The growing developments in 5G and 6G wireless communications have revolutionized communications technologies,providing faster speeds with reduced latency and improved connectivity to users.However,it raises significa...The growing developments in 5G and 6G wireless communications have revolutionized communications technologies,providing faster speeds with reduced latency and improved connectivity to users.However,it raises significant security challenges,including impersonation threats,data manipulation,distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks,and privacy breaches.Traditional security measures are inadequate due to the decentralized and dynamic nature of next-generation networks.This survey provides a comprehensive review of how Federated Learning(FL),Blockchain,and Digital Twin(DT)technologies can collectively enhance the security of 5G and 6G systems.Blockchain offers decentralized,immutable,and transparent mechanisms for securing network transactions,while FL enables privacy-preserving collaborative learning without sharing raw data.Digital Twins create virtual replicas of network components,enabling real-time monitoring,anomaly detection,and predictive threat analysis.The survey examines major security issues in emerging wireless architectures and analyzes recent advancements that integrate FL,Blockchain,and DT to mitigate these threats.Additionally,it presents practical use cases,synthesizes key lessons learned,and identifies ongoing research challenges.Finally,the survey outlines future research directions to support the development of scalable,intelligent,and robust security frameworks for next-generation wireless networks.展开更多
The pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)was characterized by alterations in the intestinal microbiota and bile acids(BAs).Flaxseed powder(FLA)was rich in active components such asα-linolenic aci...The pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)was characterized by alterations in the intestinal microbiota and bile acids(BAs).Flaxseed powder(FLA)was rich in active components such asα-linolenic acid,dietary fiber,and lignans,which had lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects.Here,we investigated whether FLA reduced liver fat and improved inflammation by modulating the gut microbiota,enriching bacteria involved in the production of 6α-hydroxylated BAs,and activating the gut-liver-BA metabolic pathway-specific receptor Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5).Wild-type(WT)and TGR5 knockout mice were set up in a low-fat control group,a high-fat model group and a flaxseed powder intervention group for 12 weeks.At the end of the experiment,we examined the levels of lipids(TC,LDL-C,HDL-C,and TG),the levels of inflammatory factors(TNF-αand IL-6),the pathological changes in the liver,and the differences in the expression of key proteins(CYP7A1,TLR4,and NF-κB)in the liver of TGR5^(–/–)and WT mice.In the current study,we found that 12 weeks of FLA intervention significantly attenuated the progression of NAFLD in WT mice,whereas TGR5 knockout exacerbated the extent of disease in mice with NAFLD.TGR5 gene knockout blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of FLA,but did not block its lipid-lowering effect.The TGR5 gene may be a key protein in the anti-inflammatory pathway of FLA,rather than a key protein in the lipid-lowering pathway of FLA.FLA intervention altered the relative abundance of gut microbiota with BA metabolizing enzymes,which in turn regulated the composition of intestinal BA,particularly the proportion of the key functional BAs 6α-hydroxylated BAs,thereby activating the intestinal BA-specific receptor TGR5,which might play a role in ameliorating inflammation.FLA might be a promising functional food for the prevention of NAFLD by modulating the microbiota and BAs.展开更多
Star-shaped six-arm polymers with hexaaza[2_(6)]orthoparacyclophane core and arms of block copolymers of poly-2-ethyl-5,6-dihydrooxazine with poly-2-isopropyl-5,6-dihydrooxazine were synthesized successfully using cat...Star-shaped six-arm polymers with hexaaza[2_(6)]orthoparacyclophane core and arms of block copolymers of poly-2-ethyl-5,6-dihydrooxazine with poly-2-isopropyl-5,6-dihydrooxazine were synthesized successfully using cationic ring-opening polymerization.The ratio of blocks,the order of their attachment to the core,and arm length were varied.Conformation of synthesized stars was determined by methods of molecular hydrodynamics and optics.It has been shown that star-shaped molecules were characterized by high intramolecular density,and the arm folding increased with their lengthening.The influence of the structure of block copolymers and their molar mass on the critical micelle concentration has been established.Complexes of synthesized star-shaped block copolymers with curcumin were obtained and the efficient binding of curcumin to polymer molecules was demonstrated.The behavior of the aqueous solutions of the prepared polymer stars and their complexes with curcumin was investigated by light scattering and turbidimetry methods.The influence of the structure and molar mass of star polymers on their thermoresponsiveness and the phase separation temperatures in aqueous solutions was analyzed.A slight increase in the phase separation temperature was found on passage from polymer solutions to solutions of polymer complexes with hydrophobic curcumin.展开更多
基金derived from a research grant“Cybersecurity Research and Innovation Pioneers Grants Initiative”funded by The National Program for RDI in Cybersecurity(National Cybersecurity Authority)-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-with grant number(CRPG-25-3168)supported by EIAS Data Science and Blockchain Lab,CCIS,Prince Sultan University.
文摘The growing developments in 5G and 6G wireless communications have revolutionized communications technologies,providing faster speeds with reduced latency and improved connectivity to users.However,it raises significant security challenges,including impersonation threats,data manipulation,distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks,and privacy breaches.Traditional security measures are inadequate due to the decentralized and dynamic nature of next-generation networks.This survey provides a comprehensive review of how Federated Learning(FL),Blockchain,and Digital Twin(DT)technologies can collectively enhance the security of 5G and 6G systems.Blockchain offers decentralized,immutable,and transparent mechanisms for securing network transactions,while FL enables privacy-preserving collaborative learning without sharing raw data.Digital Twins create virtual replicas of network components,enabling real-time monitoring,anomaly detection,and predictive threat analysis.The survey examines major security issues in emerging wireless architectures and analyzes recent advancements that integrate FL,Blockchain,and DT to mitigate these threats.Additionally,it presents practical use cases,synthesizes key lessons learned,and identifies ongoing research challenges.Finally,the survey outlines future research directions to support the development of scalable,intelligent,and robust security frameworks for next-generation wireless networks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073551).
文摘The pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)was characterized by alterations in the intestinal microbiota and bile acids(BAs).Flaxseed powder(FLA)was rich in active components such asα-linolenic acid,dietary fiber,and lignans,which had lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects.Here,we investigated whether FLA reduced liver fat and improved inflammation by modulating the gut microbiota,enriching bacteria involved in the production of 6α-hydroxylated BAs,and activating the gut-liver-BA metabolic pathway-specific receptor Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5).Wild-type(WT)and TGR5 knockout mice were set up in a low-fat control group,a high-fat model group and a flaxseed powder intervention group for 12 weeks.At the end of the experiment,we examined the levels of lipids(TC,LDL-C,HDL-C,and TG),the levels of inflammatory factors(TNF-αand IL-6),the pathological changes in the liver,and the differences in the expression of key proteins(CYP7A1,TLR4,and NF-κB)in the liver of TGR5^(–/–)and WT mice.In the current study,we found that 12 weeks of FLA intervention significantly attenuated the progression of NAFLD in WT mice,whereas TGR5 knockout exacerbated the extent of disease in mice with NAFLD.TGR5 gene knockout blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of FLA,but did not block its lipid-lowering effect.The TGR5 gene may be a key protein in the anti-inflammatory pathway of FLA,rather than a key protein in the lipid-lowering pathway of FLA.FLA intervention altered the relative abundance of gut microbiota with BA metabolizing enzymes,which in turn regulated the composition of intestinal BA,particularly the proportion of the key functional BAs 6α-hydroxylated BAs,thereby activating the intestinal BA-specific receptor TGR5,which might play a role in ameliorating inflammation.FLA might be a promising functional food for the prevention of NAFLD by modulating the microbiota and BAs.
基金financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation(No.23-13-00205)。
文摘Star-shaped six-arm polymers with hexaaza[2_(6)]orthoparacyclophane core and arms of block copolymers of poly-2-ethyl-5,6-dihydrooxazine with poly-2-isopropyl-5,6-dihydrooxazine were synthesized successfully using cationic ring-opening polymerization.The ratio of blocks,the order of their attachment to the core,and arm length were varied.Conformation of synthesized stars was determined by methods of molecular hydrodynamics and optics.It has been shown that star-shaped molecules were characterized by high intramolecular density,and the arm folding increased with their lengthening.The influence of the structure of block copolymers and their molar mass on the critical micelle concentration has been established.Complexes of synthesized star-shaped block copolymers with curcumin were obtained and the efficient binding of curcumin to polymer molecules was demonstrated.The behavior of the aqueous solutions of the prepared polymer stars and their complexes with curcumin was investigated by light scattering and turbidimetry methods.The influence of the structure and molar mass of star polymers on their thermoresponsiveness and the phase separation temperatures in aqueous solutions was analyzed.A slight increase in the phase separation temperature was found on passage from polymer solutions to solutions of polymer complexes with hydrophobic curcumin.
