There are over 100 historically black colleges and universities （HBCUs） in the United States. The majority of these HBCUs are located in the southeast section of the United States. HBCUs are a major supplier of cert...There are over 100 historically black colleges and universities （HBCUs） in the United States. The majority of these HBCUs are located in the southeast section of the United States. HBCUs are a major supplier of certified public accountants （CPAs） to the profession. Therefore, the performance of candidates from HBCUs should be of interest to various constituents including educators, employers, parents, students, and other stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to provide statistical performance on the 2011 CPA examination for large, middle, and small HBCUs based upon the number of testing events taken. Taking a testing event is not the same as passing a testing event. This was the dichotomy between quantity and quality of HBCUs＇ performances. For large HBCUs, Morehouse University, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University （NC A＆T）, and Tennessee State University （TSU） were cited. For middle HBCUs, Albany State University, Norfolk State University （NSU）, and North Carolina Central University （NCCU） were cited. For small HBCUs, Alcorn State University, Fisk University, and University of Maryland Eastern Shore （UMES） were cited. The dichotomy between quantity and quality is real.展开更多
为了规避网络广告延时效应带来的不确定性风险,企业往往会采用效果付费(cost per action, CPA)方式进行网络推广。本文在CPA模式下研究考虑延时效应的供应链网络广告决策与协调问题。首先,建立含有时间延迟的品牌信誉动态模型和效果依...为了规避网络广告延时效应带来的不确定性风险,企业往往会采用效果付费(cost per action, CPA)方式进行网络推广。本文在CPA模式下研究考虑延时效应的供应链网络广告决策与协调问题。首先,建立含有时间延迟的品牌信誉动态模型和效果依赖的网络广告投入成本模型,并构建CPA模式下供应链网络广告微分博弈模型,再利用最优控制理论求解得到分散式决策与集中式决策下供应链系统的最优网络广告策略、定价策略、品牌信誉以及利润。其次,对决策结果进行综合比较分析,明确供应链系统的最佳决策机制,参照最佳决策供应链系统,设计一种动态批发价格契约,使供应链实现完美协调。最后,通过数值算例验证研究结果的有效性,对网络广告投入、品牌信誉、利润以及协调参数进行灵敏度分析。研究发现,与传统广告研究结论不同,CPA模式下制造商的最优网络广告投入高度依赖于时间,且遵循“逐降-早停”原则;CPA模式下短暂的网络广告延时效应和良好的销售效果可以增加双方合作的积极性,进而企业倾向于整体获利最大的集中式决策机制。本文研究成果为供应链企业网络推广实践提供了重要的理论指导。展开更多
文摘There are over 100 historically black colleges and universities （HBCUs） in the United States. The majority of these HBCUs are located in the southeast section of the United States. HBCUs are a major supplier of certified public accountants （CPAs） to the profession. Therefore, the performance of candidates from HBCUs should be of interest to various constituents including educators, employers, parents, students, and other stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to provide statistical performance on the 2011 CPA examination for large, middle, and small HBCUs based upon the number of testing events taken. Taking a testing event is not the same as passing a testing event. This was the dichotomy between quantity and quality of HBCUs＇ performances. For large HBCUs, Morehouse University, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University （NC A＆T）, and Tennessee State University （TSU） were cited. For middle HBCUs, Albany State University, Norfolk State University （NSU）, and North Carolina Central University （NCCU） were cited. For small HBCUs, Alcorn State University, Fisk University, and University of Maryland Eastern Shore （UMES） were cited. The dichotomy between quantity and quality is real.
文摘为了规避网络广告延时效应带来的不确定性风险,企业往往会采用效果付费(cost per action, CPA)方式进行网络推广。本文在CPA模式下研究考虑延时效应的供应链网络广告决策与协调问题。首先,建立含有时间延迟的品牌信誉动态模型和效果依赖的网络广告投入成本模型,并构建CPA模式下供应链网络广告微分博弈模型,再利用最优控制理论求解得到分散式决策与集中式决策下供应链系统的最优网络广告策略、定价策略、品牌信誉以及利润。其次,对决策结果进行综合比较分析,明确供应链系统的最佳决策机制,参照最佳决策供应链系统,设计一种动态批发价格契约,使供应链实现完美协调。最后,通过数值算例验证研究结果的有效性,对网络广告投入、品牌信誉、利润以及协调参数进行灵敏度分析。研究发现,与传统广告研究结论不同,CPA模式下制造商的最优网络广告投入高度依赖于时间,且遵循“逐降-早停”原则;CPA模式下短暂的网络广告延时效应和良好的销售效果可以增加双方合作的积极性,进而企业倾向于整体获利最大的集中式决策机制。本文研究成果为供应链企业网络推广实践提供了重要的理论指导。
