摘要
器官移植是挽救终末期疾病患者的重要手段,而器官捐献是器官移植的基础。我国遗体器官捐献制度采用公民自我决定权与近亲属决定权并行的二元模式。近亲属决定权规则在实践中面临主体范围狭窄、决策效率低下、撤销权异化及失权规则缺失等多重困境。本文就近亲属决定权的法理定性以及近亲属决定权规则的反思进行探讨,融合医学伦理学“尊重、不伤害、有益、公正”原则,提出三条重塑进路:权利主体层级顺位化、撤销权限制化及失权事由法定化,以平衡个体自决、家庭伦理与公共利益,推动遗体器官捐献制度回归利他性本质与公益性导向,促进我国遗体器官捐献的发展。
Organ transplantation is a vital means of saving patients with end-stage diseases,and organ donation serves as its foundation.China’s cadaveric organ donation system adopts a dual model that recognizes both individual autonomy and next-of-kin decision-making rights.However,in practice,the next-of-kin decision-making rule faces multiple challenges,including a narrow scope of eligible decision-makers,inefficient decision-making processes,the misuse of revocation rights and the absence of disqualification mechanisms.This article explores the legal nature of nextof-kin decision-making rights and reflects on the existing rules.By integrating the principles respect,‘non-maleficence,beneficence,and justice’in medical ethics,it proposes three pathways for reform:hierarchical ordering of decisionmakers,limitation of revocation rights,and legal codification of disqualification grounds.The aim is to balance individual autonomy,family ethics and public interest,realign the cadaveric organ donation system with its altruistic essence and public-oriented mission,and promote the development of organ donation in China.
作者
张熠枫
羊海燕
Zhang Yifeng;Yang Haiyan(Law School of Macao University of Science and Technology,Macao 999078,China;不详)
出处
《器官移植》
北大核心
2026年第1期143-149,共7页
Organ Transplantation
基金
四川省哲学社会科学规划重点研究基地项目(SC23E049)
四川省哲学社会科学“十四五”规划2024年度学术研究专项资助项目(SC24E093)。
关键词
遗体器官捐献
近亲属决定权
主体顺位
决定权丧失
制度重构
家庭伦理
利他性
公益性
Cadaveric organ donation
Next-of-kin decision-making right
Subject order
Disqualification of decision-making right
Institutional reconstruction
Family ethics
Altruism
Public interest
