to whether such behaviour can be considered genuinely altruistic.While charitable acts are commonly perceived as selfless,this research highlights the complex and often contradictory nature of the motivations involved.Using a qualitative approach,semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who regularly engage in charitable activities.Thematic analysis revealed three overarching categories of motivation.The first,obliged motives stem from social expectations and religious duty.The second,independent motives reflect personal values and intrinsic satisfaction.The third,ambivalent motives are a novel category that captures the simultaneous interplay between self-serving and other-oriented intentions.The emergence of ambivalent motives is especially significant,as it challenges binary distinctions between altruism and egoism,suggesting that charitable giving frequently serves psychological,social,and existential needs alongside prosocial goals.The findings support established psychological frameworks such as Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior,while also highlighting the unique cultural dynamics of Sri Lankan society,particularly the influence of Buddhist ethics and collectivist values.These cultural factors shape both the meaning and practice of giving,embedding it within broader narratives of moral obligation,social harmony,and spiritual merit.Ultimately,the study concludes that while charitable giving in Sri Lanka may outwardly appear altruistic,it is often driven by a complex mixture of internal and external motives,suggesting that authenticity in giving is rarely absolute but rather contextually and psychologically mediated.展开更多
Infant-care behavior,a range of caring behaviors by parental or alloparental individuals towards infants unable to live independently,plays asignifcant role in the survival of infants and the continuation of the speci...Infant-care behavior,a range of caring behaviors by parental or alloparental individuals towards infants unable to live independently,plays asignifcant role in the survival of infants and the continuation of the species in non-human primates.During a behavioral ecological study ofTaihangshan macaques,we observed 2 cases of infant adoptions by unrelated adult females.In case 1,a multiparous female adopted a lostinfant from a neighboring group,with the infant being snatched back by her biological mother 35 days after the adoption.This is the frst report ofcross-group adoption in Macaca.In case 2,a nulliparous adult female,who had been once adopted by her elder sister,adopted an orphan fromher group for 36 days.We describe the details of adoptions in Taihangshan macaques and explore possible reasons for adoptions to contributeto understanding the evolution of infant-care behavior and altruistic behavior of adoption in primates.展开更多
文摘With the development of behavioral operational management, human behavior such as altruism, fairness and trust has received considerable attention. This paper studies the effect of altruism on retailer’s and manufacturer’s pricing strategy in two classic dual-channel supply chains by presenting Stackelberg game models. The analysis shows that the player’s altruism preference strongly affects their pricing strategies. The more altruistic one player is, the more profits the other player obtains. Moreover, the effect of manufacturer’s altruistic preference is larger than that of retailer’s. In addition, online price is always lower than offline price in dual-channel supply chain, which still holds true considering altruism. The results also reveal that the product web-fit has significant effect on the player’s optimal pricing strategies. The more compatible with online market the product is, the lower the retail price is set, and the more profit the manufacturer obtains whereas the less the retailer gets.
文摘This study aims to reexamine the relationship between altruistic orientation and individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental goods using contingent valuation. Altruistic motivation is known to be an important determinant of WTP. In the attitudinal scales used in previous research, the context of questions about altruistic motivations is specific to environmental issues. Instead, this study employs other psychological scales that measure altruistic orientation in a more general context, independently from environmental issues. The result is consistent with previous studies, but the impact of altruistic orientation is rather limited. This difference suggests that the context of questions may enhance respondents’ consciousness about the environment and bump up the value of their WTP.
文摘When considering emissions control problems associated with carbon dioxide (CO2), social planning over quite a long-term horizon is usually considered to be necessary because it takes much time for the full absorption of CO2 by oceans and forests. Sometimes the required time horizon even becomes infinite. Such a fact seems to impose patience beyond the limits of human cognition. However, this study proves that the first-best emissions scenario can be achieved only by local altruism, which is dubbed parentage. Parentage is defined as the action of applying zero social discount rate to its subsequent generation, and discounting the utility of generations thereafter infinitely. In this sense, the nearly first-best emissions scenario is feasible within the ordinal cognition and benevolence of human beings. This paper also examines the definition of egalitarian sustainability, in which the utility of every generation must be kept constant, and reveals that such a definition of sustainability possibly provokes the inefficient intergenerational allocation of CO2. This is because the vested interest of the predecessors is put much importance in the process of the planning. It is required more rigid sustainability concept, in which the utility of each generation is no less decreasing through time and at least strictly increasing locally, to achieve the efficient allocation of CO2. One will find that the intergenerational allocation by the local altruism satisfies this property.
文摘The aim of the current study was to investigate gender differences in quality of attachment to God, forgiveness, altruism and mental health in college and seminary school students as well. To fulfil the stated goal 993 individuals were selected by means of stratified sampling procedures and the following measures were distributed among them： Muslim-Spiritual Attachment Scale, Kin Altruism, Reciprocal Altruism Enright Forgiveness Inventory, and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised. Analysis of data using t test revealed significant differences between male and female students （/9 〈 0.01）. Moreover, data indicated that interpersonal sensitivity was higher in male students while somatization complains was higher among female students. Analysis of data showed that quality of secure attachment in female students were higher than male students （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, female students were higher in altruism, especially in domain of compassion （P 〈 0.05）. In addition female students were higher in perceiving God as a Safe Haven and providing them with comfort and tranquility. Moreover, females students were higher in altruism （p 〈 0.05）, and forgiveness （p 〈 0.01）. The analysis of data revealed that female students were higher in the secure attachment to God, sympathy toward others and they scored higher in somatization complain while male students were higher in the interpersonal sensitivity. Theoretical implication and practical application of findings have been discussed in the original paper. Findings in this project were consistent with body of research findings. Theoretical implication and practical usage of the current study was described in the original paper. Data revealed that female student were higher in secure attachment to God, altruism and forgiveness. Showing emotional stability and higher spirituality.
文摘This article describes some dynamic aspects on dynastic utility incorporating two-sided altruism with an OLG setting. The special case is analyzed where the weights of two-sided altruism are dynamically inconsistent. The Bellman equation for two-sided altruism proves to be reduced to one-sided dynamic problem, but the effective discount factor is different only in the current generation. It is shown that a contraction mapping result of value function cannot be achieved in general, and that there can locally exist an infinite number of self-consistent policy functions of the class C＂ with distinct steady states （indeterminacy of self-consistent, differentiable policy functions）.
文摘The relational construct between corporate social responsibility(CSR)altruism and CSR innovation has been under-studied in the literature.By examining firms’innovation practices and CSR altruism level,this study introduces a conceptual model for categorizing firms.The study proposes that firms can be divided into four groups(trendsetters,strategists,copycats,and actors)based on their level of CSR altruism and innovation practices.The theoretical underpinning of the model is based on stakeholder and institutional theories.The proposed model suggests that firms have diverse perspectives on CSR innovation.Some firms perceive it as a means to enhance profits,some question its significance,and some emulate others by following emerging CSR trends.The model is anticipated to offer insights into the conflicting evidence found in the CSR and innovation literature and encourage further empirical investigation.Additionally,policymakers can acknowledge firms’underlying innovation and CSR motivation within each category.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and the Research Funds of Renmin University of China(20XNF003).
文摘Even though fiduciary duties take the highest position in the spectrum of legal altruism,and legal fiduciary altruism sometimes differs from moral fiduciary altruism,natural law morality is not necessarily useless in helping to explain,determine,and justify concrete rules in fiduciary law.Five specific inspirations,in addition to divergences,can be drawn by a closer look at the seven basic goods of John Finnis,natural law theory.First,the basic good of life may help to determine the boundary of the best interest test under the duty of loyalty.Second,the basic good of play,in particular the distinction between business community and play community may help to justify the separate treatment between civil agency and commercial agency regarding the unconditional power of immediate termination.Third,practical reasonableness may help to explain the rule against set-off under the duty of no conflict.Fourth,different cultural notions of sociability may lead to distinct understandings with regard to the no-profit rule.Fifth,different attitudes towards knowledge in various religious beliefs may create distinct understandings about the burden of informed consent.
文摘This study explores the intersection of Chinese cultural values,payment behaviors,and the concept of altruism through a cultural and psychological lens.Drawing from traditional Confucian principles such as renqing(relational obligations)and guanxi(social networks),the research examines how these values shape attitudes toward payment,emphasizing trust,reciprocity,and moral obligations over monetary transactions.By analyzing practices like free assistance and non-monetary exchanges,the study highlights the influence of cultural norms on fostering community cohesion and sustaining social support.Case studies,including the innovative model of For A Safer Space(FASS),illustrate the application of these values in mental health services and philanthropy.The findings underscore the complexities of integrating altruistic behaviors with modern economic systems,emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity in service delivery and global business practices.This analysis contributes to a nuanced understanding of how deeply rooted cultural and psychological frameworks drive altruistic motivations,influence consumer and organizational behavior,and reshape the dynamics of social support in the Chinese context.
文摘This study investigates the psychological and cultural motivations that underpin charitable giving in Sri Lanka,with particular attention to whether such behaviour can be considered genuinely altruistic.While charitable acts are commonly perceived as selfless,this research highlights the complex and often contradictory nature of the motivations involved.Using a qualitative approach,semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who regularly engage in charitable activities.Thematic analysis revealed three overarching categories of motivation.The first,obliged motives stem from social expectations and religious duty.The second,independent motives reflect personal values and intrinsic satisfaction.The third,ambivalent motives are a novel category that captures the simultaneous interplay between self-serving and other-oriented intentions.The emergence of ambivalent motives is especially significant,as it challenges binary distinctions between altruism and egoism,suggesting that charitable giving frequently serves psychological,social,and existential needs alongside prosocial goals.The findings support established psychological frameworks such as Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior,while also highlighting the unique cultural dynamics of Sri Lankan society,particularly the influence of Buddhist ethics and collectivist values.These cultural factors shape both the meaning and practice of giving,embedding it within broader narratives of moral obligation,social harmony,and spiritual merit.Ultimately,the study concludes that while charitable giving in Sri Lanka may outwardly appear altruistic,it is often driven by a complex mixture of internal and external motives,suggesting that authenticity in giving is rarely absolute but rather contextually and psychologically mediated.
基金fnancially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32070446).
文摘Infant-care behavior,a range of caring behaviors by parental or alloparental individuals towards infants unable to live independently,plays asignifcant role in the survival of infants and the continuation of the species in non-human primates.During a behavioral ecological study ofTaihangshan macaques,we observed 2 cases of infant adoptions by unrelated adult females.In case 1,a multiparous female adopted a lostinfant from a neighboring group,with the infant being snatched back by her biological mother 35 days after the adoption.This is the frst report ofcross-group adoption in Macaca.In case 2,a nulliparous adult female,who had been once adopted by her elder sister,adopted an orphan fromher group for 36 days.We describe the details of adoptions in Taihangshan macaques and explore possible reasons for adoptions to contributeto understanding the evolution of infant-care behavior and altruistic behavior of adoption in primates.
