Objective This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the potential protective effects and underlying mechanisms of taurine against dihydrotestosterone(DHT)-induced androgenetic alopecia(AGA)in male C57BL/6 mice,w...Objective This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the potential protective effects and underlying mechanisms of taurine against dihydrotestosterone(DHT)-induced androgenetic alopecia(AGA)in male C57BL/6 mice,with a focus on hair follicle cycle modulation,cellular proliferation/apoptosis,and key related signaling pathways.Methods Six-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were initially used to assess the hair growth-promoting potential of taurine.After acclimatization,they were randomly assigned to three groups(n=8):control(regular drinking water),taurine(drinking water containing 1%taurine),and minoxidil(topical 2%minoxidil,positive control).For the AGA study,male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups(n=8):control(physiological saline),DHT(model group,1 mg/d DHT),DHT+low-dose taurine(1 mg/d DHT+2 mg/d taurine),DHT+high-dose taurine(1 mg/d DHT+10 mg/d taurine),and DHT+minoxidil(positive control,1 mg/d DHT+topical 2%minoxidil).One day before treatment initiation,dorsal hair was shaved with scissors,and residual hair was removed using a depilatory cream.DHT and taurine were administered via daily intraperitoneal injection.Hair regrowth was assessed by photographing the depilated area at regular intervals and quantified using a four-point grading system(0-3).Dorsal skin samples were collected on day 14 for histological analysis(H&E staining),immunofluorescence staining(Ki67 for proliferation,TUNEL for apoptosis),ELISA(DHT quantification),RT-qPCR,and Western blot analysis to evaluate the expression of key genes and proteins(androgen receptor(AR),transforming growth factor(TGF)‑β1,TGF‑β2,Dickkopf-1(DKK1)).Results In female mice,taurine supplementation significantly accelerated hair growth,with effects comparable to minoxidil.This was evidenced by an earlier transition from pink(telogen)to black(anagen)skin and increased hair growth scores.Histological analysis showed that taurine increased hair follicle count and dermal thickness.Immunofluorescence confirmed enhanced keratinocyte proliferation in the hair matrix.In the DHTinduced AGA model,DHT significantly extended the telogen phase,inhibited hair growth,increased skin DHT content,and induced hair follicle miniaturization.Taurine treatment,particularly at the high dose,effectively counteracted these effects:it promoted the telogen-to-anagen transition and improved hair growth scores.Histomorphometric analysis showed that taurine significantly restored DHT-induced reductions in dermal thickness,hair follicle count,hair bulb depth,and follicle size.Taurine treatment also reduced apoptosis and promoted the proliferation of hair follicle cells,as demonstrated by Ki67 and TUNEL assays.Crucially,RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses revealed that DHT significantly up-regulated the expression of AR,TGF‑β1,TGF‑β2,and DKK1 at both mRNA and protein levels in dorsal skin.Taurine administration markedly down-regulated the expression of these pathogenic factors,bringing them closer to the levels observed in the control group.Conclusion Taurine demonstrates significant efficacy in alleviating DHT-induced AGA in male C57BL/6 mice.Its protective effects are mediated through multi-faceted mechanisms.(1)Promoting hair follicle cycle progression:it accelerates the transition from telogen to anagen,counteracting DHT-induced prolongation of the telogen phase.(2)Modulating cellular dynamics:it stimulates the proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes and reduces DHT-induced apoptosis within hair follicle cells.(3)Suppressing androgen-driven pathogenic pathways:it downregulates the expression of critical molecules in the AGA pathway,including AR,the cytokines TGF-β1 and TGF-β2,and the Wnt pathway inhibitor DKK1.Given its favorable safety profile and multi-targeted action,taurine emerges as a promising novel therapeutic candidate or adjunct for treating AGA.Further investigation into its clinical potential and precise molecular mechanisms is warranted.This study provides a robust preclinical foundation for considering taurine supplementation or topical application in hair loss management strategies.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect and mechanism of Shaoyao Gancao granule(SGG,芍药甘草颗粒)on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis and immune imbalance status in stressed alopecia areata(AA)mice,and to provid...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect and mechanism of Shaoyao Gancao granule(SGG,芍药甘草颗粒)on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis and immune imbalance status in stressed alopecia areata(AA)mice,and to provide an objective experimental basis for the clinical application of SGG.METHODS:Seventy female C57BL/6J mice aged 5-7 weeks were randomly divided into two groups:10 mice in the blank control group and 60 mice in the mock group.The moulding group received topical imiquimod cream in combination with chronic unpredictable mild stress.On day 10,the moulding group was further divided into six groups:Shaoyao Gancao granule low-dose(SGL),Shaoyao Gancao granule medium-dose(SGM),Shaoyao Gancao granule high-dose(SGH),Antalarmin,and compound glycyrrhizin(CG).On day 24,overall and trichoscopic photographs of mice were taken on day 24 of the experiment;behavioral tests were completed;serum corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH),adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),and cortisol levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;and T helper cell(Th)1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cell differentiation in peripheral blood T lymphocyte subpopulations was detected by flow cytometry.RESULTS:The dorsal skin lesions of mice in all SGG groups showed faster hair growth,less dilated skin capillaries,and scaly conditions compared with those in the model group.In the open field test,compared with those of the model group,the moving distance and number of uprights and entries into the central area of the mice in the SGM and SGH groups significantly increased(P<0.05),while in the forced swimming test,compared with the model group,the rest time of the mice in the SGL,SGM,and SGH groups significantly decreased(P<0.05).The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that,compared with the model group,the mice in the SGH group had significantly reduced CRH levels(P<0.05),and the ACTH and cortisol levels in the SGM and SGH groups were significantly reduced(P<0.05).The flow cytometry results showed that,compared with those in the model group,Th2 levels were significantly higher(P<0.05),Th17 levels were significantly lower(P<0.05),the Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly lower(P<0.05),and the Th17/Treg ratio was significantly lower(P<0.05)in the SGM and SGH groups.The Th1 and Treg cell ratios were reduced in all SGG groups,but the difference was not statistically significant.CONCLUSION:SGG may exert therapeutic effects in AA by modulating the HPA axis and regulating immune imbalance.展开更多
The androgenetic alopecia(AGA)is the most prevalent clinical manifestation of hair loss,believed to be associated with excessive dihydrotestosterone(DHT)caused by typeⅡ5α-reductase(5αR2).The utilization of oral fin...The androgenetic alopecia(AGA)is the most prevalent clinical manifestation of hair loss,believed to be associated with excessive dihydrotestosterone(DHT)caused by typeⅡ5α-reductase(5αR2).The utilization of oral finasteride(FNS),which selectively inhibits 5αR2,is frequently constrained by its adverse effects.Topical FNS formulations can mitigate adverse effects but often exhibit limited dermal permeability.Nanocarriers show great potential in augmenting the cutaneous permeation of loaded FNS due to their inherent properties of selective accumulation within the hair follicles(HFs).In this study,hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles(HMSN)with varying sizes were utilized as the nanocarriers for FNS,following mixing with the Carbopol hydrogel(F@H/Gel)for direct topical application.Specifically,the influence of size on the targeted delivery of FNS to HFs,and its enhanced therapeutic efficacy for the AGA mice model was evaluated.Results showed that the HMSN,with a diameter of approximately 300 nm,exhibited significant enhancement in FNS retention within skin and HFs,as well as remarkably accelerated hair regrowth on an AGA mouse model.In conclusion,this FNS topical formulation has proved to be a viable approach in offering a secure and efficient treatment modality for AGA.展开更多
Background:Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)is a common hair loss disorder that significantly affects patient’s quality of life.Botulinum toxin(BoNT)has emerged as a potential treatment;however,its effectiveness and underly...Background:Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)is a common hair loss disorder that significantly affects patient’s quality of life.Botulinum toxin(BoNT)has emerged as a potential treatment;however,its effectiveness and underlying mechanisms remain unclear.This systematic review aimed to synthesize the existing evidence on BoNT for AGA,analyze its mechanisms,evaluate its efficacy,and explore its potential for precision therapy.Methods:A PubMed search was conducted for studies published between 2020 and 2025.A total of 25 studies,including 11 clinical trials and 7 reviews,were included.The studies were analyzed for BoNT mechanisms in AGA,treatment regimens,efficacy,outcomes,cost-effectiveness,and safety profiles.Results:Experimental evidence suggests that BoNT reduces transforming growth factor-βin dermal papilla cells,a key pathological pathway in AGA.Other hypothetical mechanisms,such as scalp muscle relaxation improving microcirculation or inhibiting androgen conversion require further validation.In clinical trials,most studies used 30-150 U of BoNT via intramuscular(six studies)or intradermal(three studies)injections,with 1-3 sessions and up to 6 months of follow-up.Early open-label trials reported response rates of 70%-79%,but recent high-quality randomized controlled trials(RCTs)showed no significant improvement in hair density compared to placebo.Combination therapy with finasteride or minoxidil enhanced treatment outcomes,though large-scale evidence is lacking.BoNT was less cost-effective than first-line therapies such as minoxidil,with session costs approximately 37 times higher.Intramuscular injection appeared more effective than intradermal injection,possibly due to scalp muscle relaxation and vascular decompression.BoNT generally had a mild safety profile.Conclusion:Currently,BoNT lacks robust evidence to replace traditional treatments for AGA.Future research should focus on establishing standardized dosing protocols,conducting large-scale,long-term RCTs,and integrating molecular biomarkers to improve understanding and optimize the clinical use of BoNT in AGA management.展开更多
Fu et al investigated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes for androgenetic alopecia,identifying a stable set of 232 proteins and proposing the CDC42-Wnt/β-catenin-glycogen synthase kinase 3βsignalin...Fu et al investigated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes for androgenetic alopecia,identifying a stable set of 232 proteins and proposing the CDC42-Wnt/β-catenin-glycogen synthase kinase 3βsignaling axis.These findings support the potential for clinical translation.To further strengthen clinical relevance,we recommend:(1)More comprehensive exosome characterization,including key marker analysis;(2)Reporting both particle count and protein concentration,and establishing dose-response relationships;(3)Direct validation of CDC42’s role through knockout or overexpression experiments;(4)Multi-level evaluation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling;(5)Enhanced biochemical validation in animal models;(6)Quantitative analysis of microneedle delivery parameters and retention;and(7)Early development of a streamlined quality control and safety framework.These methodological advancements will help exosome-based therapies better align with emerging regulatory standards and clinical guidelines.By addressing these aspects,future research can facilitate the safe,effective,and reproducible application of exosome-based treatments in clinical practice.展开更多
Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of catgut embedment combined with moxibustion and bloodletting in the treatment of androgenic alopecia and to probe into its therapeutic mechanism. Methods Eighty-four patien...Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of catgut embedment combined with moxibustion and bloodletting in the treatment of androgenic alopecia and to probe into its therapeutic mechanism. Methods Eighty-four patients with androgenic alopecia were divided into catgut embedment group （group A） and western medicine group （group B） on the basis of random number table and according to the order of treatment. For the pateints in group A, Shenguan （肾关） on both sides, Minghuang （明黄） and Zusanli （足三里 ST 36） were selected to receive catgut embedment therapy, once every month, combined with moxibustion on the lower abdomen and local bloodletting treatment. For the patients in group B, finasteride 1mg/d was orally administrated. The treatment period for two groups was 3 months, and the follow-up visit lasted for 3 months. Serum testosterone （T） and estradiol （E2） contents were detected respectively before treatment, after i month and 3 months of treatment and after 3 months of follow-up visit, and the specific values were calculated to make statistical analysis of T, E2, T/E2 and curative effects of the two groups after i month and 3 months of treatment and after 3 months of follow-up visit. Results There was no statistical significance in curative effect between the two groups after i month of treatment （P〉0.05）, and the curative effect in group A were better than that in group B after 3 months of treatment or after 3 months of follow-up visit （both P〈0.05）; E2 level in group A was lower than that in group A after 3 months of treatment （P〈0.05）; T, E2 and T/E2 in group A were all lower than that in group B after 3 month of follow-up visit （all P〈0.05）. Conclusion The curative effect of treating androgenic alopecia with catgut embedment, moxibustion and bloodletting is definite, and its mechanism of action may be related to the reduction of T levels and T/E2 values.展开更多
As life pace becomes faster and working pressure gets bigger, incidence of alopecia areata （AA） also increases. The susceptible population presents a trend of getting younger and more diversified. Medical workers in...As life pace becomes faster and working pressure gets bigger, incidence of alopecia areata （AA） also increases. The susceptible population presents a trend of getting younger and more diversified. Medical workers in clinic and scientific researchers home and aboard conduct plenty of clinical practices and experimental researches, thus it brings about a lot of new methods, techniques, and theories for treatment of AA. But the effect varies a lot. Therefore, the review summarizes diverse methods and techniques domestic in recent ten years in order to enhance the clinical effect on treatment of AA with acupuncture.展开更多
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata is a hair loss disease associated with genetics,autoimmunity,and other factors.There is an intriguing link between alopecia areata and gut dysbiosis.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)has ...BACKGROUND Alopecia areata is a hair loss disease associated with genetics,autoimmunity,and other factors.There is an intriguing link between alopecia areata and gut dysbiosis.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)has been recommended to treat Clostridium difficile(previously known as Clostridioides difficile)infection,and has also shown potentials in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease,irritable bowel syndrome,and non-alcohol fatty liver disease.CASE SUMMARY An 86-year-old man,with a history of sigmoid colon carcinoma,suffered from recurrent abdominal pain and distension,and diarrhea for six months,with inappetence.At admission,he was also diagnosed with depression.Upon physical examination,the patient presented with a 1.5 cm×2.0 cm alopecia areata on his right occiput.Due to the negative results of laboratory testing,capsule endoscopy,and colonoscopy,the patient was diagnosed with noninfectious diarrhea,depressive disorder,and patchy alopecia areata.Considering that noninfectious diarrhea in the elderly patient was mainly caused by gut dysbiosis,he was given six rounds of FMT.His diarrhea improved remarkably one month after FMT,with improved appetite and disappearance of abdominal pain,distension,and depressive symptoms.Surprisingly,he reported new hair growth on the affected region of his scalp,with some of his white hair gradually turning to black,without taking any other therapies for alopecia areata before and after FMT.CONCLUSION FMT might act as a potential therapy for patients who suffer from alopecia areata.Large and well-designed studies are required to confirm the role of FMT in alopecia areata.展开更多
In the current study, the alopecia areata gene was introduced into the C57BL/6 （B6） mouse through repeated backcrossing/intercrossing, and the allelic homozygosity of congenic AAtJmice （named B6.KM-AA） was verifie...In the current study, the alopecia areata gene was introduced into the C57BL/6 （B6） mouse through repeated backcrossing/intercrossing, and the allelic homozygosity of congenic AAtJmice （named B6.KM-AA） was verified using microsatellites. The gross appearance, growth characteristics, pathological changes in skin, and major organs of B6.KM-AA mice were observed. Counts and proportions of CD4＋ and CD8＋ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry. Results show that congenic B6.KM-AA mice were obtained after 10 generations of backcrossing/intercrossing. B6.KM-AA mice grew slower than B6 control mice and AA skin lesions were developed by four weeks of age. The number of hair follicles was reduced, but hair structures were normal. Loss of hair during disease progression was associated with CD4＋ and CD8＋ T lymphocytes infiltration peri- and intrahair follicles. No pathological changes were found in other organs except for the skin. In the peripheral blood of B6.KM-AA mice, the percentage of CD4＋ T cells was lower and percentage of CD8＋ T cells higher than in control mice. These findings indicate that B6.KM-AA mice are characterized by a dysfunctional immune system, retarded development and T-cell infiltration mediated hair loss, making them a promising new animal model for human alopecia areata.展开更多
Alopecia areata is a disease of the hair follicles, with strong evidence supporting autoimmune etiology. Alopecia areata is frequently associated with immune-medi- ated diseases with skin manifestations such as psoria...Alopecia areata is a disease of the hair follicles, with strong evidence supporting autoimmune etiology. Alopecia areata is frequently associated with immune-medi- ated diseases with skin manifestations such as psoriasis and lichen planus, or without skin manifestations such as autoimmune thyroiditis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Helicobacter py/ori （H. pylorl） infection is present in around 50% of the world＇s population and has been associated with a variety of immune-mediated extra-digestive disorders including autoimmune thyroid- itis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and psoriasis. A case of a 43-year old man with an 8-too history of alopecia areata of the scalp and beard is presented. The patient was being treated by a dermatologist and had psychiatric support, without any improvement. He had a history of dyspepsia and the urea breath test confirmed H. pylori infection. The patient went into remission from alopecia areata after H. pylori eradication. If such an association is confirmed by epidemiological studies designed for this purpose, new therapeutic options could be available for these patients, especially in areas where infection with H, pylori is highly prevalent.展开更多
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata(AA)is a common autoimmune disease characterized by hair loss.AA appears in extensive forms,such as progressive and diffusing hair loss(diffuse AA),a total loss of scalp hair(alopecia totalis...BACKGROUND Alopecia areata(AA)is a common autoimmune disease characterized by hair loss.AA appears in extensive forms,such as progressive and diffusing hair loss(diffuse AA),a total loss of scalp hair(alopecia totalis),and complete loss of hair over the entire body(alopecia universalis).Recently,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have been identified as a therapeutic alternative for autoimmune diseases.For this reason,preclinical and case studies of AA and related diseases using MSCs have been conducted.CASE SUMMARY Case 1:A 55-year-old woman suffered from AA in two areas of the scalp.She was given 15 rounds of minimally manipulated umbilical cord-MSCs(MM-UC-MSCs)over 6 mo.The AA gradually improved 3 mo after the first round.The patient was cured,and AA did not recur.Case 2:A 30-year-old woman,with history of local steroid hormone injections,suffered from AA in one area on the scalp.She was given two rounds of MM-UC-MSCs over 1 mo.The AA immediately improved after the first round.The patient was cured,and AA did not recur.Case 3:A 20-year-old woman,who was diagnosed with alopecia universalis at the age of 12,was given 14 rounds of MM-UC-MSCs over 12 mo.Her hair began to grow about 3 mo after the first round.The patient was cured,and alopecia universalis did not recur.CONCLUSION MM-UC-MSC transplantation potentially treats patients who suffer from AA and related diseases.展开更多
Studies have shown that platelet concentrates can induce the proliferation of the dermal papilla and the vascularization of the perifollicular tissue, as well as accelerate the telogen-to-anagen transition, thereby pr...Studies have shown that platelet concentrates can induce the proliferation of the dermal papilla and the vascularization of the perifollicular tissue, as well as accelerate the telogen-to-anagen transition, thereby promoting the regrowth of hair improving the appearance of hair loss. Herein, we report on the application of a new, modified form of platelet concentrates, namely, concentrated growth factors (CGFs), in 15 cases of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). 15 cases of androgenetic alopecia were treated with the use of monthly, subcutaneous injections of autologous CGF in the scalp. A total of 3 injections were administered 4 weeks apart, and the patients were followed up for 6 months. Assessments were performed before the treatments and at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after the first treatment. The treatment outcomes were assessed by taking macroscopic photographs and trichoscopic photomicrographs, as well as by using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) and the patient satisfaction survey. In order to determine the safety of the treatment, the injection area was observed for signs of infection or mass evaluation. The photographs showed significant improvement in hair appearance after injections of CGF. The hair photomicrographs showed that CGF promoted the regrowth of hair in balding areas, with an increased hair density and an increased ratio of terminal to vellus hair. The GAIS suggested that CGF treatments were effective in treating AGA, and the majority of patients were satisfied with their improvement. In addition, treatments resulted in a faster rate of hair growth and a decrease in the greasy and unpleasant sensation of the hair of the patients. At the last visit, none of the 15 patients reported experiencing side-effects during the follow-up period. To conclude, the application of CGF can be an effective method in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia.展开更多
Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(...Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)invoked as males emulate Alopecia due to the cause of the dynamic reduction of scalp hair.Androgens are medium of terminus growth of hair although the body.Local and system androgens convert the extensive terminal follicles into lesser vellus like structure.The out start of this type of alopecia is intensely irregular and the reason behind this existence of enough circulating steroidal hormones androgens and due to genetic predisposition.Effective treatments are available in the market as well as under clinical and preclinical testing.Many herbal formulations are also available but not FDA approved.Different conventional and NDDS formulations are already available in the market.To avoid various systemic side effects of both Finasteride and Minoxidil,topical formulations and natural products(nutrients,minerals,vitamins)now a days are being widely used to treat Androgenic alopecia.CAM(complementary and alternative medicine)provides the option to elect favorable,low-risk,adjuvant and alternative therapies.Herein,we offer a widespread review of topical marketed formulations,natural products,and CAM treatment options for AGA.展开更多
A male,62 years old,suffering from alopecia universalis,was treated with acupuncture.The treating principle was promoting qi and blood circulation.The selected acupoints included Bǎihui(百会GV20),Tàiyáng(太...A male,62 years old,suffering from alopecia universalis,was treated with acupuncture.The treating principle was promoting qi and blood circulation.The selected acupoints included Bǎihui(百会GV20),Tàiyáng(太阳EX-HN5),Fengmen(风门BL12),Xīnshū(心俞BL15),Ganshū(肝俞BL18),Shenshū(肾俞BL23),etc.After treated for 3 months,the hair was grown normally and the hair on the scalp got black obviously.In the follow-up for 2 months,the hair on the body and scalp grew in good condition.展开更多
Development of Dermal cell line has great scope in the field of skin related diseases and regenerative medicine. Alopecia leads to a skin disorder causing balding and its mechanism is not yet understood. In the presen...Development of Dermal cell line has great scope in the field of skin related diseases and regenerative medicine. Alopecia leads to a skin disorder causing balding and its mechanism is not yet understood. In the present study, we have developed and characterized a heterogeneous population of human dermal mesenchymal-like stem cell line from scalp biopsy of androgenetic alopecia patient with a view to isolate cells from the bulge region of the hair follicle. Our study showed that the dermal cells isolated from dermis of skin showed epithelial-like cells expressing CD34 and Keratin 18, which are characteristic of bulge hair follicle cells. These cells also expressed mesenchymal phenotypes and pluripotency markers such as Oct4, Nanog and SOX2. These cells were designated as “Human Dermal Mesenchymal-like Stem Cells (hDMSCs)”. To confirm their epithelial phenotypes, we have grown these cells at low serum concentration and it was observed that 3% serum concentration provided optimum conditions for their growth and maintenance of characteristics. The hDMSCs cells are presently at passage 10. This study reports the establishment of human dermal mesenchymal-like cell line from the dermis of Alopecia patient, which may be used as an in vitro model system to study the mechanism of Alopecia and other related skin disorders.展开更多
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata(AA)is an inflammatory disease with autoimmune,environmental,and inherited components directed at the hair follicle,either limited to patchy hair loss over the scalp(Focalis,AF),total loss of...BACKGROUND Alopecia areata(AA)is an inflammatory disease with autoimmune,environmental,and inherited components directed at the hair follicle,either limited to patchy hair loss over the scalp(Focalis,AF),total loss of scalp hair(Totalis,AT),or total loss of both scalp and body hair(Universalis,AU).Despite multiple treatment modalities,no therapy exists.Vitamin D deficiency in patients with AA/AT/AF influences disease severity and duration,inversely correlating with inflammation histologically.CASE SUMMARY Three girls presented with AT(P1),AU(P2),and AF(P3)at the ages of 1,5,and 5 years,respectively.For P1-P2,all available treatments implemented for 2 years had failed.We started an initial 6-mo repletion with oral cholecalciferol 2000/4000 IU/d,with no apparent effect.Then we attempted immunomodulation using oral calcitriol and its analog paricalcitol.On calcitriol,0.5 mcg/d P1 regrew hair within 6 mo.After 4 years,a relapse with loss of eyebrow hair was resolved after doubling the calcitriol dose to 0.5 mcg×2/d;the results have been maintained for 6 years to date.On calcitriol,0.25 mcg×3/d P2 led to the development of asymptomatic hypercalcemia-hypercalciuria,which was immediately resolved by switching to paricalcitol 2 mcg×3/d;mild tolerable hypercalciuria was maintained.Hair regrowth was observed at 6 mo,stabilizing only as fur at 12 mo.AF in P3 was resolved completely within 3 mo on a daily high dose(8000 IU)of cholecalciferol.CONCLUSION Vitamin D may have immunomodulating therapeutic impact on AT/AU/AF,which needs to be explored with further pilot clinical trials.展开更多
基金supported by grants from The National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772690)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(201701D121106)PhD Research Startup Foundation of Changzhi Medical College(BS202308)。
文摘Objective This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the potential protective effects and underlying mechanisms of taurine against dihydrotestosterone(DHT)-induced androgenetic alopecia(AGA)in male C57BL/6 mice,with a focus on hair follicle cycle modulation,cellular proliferation/apoptosis,and key related signaling pathways.Methods Six-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were initially used to assess the hair growth-promoting potential of taurine.After acclimatization,they were randomly assigned to three groups(n=8):control(regular drinking water),taurine(drinking water containing 1%taurine),and minoxidil(topical 2%minoxidil,positive control).For the AGA study,male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups(n=8):control(physiological saline),DHT(model group,1 mg/d DHT),DHT+low-dose taurine(1 mg/d DHT+2 mg/d taurine),DHT+high-dose taurine(1 mg/d DHT+10 mg/d taurine),and DHT+minoxidil(positive control,1 mg/d DHT+topical 2%minoxidil).One day before treatment initiation,dorsal hair was shaved with scissors,and residual hair was removed using a depilatory cream.DHT and taurine were administered via daily intraperitoneal injection.Hair regrowth was assessed by photographing the depilated area at regular intervals and quantified using a four-point grading system(0-3).Dorsal skin samples were collected on day 14 for histological analysis(H&E staining),immunofluorescence staining(Ki67 for proliferation,TUNEL for apoptosis),ELISA(DHT quantification),RT-qPCR,and Western blot analysis to evaluate the expression of key genes and proteins(androgen receptor(AR),transforming growth factor(TGF)‑β1,TGF‑β2,Dickkopf-1(DKK1)).Results In female mice,taurine supplementation significantly accelerated hair growth,with effects comparable to minoxidil.This was evidenced by an earlier transition from pink(telogen)to black(anagen)skin and increased hair growth scores.Histological analysis showed that taurine increased hair follicle count and dermal thickness.Immunofluorescence confirmed enhanced keratinocyte proliferation in the hair matrix.In the DHTinduced AGA model,DHT significantly extended the telogen phase,inhibited hair growth,increased skin DHT content,and induced hair follicle miniaturization.Taurine treatment,particularly at the high dose,effectively counteracted these effects:it promoted the telogen-to-anagen transition and improved hair growth scores.Histomorphometric analysis showed that taurine significantly restored DHT-induced reductions in dermal thickness,hair follicle count,hair bulb depth,and follicle size.Taurine treatment also reduced apoptosis and promoted the proliferation of hair follicle cells,as demonstrated by Ki67 and TUNEL assays.Crucially,RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses revealed that DHT significantly up-regulated the expression of AR,TGF‑β1,TGF‑β2,and DKK1 at both mRNA and protein levels in dorsal skin.Taurine administration markedly down-regulated the expression of these pathogenic factors,bringing them closer to the levels observed in the control group.Conclusion Taurine demonstrates significant efficacy in alleviating DHT-induced AGA in male C57BL/6 mice.Its protective effects are mediated through multi-faceted mechanisms.(1)Promoting hair follicle cycle progression:it accelerates the transition from telogen to anagen,counteracting DHT-induced prolongation of the telogen phase.(2)Modulating cellular dynamics:it stimulates the proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes and reduces DHT-induced apoptosis within hair follicle cells.(3)Suppressing androgen-driven pathogenic pathways:it downregulates the expression of critical molecules in the AGA pathway,including AR,the cytokines TGF-β1 and TGF-β2,and the Wnt pathway inhibitor DKK1.Given its favorable safety profile and multi-targeted action,taurine emerges as a promising novel therapeutic candidate or adjunct for treating AGA.Further investigation into its clinical potential and precise molecular mechanisms is warranted.This study provides a robust preclinical foundation for considering taurine supplementation or topical application in hair loss management strategies.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China:Nervo-endocrine-immune Mechanism of Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction for the Treatment of Liver Stagnation and Spleen Deficiency Type Alopecia Areata by Regulating the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis(81973691)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect and mechanism of Shaoyao Gancao granule(SGG,芍药甘草颗粒)on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis and immune imbalance status in stressed alopecia areata(AA)mice,and to provide an objective experimental basis for the clinical application of SGG.METHODS:Seventy female C57BL/6J mice aged 5-7 weeks were randomly divided into two groups:10 mice in the blank control group and 60 mice in the mock group.The moulding group received topical imiquimod cream in combination with chronic unpredictable mild stress.On day 10,the moulding group was further divided into six groups:Shaoyao Gancao granule low-dose(SGL),Shaoyao Gancao granule medium-dose(SGM),Shaoyao Gancao granule high-dose(SGH),Antalarmin,and compound glycyrrhizin(CG).On day 24,overall and trichoscopic photographs of mice were taken on day 24 of the experiment;behavioral tests were completed;serum corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH),adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),and cortisol levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;and T helper cell(Th)1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cell differentiation in peripheral blood T lymphocyte subpopulations was detected by flow cytometry.RESULTS:The dorsal skin lesions of mice in all SGG groups showed faster hair growth,less dilated skin capillaries,and scaly conditions compared with those in the model group.In the open field test,compared with those of the model group,the moving distance and number of uprights and entries into the central area of the mice in the SGM and SGH groups significantly increased(P<0.05),while in the forced swimming test,compared with the model group,the rest time of the mice in the SGL,SGM,and SGH groups significantly decreased(P<0.05).The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that,compared with the model group,the mice in the SGH group had significantly reduced CRH levels(P<0.05),and the ACTH and cortisol levels in the SGM and SGH groups were significantly reduced(P<0.05).The flow cytometry results showed that,compared with those in the model group,Th2 levels were significantly higher(P<0.05),Th17 levels were significantly lower(P<0.05),the Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly lower(P<0.05),and the Th17/Treg ratio was significantly lower(P<0.05)in the SGM and SGH groups.The Th1 and Treg cell ratios were reduced in all SGG groups,but the difference was not statistically significant.CONCLUSION:SGG may exert therapeutic effects in AA by modulating the HPA axis and regulating immune imbalance.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund(Sichuan)(No.U21A20417)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31930067)。
文摘The androgenetic alopecia(AGA)is the most prevalent clinical manifestation of hair loss,believed to be associated with excessive dihydrotestosterone(DHT)caused by typeⅡ5α-reductase(5αR2).The utilization of oral finasteride(FNS),which selectively inhibits 5αR2,is frequently constrained by its adverse effects.Topical FNS formulations can mitigate adverse effects but often exhibit limited dermal permeability.Nanocarriers show great potential in augmenting the cutaneous permeation of loaded FNS due to their inherent properties of selective accumulation within the hair follicles(HFs).In this study,hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles(HMSN)with varying sizes were utilized as the nanocarriers for FNS,following mixing with the Carbopol hydrogel(F@H/Gel)for direct topical application.Specifically,the influence of size on the targeted delivery of FNS to HFs,and its enhanced therapeutic efficacy for the AGA mice model was evaluated.Results showed that the HMSN,with a diameter of approximately 300 nm,exhibited significant enhancement in FNS retention within skin and HFs,as well as remarkably accelerated hair regrowth on an AGA mouse model.In conclusion,this FNS topical formulation has proved to be a viable approach in offering a secure and efficient treatment modality for AGA.
文摘Background:Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)is a common hair loss disorder that significantly affects patient’s quality of life.Botulinum toxin(BoNT)has emerged as a potential treatment;however,its effectiveness and underlying mechanisms remain unclear.This systematic review aimed to synthesize the existing evidence on BoNT for AGA,analyze its mechanisms,evaluate its efficacy,and explore its potential for precision therapy.Methods:A PubMed search was conducted for studies published between 2020 and 2025.A total of 25 studies,including 11 clinical trials and 7 reviews,were included.The studies were analyzed for BoNT mechanisms in AGA,treatment regimens,efficacy,outcomes,cost-effectiveness,and safety profiles.Results:Experimental evidence suggests that BoNT reduces transforming growth factor-βin dermal papilla cells,a key pathological pathway in AGA.Other hypothetical mechanisms,such as scalp muscle relaxation improving microcirculation or inhibiting androgen conversion require further validation.In clinical trials,most studies used 30-150 U of BoNT via intramuscular(six studies)or intradermal(three studies)injections,with 1-3 sessions and up to 6 months of follow-up.Early open-label trials reported response rates of 70%-79%,but recent high-quality randomized controlled trials(RCTs)showed no significant improvement in hair density compared to placebo.Combination therapy with finasteride or minoxidil enhanced treatment outcomes,though large-scale evidence is lacking.BoNT was less cost-effective than first-line therapies such as minoxidil,with session costs approximately 37 times higher.Intramuscular injection appeared more effective than intradermal injection,possibly due to scalp muscle relaxation and vascular decompression.BoNT generally had a mild safety profile.Conclusion:Currently,BoNT lacks robust evidence to replace traditional treatments for AGA.Future research should focus on establishing standardized dosing protocols,conducting large-scale,long-term RCTs,and integrating molecular biomarkers to improve understanding and optimize the clinical use of BoNT in AGA management.
文摘Fu et al investigated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes for androgenetic alopecia,identifying a stable set of 232 proteins and proposing the CDC42-Wnt/β-catenin-glycogen synthase kinase 3βsignaling axis.These findings support the potential for clinical translation.To further strengthen clinical relevance,we recommend:(1)More comprehensive exosome characterization,including key marker analysis;(2)Reporting both particle count and protein concentration,and establishing dose-response relationships;(3)Direct validation of CDC42’s role through knockout or overexpression experiments;(4)Multi-level evaluation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling;(5)Enhanced biochemical validation in animal models;(6)Quantitative analysis of microneedle delivery parameters and retention;and(7)Early development of a streamlined quality control and safety framework.These methodological advancements will help exosome-based therapies better align with emerging regulatory standards and clinical guidelines.By addressing these aspects,future research can facilitate the safe,effective,and reproducible application of exosome-based treatments in clinical practice.
基金Supported by Scientific research projects under Hebei Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:2011142National Natural Science Foundation of China:8107288381172342
文摘Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of catgut embedment combined with moxibustion and bloodletting in the treatment of androgenic alopecia and to probe into its therapeutic mechanism. Methods Eighty-four patients with androgenic alopecia were divided into catgut embedment group （group A） and western medicine group （group B） on the basis of random number table and according to the order of treatment. For the pateints in group A, Shenguan （肾关） on both sides, Minghuang （明黄） and Zusanli （足三里 ST 36） were selected to receive catgut embedment therapy, once every month, combined with moxibustion on the lower abdomen and local bloodletting treatment. For the patients in group B, finasteride 1mg/d was orally administrated. The treatment period for two groups was 3 months, and the follow-up visit lasted for 3 months. Serum testosterone （T） and estradiol （E2） contents were detected respectively before treatment, after i month and 3 months of treatment and after 3 months of follow-up visit, and the specific values were calculated to make statistical analysis of T, E2, T/E2 and curative effects of the two groups after i month and 3 months of treatment and after 3 months of follow-up visit. Results There was no statistical significance in curative effect between the two groups after i month of treatment （P〉0.05）, and the curative effect in group A were better than that in group B after 3 months of treatment or after 3 months of follow-up visit （both P〈0.05）; E2 level in group A was lower than that in group A after 3 months of treatment （P〈0.05）; T, E2 and T/E2 in group A were all lower than that in group B after 3 month of follow-up visit （all P〈0.05）. Conclusion The curative effect of treating androgenic alopecia with catgut embedment, moxibustion and bloodletting is definite, and its mechanism of action may be related to the reduction of T levels and T/E2 values.
文摘As life pace becomes faster and working pressure gets bigger, incidence of alopecia areata （AA） also increases. The susceptible population presents a trend of getting younger and more diversified. Medical workers in clinic and scientific researchers home and aboard conduct plenty of clinical practices and experimental researches, thus it brings about a lot of new methods, techniques, and theories for treatment of AA. But the effect varies a lot. Therefore, the review summarizes diverse methods and techniques domestic in recent ten years in order to enhance the clinical effect on treatment of AA with acupuncture.
基金Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine Bureau of Guangdong Province,No.20151283Department of Education of Guangdong Province,No.2014KQNCX113 and No.2018GKTSCX033
文摘BACKGROUND Alopecia areata is a hair loss disease associated with genetics,autoimmunity,and other factors.There is an intriguing link between alopecia areata and gut dysbiosis.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)has been recommended to treat Clostridium difficile(previously known as Clostridioides difficile)infection,and has also shown potentials in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease,irritable bowel syndrome,and non-alcohol fatty liver disease.CASE SUMMARY An 86-year-old man,with a history of sigmoid colon carcinoma,suffered from recurrent abdominal pain and distension,and diarrhea for six months,with inappetence.At admission,he was also diagnosed with depression.Upon physical examination,the patient presented with a 1.5 cm×2.0 cm alopecia areata on his right occiput.Due to the negative results of laboratory testing,capsule endoscopy,and colonoscopy,the patient was diagnosed with noninfectious diarrhea,depressive disorder,and patchy alopecia areata.Considering that noninfectious diarrhea in the elderly patient was mainly caused by gut dysbiosis,he was given six rounds of FMT.His diarrhea improved remarkably one month after FMT,with improved appetite and disappearance of abdominal pain,distension,and depressive symptoms.Surprisingly,he reported new hair growth on the affected region of his scalp,with some of his white hair gradually turning to black,without taking any other therapies for alopecia areata before and after FMT.CONCLUSION FMT might act as a potential therapy for patients who suffer from alopecia areata.Large and well-designed studies are required to confirm the role of FMT in alopecia areata.
基金supported by the Public Program of the Science Technology Department,Zhejiang(2011C37077)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31071092)
文摘In the current study, the alopecia areata gene was introduced into the C57BL/6 （B6） mouse through repeated backcrossing/intercrossing, and the allelic homozygosity of congenic AAtJmice （named B6.KM-AA） was verified using microsatellites. The gross appearance, growth characteristics, pathological changes in skin, and major organs of B6.KM-AA mice were observed. Counts and proportions of CD4＋ and CD8＋ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry. Results show that congenic B6.KM-AA mice were obtained after 10 generations of backcrossing/intercrossing. B6.KM-AA mice grew slower than B6 control mice and AA skin lesions were developed by four weeks of age. The number of hair follicles was reduced, but hair structures were normal. Loss of hair during disease progression was associated with CD4＋ and CD8＋ T lymphocytes infiltration peri- and intrahair follicles. No pathological changes were found in other organs except for the skin. In the peripheral blood of B6.KM-AA mice, the percentage of CD4＋ T cells was lower and percentage of CD8＋ T cells higher than in control mice. These findings indicate that B6.KM-AA mice are characterized by a dysfunctional immune system, retarded development and T-cell infiltration mediated hair loss, making them a promising new animal model for human alopecia areata.
文摘Alopecia areata is a disease of the hair follicles, with strong evidence supporting autoimmune etiology. Alopecia areata is frequently associated with immune-medi- ated diseases with skin manifestations such as psoriasis and lichen planus, or without skin manifestations such as autoimmune thyroiditis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Helicobacter py/ori （H. pylorl） infection is present in around 50% of the world＇s population and has been associated with a variety of immune-mediated extra-digestive disorders including autoimmune thyroid- itis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and psoriasis. A case of a 43-year old man with an 8-too history of alopecia areata of the scalp and beard is presented. The patient was being treated by a dermatologist and had psychiatric support, without any improvement. He had a history of dyspepsia and the urea breath test confirmed H. pylori infection. The patient went into remission from alopecia areata after H. pylori eradication. If such an association is confirmed by epidemiological studies designed for this purpose, new therapeutic options could be available for these patients, especially in areas where infection with H, pylori is highly prevalent.
文摘BACKGROUND Alopecia areata(AA)is a common autoimmune disease characterized by hair loss.AA appears in extensive forms,such as progressive and diffusing hair loss(diffuse AA),a total loss of scalp hair(alopecia totalis),and complete loss of hair over the entire body(alopecia universalis).Recently,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have been identified as a therapeutic alternative for autoimmune diseases.For this reason,preclinical and case studies of AA and related diseases using MSCs have been conducted.CASE SUMMARY Case 1:A 55-year-old woman suffered from AA in two areas of the scalp.She was given 15 rounds of minimally manipulated umbilical cord-MSCs(MM-UC-MSCs)over 6 mo.The AA gradually improved 3 mo after the first round.The patient was cured,and AA did not recur.Case 2:A 30-year-old woman,with history of local steroid hormone injections,suffered from AA in one area on the scalp.She was given two rounds of MM-UC-MSCs over 1 mo.The AA immediately improved after the first round.The patient was cured,and AA did not recur.Case 3:A 20-year-old woman,who was diagnosed with alopecia universalis at the age of 12,was given 14 rounds of MM-UC-MSCs over 12 mo.Her hair began to grow about 3 mo after the first round.The patient was cured,and alopecia universalis did not recur.CONCLUSION MM-UC-MSC transplantation potentially treats patients who suffer from AA and related diseases.
文摘Studies have shown that platelet concentrates can induce the proliferation of the dermal papilla and the vascularization of the perifollicular tissue, as well as accelerate the telogen-to-anagen transition, thereby promoting the regrowth of hair improving the appearance of hair loss. Herein, we report on the application of a new, modified form of platelet concentrates, namely, concentrated growth factors (CGFs), in 15 cases of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). 15 cases of androgenetic alopecia were treated with the use of monthly, subcutaneous injections of autologous CGF in the scalp. A total of 3 injections were administered 4 weeks apart, and the patients were followed up for 6 months. Assessments were performed before the treatments and at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after the first treatment. The treatment outcomes were assessed by taking macroscopic photographs and trichoscopic photomicrographs, as well as by using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) and the patient satisfaction survey. In order to determine the safety of the treatment, the injection area was observed for signs of infection or mass evaluation. The photographs showed significant improvement in hair appearance after injections of CGF. The hair photomicrographs showed that CGF promoted the regrowth of hair in balding areas, with an increased hair density and an increased ratio of terminal to vellus hair. The GAIS suggested that CGF treatments were effective in treating AGA, and the majority of patients were satisfied with their improvement. In addition, treatments resulted in a faster rate of hair growth and a decrease in the greasy and unpleasant sensation of the hair of the patients. At the last visit, none of the 15 patients reported experiencing side-effects during the follow-up period. To conclude, the application of CGF can be an effective method in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia.
文摘Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)invoked as males emulate Alopecia due to the cause of the dynamic reduction of scalp hair.Androgens are medium of terminus growth of hair although the body.Local and system androgens convert the extensive terminal follicles into lesser vellus like structure.The out start of this type of alopecia is intensely irregular and the reason behind this existence of enough circulating steroidal hormones androgens and due to genetic predisposition.Effective treatments are available in the market as well as under clinical and preclinical testing.Many herbal formulations are also available but not FDA approved.Different conventional and NDDS formulations are already available in the market.To avoid various systemic side effects of both Finasteride and Minoxidil,topical formulations and natural products(nutrients,minerals,vitamins)now a days are being widely used to treat Androgenic alopecia.CAM(complementary and alternative medicine)provides the option to elect favorable,low-risk,adjuvant and alternative therapies.Herein,we offer a widespread review of topical marketed formulations,natural products,and CAM treatment options for AGA.
基金Supported by Dongguirong National Famous and Old Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio Support Project:YY.016.02.01tInternational Standard’formulation of Standardized Manipulations of Acupuncture and Moxibustion:2019YFC1712204Hospital-level Project of Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine:KY111.30.130。
文摘A male,62 years old,suffering from alopecia universalis,was treated with acupuncture.The treating principle was promoting qi and blood circulation.The selected acupoints included Bǎihui(百会GV20),Tàiyáng(太阳EX-HN5),Fengmen(风门BL12),Xīnshū(心俞BL15),Ganshū(肝俞BL18),Shenshū(肾俞BL23),etc.After treated for 3 months,the hair was grown normally and the hair on the scalp got black obviously.In the follow-up for 2 months,the hair on the body and scalp grew in good condition.
文摘Development of Dermal cell line has great scope in the field of skin related diseases and regenerative medicine. Alopecia leads to a skin disorder causing balding and its mechanism is not yet understood. In the present study, we have developed and characterized a heterogeneous population of human dermal mesenchymal-like stem cell line from scalp biopsy of androgenetic alopecia patient with a view to isolate cells from the bulge region of the hair follicle. Our study showed that the dermal cells isolated from dermis of skin showed epithelial-like cells expressing CD34 and Keratin 18, which are characteristic of bulge hair follicle cells. These cells also expressed mesenchymal phenotypes and pluripotency markers such as Oct4, Nanog and SOX2. These cells were designated as “Human Dermal Mesenchymal-like Stem Cells (hDMSCs)”. To confirm their epithelial phenotypes, we have grown these cells at low serum concentration and it was observed that 3% serum concentration provided optimum conditions for their growth and maintenance of characteristics. The hDMSCs cells are presently at passage 10. This study reports the establishment of human dermal mesenchymal-like cell line from the dermis of Alopecia patient, which may be used as an in vitro model system to study the mechanism of Alopecia and other related skin disorders.
文摘BACKGROUND Alopecia areata(AA)is an inflammatory disease with autoimmune,environmental,and inherited components directed at the hair follicle,either limited to patchy hair loss over the scalp(Focalis,AF),total loss of scalp hair(Totalis,AT),or total loss of both scalp and body hair(Universalis,AU).Despite multiple treatment modalities,no therapy exists.Vitamin D deficiency in patients with AA/AT/AF influences disease severity and duration,inversely correlating with inflammation histologically.CASE SUMMARY Three girls presented with AT(P1),AU(P2),and AF(P3)at the ages of 1,5,and 5 years,respectively.For P1-P2,all available treatments implemented for 2 years had failed.We started an initial 6-mo repletion with oral cholecalciferol 2000/4000 IU/d,with no apparent effect.Then we attempted immunomodulation using oral calcitriol and its analog paricalcitol.On calcitriol,0.5 mcg/d P1 regrew hair within 6 mo.After 4 years,a relapse with loss of eyebrow hair was resolved after doubling the calcitriol dose to 0.5 mcg×2/d;the results have been maintained for 6 years to date.On calcitriol,0.25 mcg×3/d P2 led to the development of asymptomatic hypercalcemia-hypercalciuria,which was immediately resolved by switching to paricalcitol 2 mcg×3/d;mild tolerable hypercalciuria was maintained.Hair regrowth was observed at 6 mo,stabilizing only as fur at 12 mo.AF in P3 was resolved completely within 3 mo on a daily high dose(8000 IU)of cholecalciferol.CONCLUSION Vitamin D may have immunomodulating therapeutic impact on AT/AU/AF,which needs to be explored with further pilot clinical trials.
