Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJ...Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJTCs(heated junction thermocouples)are widely used for this purpose due to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation conditions.This article explores the role of HJTCs in reactor water level measurement and compares the performance of 2-wire and 3-wire connections.While the 2-wire connection is simple and cost-effective,it can introduce measurement inaccuracies due to wire resistance.In contrast,the 3-wire connection compensates for lead resistance,offering more precise and reliable measurements,particularly in long-distance applications.This paper discusses the operational considerations of these wiring configurations in the context of nuclear reactors and highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate connection type to optimize safety and measurement accuracy in PWR and BWR reactors.展开更多
Pigmentation patterns are ubiquitous in nature.Visually striking pigmentation patterns are not only aesthetically appealing,but also crucial to pollinator interaction and plant fitness.The formation of complex floral ...Pigmentation patterns are ubiquitous in nature.Visually striking pigmentation patterns are not only aesthetically appealing,but also crucial to pollinator interaction and plant fitness.The formation of complex floral pigmentation patterns mainly relies on the spatiotemporal expression of R2R3-MYB transcription factors and is often associated with certain floral development programs,such as floral organ identity,symmetry,which likely provide key information to initiate the patterning.For a complex pigmentation pattern to form,at least a pair of activator and inhibitor is required,despite their interaction might vary depending on the system being investigated.The regulation of pigmentation pattern involves multiple molecular mechanisms,such as transcriptional regulation,small RNA,transposon-mediated gene silencing,and methylation of gene body.Identifying these regulators can be facilitated by using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics as well as innovative plant transformation technologies.Moreover,plant organ development and pigmentation patterns are often interdependent,but current methods of describing patterns are static.Therefore,more precise and quantitative measurements are needed to elucidate the developmental mechanisms underlying complex pigmentation patterns in flowers.展开更多
Petal blotch is a prevalent pigmentation pattern observed in the Xibei tree peony(Paeonia rockii), possessing significant aesthetic value and playing a crucial role in the species' reproduction and fitness. Despit...Petal blotch is a prevalent pigmentation pattern observed in the Xibei tree peony(Paeonia rockii), possessing significant aesthetic value and playing a crucial role in the species' reproduction and fitness. Despite years of research, deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying blotch formation remains challenging. As is well known, floral pigmentation is frequently associated with the familiar R2R3-MYB transcription factors. The key MYB anthocyanin activators of P. rockii ‘Shu Sheng Peng Mo' were previously reported in our preceding study. In this study, we identified and characterized three R2R3-MYBs, Pr MYBi1, Pr MYBi2, and Pr MYBi3, which belong to subgroup 4(SG4) and play repressor roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis. A quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR) assay indicated that the expression of Pr MYBi1 and Pr MYBi3 gradually increased during flowering development and was substantially up-regulated in non-blotch compared to blotch. Yeast one-hybrid and dualluciferase assays demonstrated that Pr MYBi(1-3) directly target the anthocyanin structural genes and repress their transcription. The genetic transformation of tobacco demonstrated that the overexpression of Pr MYBi(1-3) decreased anthocyanin accumulation in flowers, with Pr MYBi1 serving as the most effective repressor. Our results revealed that SG4 R2R3-MYBs negatively regulate the anthocyanin pathway in P.rockii conservatively, and we provide the definite members. These findings will advance future research to unravel the mystery of blotch pattern formation.展开更多
In the last issue,two case reports separately present examples of the extremely rare and complex congenital heart diseases that show concordant atrioventricular connections to the L-looped ventricles in the presence o...In the last issue,two case reports separately present examples of the extremely rare and complex congenital heart diseases that show concordant atrioventricular connections to the L-looped ventricles in the presence of situs solitus.Both cases highlight that the relationship between the two ventricles within the ventricular mass is not always harmonious with the given atrioventricular connection.Such disharmony between the connections and relationships requires careful assessment of the three basic facets of cardiac building blocks,namely their morphology,the relationship of their component parts,and their connections with the adjacent segments.3D imaging and printing can now facilitate an otherwise difficult diagnosis in such complex situations.Rotation of either the 3D images or the models permit accurate assessment of the ventricular topologic pattern by creating the right ventricular en-face septal view,thus facilitating placement of the observer’s hands.As we now emphasize,an alternative approach,which might prove more attractive to imagers,is to rotate the ventricular mass to provide the ventricular apical view,thus permitting determination of the ventricular relationship without using the hands.展开更多
文摘Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJTCs(heated junction thermocouples)are widely used for this purpose due to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation conditions.This article explores the role of HJTCs in reactor water level measurement and compares the performance of 2-wire and 3-wire connections.While the 2-wire connection is simple and cost-effective,it can introduce measurement inaccuracies due to wire resistance.In contrast,the 3-wire connection compensates for lead resistance,offering more precise and reliable measurements,particularly in long-distance applications.This paper discusses the operational considerations of these wiring configurations in the context of nuclear reactors and highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate connection type to optimize safety and measurement accuracy in PWR and BWR reactors.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32122078)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.YDZX2023018+1 种基金Grant No.KJYQ2022002)Nanjing Agricultural University start-up funds。
文摘Pigmentation patterns are ubiquitous in nature.Visually striking pigmentation patterns are not only aesthetically appealing,but also crucial to pollinator interaction and plant fitness.The formation of complex floral pigmentation patterns mainly relies on the spatiotemporal expression of R2R3-MYB transcription factors and is often associated with certain floral development programs,such as floral organ identity,symmetry,which likely provide key information to initiate the patterning.For a complex pigmentation pattern to form,at least a pair of activator and inhibitor is required,despite their interaction might vary depending on the system being investigated.The regulation of pigmentation pattern involves multiple molecular mechanisms,such as transcriptional regulation,small RNA,transposon-mediated gene silencing,and methylation of gene body.Identifying these regulators can be facilitated by using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics as well as innovative plant transformation technologies.Moreover,plant organ development and pigmentation patterns are often interdependent,but current methods of describing patterns are static.Therefore,more precise and quantitative measurements are needed to elucidate the developmental mechanisms underlying complex pigmentation patterns in flowers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32030095)the Key project at central government level:The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(Grant No.2060302).
文摘Petal blotch is a prevalent pigmentation pattern observed in the Xibei tree peony(Paeonia rockii), possessing significant aesthetic value and playing a crucial role in the species' reproduction and fitness. Despite years of research, deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying blotch formation remains challenging. As is well known, floral pigmentation is frequently associated with the familiar R2R3-MYB transcription factors. The key MYB anthocyanin activators of P. rockii ‘Shu Sheng Peng Mo' were previously reported in our preceding study. In this study, we identified and characterized three R2R3-MYBs, Pr MYBi1, Pr MYBi2, and Pr MYBi3, which belong to subgroup 4(SG4) and play repressor roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis. A quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR) assay indicated that the expression of Pr MYBi1 and Pr MYBi3 gradually increased during flowering development and was substantially up-regulated in non-blotch compared to blotch. Yeast one-hybrid and dualluciferase assays demonstrated that Pr MYBi(1-3) directly target the anthocyanin structural genes and repress their transcription. The genetic transformation of tobacco demonstrated that the overexpression of Pr MYBi(1-3) decreased anthocyanin accumulation in flowers, with Pr MYBi1 serving as the most effective repressor. Our results revealed that SG4 R2R3-MYBs negatively regulate the anthocyanin pathway in P.rockii conservatively, and we provide the definite members. These findings will advance future research to unravel the mystery of blotch pattern formation.
文摘In the last issue,two case reports separately present examples of the extremely rare and complex congenital heart diseases that show concordant atrioventricular connections to the L-looped ventricles in the presence of situs solitus.Both cases highlight that the relationship between the two ventricles within the ventricular mass is not always harmonious with the given atrioventricular connection.Such disharmony between the connections and relationships requires careful assessment of the three basic facets of cardiac building blocks,namely their morphology,the relationship of their component parts,and their connections with the adjacent segments.3D imaging and printing can now facilitate an otherwise difficult diagnosis in such complex situations.Rotation of either the 3D images or the models permit accurate assessment of the ventricular topologic pattern by creating the right ventricular en-face septal view,thus facilitating placement of the observer’s hands.As we now emphasize,an alternative approach,which might prove more attractive to imagers,is to rotate the ventricular mass to provide the ventricular apical view,thus permitting determination of the ventricular relationship without using the hands.
