[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucid...[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucidating the global response patterns of soil moisture to vegetation restoration and identifying research hotspots are critical for guiding ecological construction in arid regions.[Methods]We reviewed 6,152 articles concerning soil moisture and vegetation retrieved from the Web of Science platform.Using VOSviewer,we conducted analyses of keyword co-occurrence,publication trends,and research hotspots to systematically delineate the evolving trends in this field.[Results]The results indicate a significant increasing trend in the number of publications since 2000.Global research keywords are categorized into seven clusters,including vegetation,soil moisture,rainfall-erosion-infiltration,spatial heterogeneity,and climate change.In terms of highly cited papers in 2024,China and the United States maintain a significant lead.Global research demonstrates a strong dependency on typical regional geographical features(such as climate types and topography),exhibiting differentiated research focuses.Furthermore,studies extend beyond soil moisture itself to deeply couple with ecological processes such as vegetation restoration,soil respiration,carbon cycling,and hydrothermal conditions.[Conclusions]The long-term ecological effects of afforestation in arid regions remain unclear,and empirical data from key regions highlight the current urgency.Future research should integrate climate change dynamics,innovate monitoring methodologies,and deepen the understanding of regional differentiation to provide scientific support for the adaptive management of vegetation in arid regions.展开更多
Accurate phenological information is essential for measuring ecosystem dynamics and carbon uptake.Southwest China is one of the country's largest terrestrial carbon sink regions and plays a crucial role in carbon ...Accurate phenological information is essential for measuring ecosystem dynamics and carbon uptake.Southwest China is one of the country's largest terrestrial carbon sink regions and plays a crucial role in carbon peaking and neutrality.However,its complex terrain,fragile ecosystem,and variable climate challenge carbon sink stability.Vegetation phenology significantly impacts carbon absorption and release,making accurate phenological data essential for understanding carbon sequestration dynamics.The widespread distribution of evergreen forests and their weak seasonal variation in canopy introduce significant uncertainties in extracting phenology using traditional remote sensing information in this region.These limitations can lead to inaccurate assessments of carbon sink dynamics.Therefore,precise phenology extraction and analysis are vital for improving ecosystem dynamics and the carbon cycle in Southwest China.Firstly,we employed different ways to evaluate the ability of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence(SIF)and traditional remote sensing information to extract phenology.Secondly,based on SIF,we analyzed the spatial and temporal changes in the start of the growing season(SOS),the end of the growing season(EOS),and the length of the growing season(LOS)from 2001 to 2020.Finally,we systematically analyzed the response of SOS and EOS to five preseason climatic factors.The results showed that(1)SIF outperformed traditional remote sensing information in extracting phenology.(2)Vegetation phenology exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity.Moreover,SOS,EOS,and LOS showed trends of advancement,delay,and extension both overall and across all vegetation types.(3)Precipitation was the main factor influencing SOS,while surface downward solar radiation and mean temperature were the main factors affecting EOS,and the phenology of different vegetation types showed a great difference in response to preseason climate factors.These findings improve our understanding of vegetation phenology and its dynamics over Southwest China.展开更多
Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 s...Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.展开更多
This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model E...This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model EC-Earth3.Our findings indicate that vegetation changes significantly influence the global monsoon area and precipitation patterns,especially in the North African and Indian monsoon regions.The North African monsoon region experienced the most substantial increase in vegetation during both the LIG and MH,resulting in significant increases in monsoonal precipitation by 9.8%and 6.0%,respectively.The vegetation feedback also intensified the Saharan Heat Low,strengthened monsoonal flows,and enhanced precipitation over the North African monsoon region.In contrast,the Indian monsoon region exhibited divergent responses to vegetation changes.During the LIG,precipitation in the Indian monsoon region decreased by 2.2%,while it increased by 1.6%during the MH.These differences highlight the complex and region-specific impacts of vegetation feedback on monsoon systems.Overall,this study demonstrates that vegetation feedback exerts distinct influences on the global monsoon during the MH and LIG.These findings highlight the importance of considering vegetation-climate feedback in understanding past monsoon variability and in predicting future climate change impacts on monsoon systems.展开更多
The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic...The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic gradient spanning the Espinal,Argentine Low Monte,and Patagonian Steppe ecoregions of Argentina.The research was carried out at eight sampling sites with radial grazing gradients generated around artificial water sources(piospheres),exhibiting two contrasting response patterns of vegetation to grazing pressure.One of the response patterns shows a typical vegetation response to grazing that the vegetation productivity increases with the distance to the water sources(decreasing grazing intensity).The second pattern is found in drier regions,where vegetation presents an inverse productivity response that vegetation productivity is higher near water sources(high grazing intensity)due to increased shrub cover.Vegetation productivity was measured using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).Vegetation patch structure and cover were determined for each site with high,medium,and low grazing intensities.Results indicated that shrub cover is the primary driver of vegetation productivity,showing contrasting responses to grazing intensity between the two identified patterns.While NDVI proved to be a reliable proxy for shrub cover and total vegetation cover(R2>0.70),it failed to reflect grass cover dynamics.Furthermore,mean annual temperature was more strongly correlated with vegetation cover changes,while grazing intensity significantly altered vegetation patch structure and soil cover distribution.Specifically,in drier regions,high grazing intensity led to larger patches while,in wetter regions,it led to smaller patches(fragmentation).Shrubs,with their deeper roots and drought tolerance,were less preferred and more resistant to grazing in arid environments and thrived under grazing pressure in these arid conditions.Our results underscored the need for adaptive management strategies in grazing systems.Traditional approaches may require significant adjustments,as the efficacy of management hinges on the interplay of specific climatic conditions and the varied responses of vegetation.Furthermore,effective conservation efforts should prioritize the recognition and protection of shrubs given their critical contribution to ecosystem function and biodiversity.Ultimately,this research provides a valuable framework to understand the complex dynamics between grazing and vegetation in arid and semi-arid environments,highlighting that sustainable grazing practices should be tailored to account for both climatic variables and the unique characteristics of different plant communities.展开更多
Understanding the dynamics of vegetation carbon sequestration(VCS)is essential for regional carbon neutrality strategies.This study revealed the spatiotemporal patterns of VCS and its relationship with anthropogenic c...Understanding the dynamics of vegetation carbon sequestration(VCS)is essential for regional carbon neutrality strategies.This study revealed the spatiotemporal patterns of VCS and its relationship with anthropogenic carbon emissions(ACEs)in Shandong Province,China during 2000-2020,and identified the sensitivity factors affecting VCS.The results show that:1)VCS increased consistently from 193.45 million t to 256.41 million t,with high values areas concentrated in the central,northeastern,and southeastern mountainous and hilly regions,while low values were found in water bodies and urban built-up areas.At the city level,Linyi,Yantai,Binzhou,and Jinan experienced the most significant rises-reaching up to 243000 t/yr.At the county level,Pingdu,Qixia,and Yiyuan also showed substantial growth,each exceeding 30400 t/yr.2)Digital Elevation Molde(DEM)was identified as the dominant natural factor influencing VCS distribution,while land use optimization measures,especially afforestation and farmland conversion in sloped terrain,were the primary human drivers of VCS increase.3)Urbanization and carbon neutrality were not mutually exclusive.While urban expansion locally reduced VCS,rural emigration enhanced carbon sinks in surrounding areas,partially offsetting urban losses.This compensatory mechanism supported VCS increases in nearly all cities and 90% of counties.Nevertheless,with ACEs continuing to rise and the offset ratio by VCS declining,achieving carbon neutrality requires regional strategies that integrate with accelerated energy conservation,emission reduction technologies,and energy transition.These findings provide a scientific basis for decomposing carbon neutrality targets across cities and counties in Shandong and a reference for developing localized land use policies in similar regions.展开更多
Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance...Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance the accuracy of maize growth monitoring in dust-affected regions,this study aims to quantify the effect of sand dust retention on maize during the tasseling stage in the Kashgar Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,by analyzing changes in canopy reflectance and vegetation indices.First,field sampling was conducted to measure the key canopy structure parameters and dust retention levels of maize,and laboratory spectral measurements were performed on leaf spectral properties under gradient dust retention.The measured data were then used to drive the LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework(LESS)model for simulating realistic maize canopy spectra across different dust levels,with validation against Sentinel-2 imagery.Second,on the basis of the simulated and satellite-derived spectra,the dust resistance of 36 common vegetation indices was systematically evaluated,and new robust dust-resistant indices were developed.The results showed that compared with dust-free maize,the canopy reflectance of dust-retained maize followed an increase–decrease–increase pattern,with critical turning points at 735 and 1325 nm.The maximum reflectance difference of–0.11755(change rate:29.002%)occurred within the 735–1325 nm range at 24 g/m^(2)dust retention,and the minimum reflectance difference of 0.04285(change rate:148.950%)was observed in the 350–735 nm range under the same dust retention level.Among the 36 vegetation indices,only the global environment monitoring index(GEMI)and the ratio of transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index to optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index(TCARI/OSAVI)exhibited dust resistance,with GEMI being effective below 6 g/m^(2)and TCARI/OSAVI remaining stable across all levels(average ratio:0.970).The newly developed indices in this study,(RE3–RE2)/(NIR–RE2),(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),and(NIR–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),retained values within the predefined dust-resistant range over the full dust retention levels of 0–24 g/m^(2),thus showing a more stable dust resistance compared with the commonly used 36 vegetation indices.Specially,(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2)performed the most robustly in Sentinel-2 imagery,that is,58.020%of pixels were within the dust-resistant range,and an average ratio of 0.937 was obtained for the original-spectra index.This study provides a scientific basis for crop monitoring and management in dust-affected regions.展开更多
Terrestrial ecosystems heavily depend on vegetation,which responds to carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fertilization in hot and humid regions.The subtropical humid karst region is a hot and humid region;whether and to what exten...Terrestrial ecosystems heavily depend on vegetation,which responds to carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fertilization in hot and humid regions.The subtropical humid karst region is a hot and humid region;whether and to what extent CO_(2)fertilization affects vegetation changes in such regions remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the degree to which CO_(2)fertilization influences vegetation changes,along with their spatial and temporal differences,in the subtropical humid karst region using time-lag effect analysis,a random forest model,and multiple regression analysis.Results showed that CO_(2)fertilization plays an important role in vegetation changes,exhibiting clear spatial variations across different geomorphological zones,with its degree of influence ranging mainly between 11%and 25%.The highest contribution of CO_(2)fertilization was observed in the karst basin and non-karstic region,whereas the lowest contribution was found in the karst plateau region.Previous studies have primarily attributed vegetation changes in subtropical humid karst region to ecological engineering,leading to an overestimation of its contribution to these changes.The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the mechanism of vegetation changes in humid karst region and provide theoretical and practical insights for ecological and environmental protection in these regions.展开更多
Investigating the spatial distribution of vegetation in monsoonal-climate-dominated high mountain area and detecting its changes that occurred in paraglacial areas is crucial for understanding the cascading environmen...Investigating the spatial distribution of vegetation in monsoonal-climate-dominated high mountain area and detecting its changes that occurred in paraglacial areas is crucial for understanding the cascading environmental effects of shrinking glaciers.We used Landsat images from 1994 to 2022,obtained landscape distribution patterns of glaciers and vegetation in Mt.Gongga,and detected paraglacial vegetation changes under deglaciating environments.We observed there is a pronounced difference in glacier and vegetation coverage between the eastern and western slopes in Mt.Gongga,the eastern slope occupies 78.68% of vegetation area and 61.02% of glacier area,whilst the western slope occupies lower area.Exaggerate warming accelerated glacier retreat,and proglacial areas are generally characterized by very fast primary succession,resulting in an increase of 0.32 km^(2)in vegetation area within two typical glacier forefields on the eastern slope.The phenomenon of paraglacial slope failure following glacier thinning is widespread in Mt.Gongga,resulting in vegetation area decreased by 0.34 km^(2).Concurrently,the fast retreat of glaciers and changes in ice surface geomorphology have caused rapid dynamics in supraglacial vegetation developed on its lower debris-covered sections.We suggested that rapid changes of temperate glaciers can significantly influence paraglacial landform,leading to rapid dynamic changes of vegetation in a balance between colonization and destruction.展开更多
A macro-tidal tropical estuary with high fluvial discharge is characterized by both fragility and remarkable dynamism.This study utilizes the Salween River Delta(SRD)as a case example to examine the interplay between ...A macro-tidal tropical estuary with high fluvial discharge is characterized by both fragility and remarkable dynamism.This study utilizes the Salween River Delta(SRD)as a case example to examine the interplay between morphology and vegetation under similar tidal conditions.Our analysis of correlations and inferences revealed several significant trends in the SRD:(1)an overall expansion of land area and intertidal vegetation,with the most pronounced changes occurring in the eastern sector;(2)the predominance of river discharge influencing the southwestern and northern sectors,contrasted with the primary impact of storm surges in the eastern sector;and(3)three distinct causal relationships among estuarine morphology,vegetation,storm surges,and river discharge:a direct model where river discharge shapes estuarine morphology,a progressive model in which river discharge affects vegetation distribution,subsequently influencing estuarine morphology,and a hybrid model where storm surges directly impact vegetation and indirectly modify its distribution through changes in estuarine morphology.The stability of sediment supply and the role of intertidal vegetation are crucial for the continuous seaward advance,providing a vital foundation for the protection and development of estuarine deltas.展开更多
This research aims to analyse the spatio-temporal changes of vegetation cover in coastal regions of Char Fasson and Galachipa Upazila, Bangladesh for a period of 30 years (1994-2024) based on Landsat satellite imagery...This research aims to analyse the spatio-temporal changes of vegetation cover in coastal regions of Char Fasson and Galachipa Upazila, Bangladesh for a period of 30 years (1994-2024) based on Landsat satellite imagery and NDVI. Through the evaluation of NDVI this paper classifies vegetation as no water/bare vegetation, slightly densed vegetation, moderately densed vegetation, and highly densed vegetation. The findings reveal significant fluctuations in vegetation cover: from 1994 to 2004, there has been an increase in vegetation density implying that afforestation has created more moderate and highly densed vegetation out of density vegetation. However, between 2004 and 2014, vegetation cover decreased because some cyclones, like Sidr and Aila, affected the coastal forest of Bangladesh. Other attempts to afforestation supported improved coverage from vegetation between 2014 and 2024. These findings provide clear evidence of the sustainable benefits of coastal afforestation in the reduction of coastal erosion and storm surges that affect vegetation and coasts. Knowledge gained in this research is highly useful to the environmental planners on recommendations for sustainable land uses and preservation to build up ecological stability in Bangladesh weak coastal areas.展开更多
The productivity of vegetation is influenced by both climate change and human activities.Understanding the specific contributions of these influencing factors is crucial for ecological conservation and regional sustai...The productivity of vegetation is influenced by both climate change and human activities.Understanding the specific contributions of these influencing factors is crucial for ecological conservation and regional sustainability.This study utilized a combination of multi-source data to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of Net Primary Productivity(NPP)in the Yellow River Basin(YRB),China from 1982 to 2020.Additionally,a scenario-based approach was employed to compare Potential NPP(PNPP)with Actual NPP(ANPP)to determine the relative roles of climatic and human factors in NPP changes.The PNPP was estimated using the Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator(LPJ-GUESS)model,while ANPP was evaluated by the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA)model using different NDVI data sources.Both model simulations revealed that significant greening occurring in the YRB,with a gradual decrease observed from southeast to northwest.According to the LPJ_GUESS model simulations,areas experiencing an increasing trend in NPP accounted for 86.82% of the YRB.When using GIMMS and MODIS NDVI data with CASA model simulations,areas showing an increasing trend in NPP accounted for 71.42% and 97.02%,respectively.Furthermore,both climatic conditions and human factors had positive effects on vegetation restoration;approximated 41.15% of restored vegetation areas were influenced by both climate variation and human activities,while around 31.93% were solely affected by climate variation.However,it was found that human activities served as the principal driving force of vegetation degradation within the YRB,impacting 26.35% of degraded areas solely due to human activities.Therefore,effective management strategies encompassing both human activities and climate change adaptation are imperative for facilitating vegetation restoration within this region.These findings will valuable for enhancing our understanding in NPP changes and its underlying factors,thereby contributing to improved ecological management and the pursuit of regional carbon neutrality in China.展开更多
Understanding the complex relationship between vegetation change and both natural and anthropogenic factors is a subject of global importance.However,comprehensive explanations of vegetation cover trends across China...Understanding the complex relationship between vegetation change and both natural and anthropogenic factors is a subject of global importance.However,comprehensive explanations of vegetation cover trends across China’s different regions and the dynamic roles of their drivers remain limited.This study analyzed national and regional vegetation change trends from 2000 to 2020 and evaluated the evolving impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors.Results indicate that 44.14%of China’s land experienced significant increase(P<0.05)in vegetation coverage.The Northeast(A1),Southwest(A5),and South China(A8)regions showed extremely significant increases in vegetation cover,with over 65%of vegetation exhibiting extremely significant growth(P<0.01).In contrast,less than 25%of vegetation in Inner Mongolia(A2),Northwest(A3),and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(A4)subregions demonstrated an extremely significant increasing trend(P<0.01).Precipitation(q=0.766)and land use type(q=0.636)were the most influential natural and anthropogenic factors,respectively,with their interaction(q=0.838)dominating national vegetation patterns.On the west side of the Hu Line,vegetation dynamics were mainly limited by arid and semi-arid climates,with precipitation as the dominant factor,though land use measures have contributed to some vegetation improvement.Between 2000 and 2020,the influence of precipitation on vegetation cover increased in regions A3 and A4,with q-values rising by 26.73%and 101.13%,respectively.Additionally,soil type exerted a significant effect(P<0.001)on vegetation cover across all regions,being most pronounced in A2(q=0.692).On the east side of the Hu Line,vegetation growth benefited generally from warm and humid conditions,while local decline in urbanized areas was largely attributable to land use change and economic expansion.Concurrently anthropogenic factors such as land use and population density increasingly influenced vegetation dynamics in eastern urban areas of the Hu Line.Population density and GDP were the most influential factors affecting vegetation cover in region A8,with q-values of 0.443 and 0.380,respectively(P<0.001).Future efforts should maintain the benefits of large-scale ecological projects and harmonize the relationship between urban vegetation and anthropogenic influences.展开更多
Understanding the characteristics and driving factors behind changes in vegetation ecosystem resilience is crucial for mitigating both current and future impacts of climate change. Despite recent advances in resilienc...Understanding the characteristics and driving factors behind changes in vegetation ecosystem resilience is crucial for mitigating both current and future impacts of climate change. Despite recent advances in resilience research, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the drivers of resilience changes. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of ecosystem resilience across China and identified potential driving factors using the kernel normalized difference vegetation index(kNDVI) from 2000 to 2020. Our results indicate that vegetation resilience in China has exhibited an increasing trend over the past two decades, with a notable breakpoint occurring around 2012. We found that precipitation was the dominant driver of changes in ecosystem resilience, accounting for 35.82% of the variation across China, followed by monthly average maximum temperature(Tmax) and vapor pressure deficit(VPD), which explained 28.95% and 28.31% of the variation, respectively. Furthermore, we revealed that daytime and nighttime warming has asymmetric impacts on vegetation resilience, with temperature factors such as Tmin and Tmax becoming more influential, while the importance of precipitation slightly decreases after the resilience change point. Overall, our study highlights the key roles of water availability and temperature in shaping vegetation resilience and underscores the asymmetric effects of daytime and nighttime warming on ecosystem resilience.展开更多
The hydrodynamic response of overland flow to vegetation coverage on convex slopes remains inadequately quantified despite it is critical for soil erosion control in terrains dominated by such topography.This study sy...The hydrodynamic response of overland flow to vegetation coverage on convex slopes remains inadequately quantified despite it is critical for soil erosion control in terrains dominated by such topography.This study systematically investigated the influence of varying vegetation coverage(0%,1.08%,3.24%,4.69%and 9.81%)on the hydrodynamic characteristics of convex slopes through indoor flume experiments under diverse flow discharges(5.5-13.5 m^(3)/h)and slopes(5°-25°).The results revealed three key hydrodynamic mechanisms:(1)Flow retardation and energy dissipation:Increasing vegetation coverage significantly reduced overland flow velocity and promoted higher flow depth,thereby enhancing water retention and energy dissipation.Both stream power(Ω)and unit stream power(ω)declined by 13.9%-30.1%compared to bare slopes.(2)Flow Regime Transition:Froude number(Fr)decreased with increasing vegetation coverage,promoting the transition from supercritical to subcritical flow.The Reynolds number(Re)consistently exceeded 500,indicating the absence of laminar flow.(3)Modification of flow resistance:Vegetation resistance increased nonlinearly with coverage.Maximum bed shear stress was observed at 4.69%coverage(23.5%higher than bare slopes).However,Manning’s(n)and Darcy-Weisbach(f)coefficients did not correlate clearly with Re,indicating that vegetation coverage and slope type feedback significantly change flow resistance mechanisms.展开更多
Various technologies and projects have been explored and developed for the synergetic control of environmental pollution and carbon emissions in aquatic ecosystems.Planting submerged vegetation in shallow waters was a...Various technologies and projects have been explored and developed for the synergetic control of environmental pollution and carbon emissions in aquatic ecosystems.Planting submerged vegetation in shallow waters was also expected to achieve this purpose.However,the magnitude and mechanism of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission affected by submerged vegetation is not clear enough in complex aquatic ecosystems.This study investigated the influences of submerged plants on CO_(2)emission,ecosystem metabolism features,and microbial community traits based on observations in river networks on the Changjiang River Delta.The results showed that CO_(2)emission from planted waters accounted for 73%of unplanted waters.Meanwhile,planted waters had higher dissolved organic carbon removal capacity in overlying water and higher potential of carbon sequestration in sediment at the same time.These distinctions between the two habitats were attributed to(1)improved CO_(2)and bicarbonate consumption in water columns via enhancing photosynthesis and(2)inhibited CO_(2)production by reconstructing the benthic microbial community.Additional eco-advantages were found in planted sediments,such as a high potential of methane oxidation and xenobiotics biodegradation and a low risk of becoming black and odorous.In brief,submerged vegetation is beneficial in promoting pollution removal and carbon retention synchronously.This study advances our understanding of the feedback between aquatic metabolism and CO_(2)emission.展开更多
Climate change in High Mountain Asia(HMA)is characterized by elevation dependence,which results in vertical zoning of vegetation distribution.However,few studies have been conducted on the distribution patterns of veg...Climate change in High Mountain Asia(HMA)is characterized by elevation dependence,which results in vertical zoning of vegetation distribution.However,few studies have been conducted on the distribution patterns of vegetation,the response of vegetation to climate change,and the key climatic control factors of vegetation along the elevation gradient in this region.In this study,based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation index(NDVI),we investigated the evolution pattern of vegetation in HMA during 2001-2020 using linear trend and Bayesian Estimator of Abrupt change,Seasonality,and Trend(BEAST)methods.Pearson correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis were used to explore the response relationship between vegetation and climatic factors along the elevation gradient.Path analysis was employed to quantitatively reveal the dominant climatic factors affecting vegetation distribution along the elevation gradient.The results showed that NDVI in HMA increased at a rate of 0.011/10a from 2001 to 2020,and the rate of increase abruptly slowed down after 2017.NDVI showed a fluctuating increase at elevation zones 1-2(<2500 m)and then decreased at elevation zones 3-9(2500-6000 m)with the increase of elevation.NDVI was most sensitive to precipitation and temperature at a 1-month lag.With the increase of elevation,the positive response relationship of NDVI with precipitation gradually weakened,while that of NDVI with temperature was the opposite.The total effect coefficient of precipitation(0.95)on vegetation was larger than that of temperature(0.87),indicating that precipitation is the dominant control factor affecting vegetation growth.Spacially,vegetation growth is jointly influenced by precipitation and temperature,but the influence of precipitation on vegetation growth is dominant at each elevation zone.The results of this study contribute to understanding how the elevation gradient effect influences the response of vegetation to climate change in alpine ecosystems.展开更多
Indonesia is an archipelago located in a tropical climate zone that is home to 17%of the world's creatures,buthuman disturbances still threaten the existence of bird species in Indonesia.This encourages bird conse...Indonesia is an archipelago located in a tropical climate zone that is home to 17%of the world's creatures,buthuman disturbances still threaten the existence of bird species in Indonesia.This encourages bird conservation effortsboth through conservation areas and community forests.This study aims to determine the diversity and interaction ofbirds with the vegetation stratum in the community forest of Gunungkelir Hamlet,Jatimulyo Village,Kulon ProgoRegency,Yogyakarta.This research was conducted from February to March 2024,using a combination of line transect,point count,and rapid assessment methods for bird observation.Data were analyzed using diversity index(H'),evenness(E),and relative abundance.Vegetation stratum data used in vegetation analysis through nested plot sampling to obtainthe Important Value Index(IVI).The results showed that there were 21 species from 13 bird families;the diversity valueobtained on the three lanes was 2.62 on lane 1,1.84 on lane 2,and 1.79 on lane 3.The Albizia chinensis species hadthe highest IVI value at the seedling and sapling levels,with(67%)and(76.4%),respectively;then cloves obtained thehighest IVI value at the pole and tree levels with(84.5%)and(81.3%).The majority of birds,comprising as many as15 species,were found in stratum C,followed by stratum D,which had as many as 8 species,stratum E with 3 species,stratum B with 2 species,and no birds were found in stratum A.The most common form of vegetation utilizationfound was resting.Birds utilized the stratum layer to rest,play,and find food.Understanding bird ecology also meansunderstanding human safety in wisely managing forest ecosystems.展开更多
Urban expansion in India’s metropolitan regions has led to significant alterations in land surface composition,which directly affect local thermal environments.Vegetation loss and the emergence of bare land surfaces ...Urban expansion in India’s metropolitan regions has led to significant alterations in land surface composition,which directly affect local thermal environments.Vegetation loss and the emergence of bare land surfaces are increasingly recognized as key contributors to urban heat,yet comparative,multi-city studies addressing their combined effects remain scarce.This study analyzes the influence of vegetation and bare land on land surface temperature(LST)across three major Indian cities—Delhi,Lucknow,and Ahmedabad in 2023.Satellite imagery was used to extract Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),Normalized Difference Bareness Index(NDBaI),and LST values.Statistical correlation and spatial analysis techniques were applied to evaluate thermal variations across land cover types.NDVI was negatively correlated with LST(r=−0.68 to−0.81),indicating the cooling role of vegetation,whereas NDBaI showed a positive correlation with LST(r=0.59 to 0.74),highlighting the warming effect of bare surfaces.Delhi exhibited the highest maximum LST(47.45℃),while Lucknow recorded the highest minimum(38.63℃).Across all cities and timeframes,vegetated areas consistently showed lower surface temperatures compared to bare or built-up regions.The findings emphasize the importance of vegetation in reducing urban heat and the thermal risk posed by increasing bare land.Strengthening green infrastructure and minimizing exposed soil in urban areas can serve as effective strategies for enhancing thermal comfort and climate resilience in Indian cities.展开更多
Although Vegetation Restoration Programs(VRPs)on the Loess Plateau,China,have significantly improved the region’s ecological condition,their impact on the local economy and agriculture remain unclear.Here we used the...Although Vegetation Restoration Programs(VRPs)on the Loess Plateau,China,have significantly improved the region’s ecological condition,their impact on the local economy and agriculture remain unclear.Here we used the difference-in-differences analysis to quantify the effects of the VRPs on population,economic,and agricultural aspects.Results suggest that the implementation of the VRPs increased mean county-based Gross Domestic Product by 148%and per capita grain production by 30%,but decreased rural labor resources by 11%.VRPs promoted the transfer of population to the secondary industry and increased the income of local farmers.We predict that grain production will likely start to decline when the restoration area exceeds approximately 55%of the total county area in the future.Our study suggests that while VRPs on the Loess Plateau are economically sustainable,their expansion beyond a certain threshold could jeopardize agriculture.展开更多
文摘[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucidating the global response patterns of soil moisture to vegetation restoration and identifying research hotspots are critical for guiding ecological construction in arid regions.[Methods]We reviewed 6,152 articles concerning soil moisture and vegetation retrieved from the Web of Science platform.Using VOSviewer,we conducted analyses of keyword co-occurrence,publication trends,and research hotspots to systematically delineate the evolving trends in this field.[Results]The results indicate a significant increasing trend in the number of publications since 2000.Global research keywords are categorized into seven clusters,including vegetation,soil moisture,rainfall-erosion-infiltration,spatial heterogeneity,and climate change.In terms of highly cited papers in 2024,China and the United States maintain a significant lead.Global research demonstrates a strong dependency on typical regional geographical features(such as climate types and topography),exhibiting differentiated research focuses.Furthermore,studies extend beyond soil moisture itself to deeply couple with ecological processes such as vegetation restoration,soil respiration,carbon cycling,and hydrothermal conditions.[Conclusions]The long-term ecological effects of afforestation in arid regions remain unclear,and empirical data from key regions highlight the current urgency.Future research should integrate climate change dynamics,innovate monitoring methodologies,and deepen the understanding of regional differentiation to provide scientific support for the adaptive management of vegetation in arid regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant NO.42401465 and 42401464]Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects[Grant NO.202501AT070343,202401AU070169 and 202401CF070161]+1 种基金Natural Science Fund of Kunming University of Science and Technology(KKZ3202421125)Yunnan Provincial Talent Project“High-level Talent Training Support Plan”[YNWR-QNBJ-2020-031]。
文摘Accurate phenological information is essential for measuring ecosystem dynamics and carbon uptake.Southwest China is one of the country's largest terrestrial carbon sink regions and plays a crucial role in carbon peaking and neutrality.However,its complex terrain,fragile ecosystem,and variable climate challenge carbon sink stability.Vegetation phenology significantly impacts carbon absorption and release,making accurate phenological data essential for understanding carbon sequestration dynamics.The widespread distribution of evergreen forests and their weak seasonal variation in canopy introduce significant uncertainties in extracting phenology using traditional remote sensing information in this region.These limitations can lead to inaccurate assessments of carbon sink dynamics.Therefore,precise phenology extraction and analysis are vital for improving ecosystem dynamics and the carbon cycle in Southwest China.Firstly,we employed different ways to evaluate the ability of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence(SIF)and traditional remote sensing information to extract phenology.Secondly,based on SIF,we analyzed the spatial and temporal changes in the start of the growing season(SOS),the end of the growing season(EOS),and the length of the growing season(LOS)from 2001 to 2020.Finally,we systematically analyzed the response of SOS and EOS to five preseason climatic factors.The results showed that(1)SIF outperformed traditional remote sensing information in extracting phenology.(2)Vegetation phenology exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity.Moreover,SOS,EOS,and LOS showed trends of advancement,delay,and extension both overall and across all vegetation types.(3)Precipitation was the main factor influencing SOS,while surface downward solar radiation and mean temperature were the main factors affecting EOS,and the phenology of different vegetation types showed a great difference in response to preseason climate factors.These findings improve our understanding of vegetation phenology and its dynamics over Southwest China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460380,42007042)State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture(SKLSSKF2023-06)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20242BAB25389)National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410410029X)Jiangxi Province Graduate Student Innovation Special Fund Project(YC2024-S330).
文摘Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.
基金supported by the Swedish Research Council(Vetenskapsradet,Grant No.202203129)the Project of Youth Science and Technology Fund of Gansu Province(Grant No.24JRRA439)partially funded by the Swedish Research Council(Vetenskapsradet,Grant No.2022-06725)。
文摘This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model EC-Earth3.Our findings indicate that vegetation changes significantly influence the global monsoon area and precipitation patterns,especially in the North African and Indian monsoon regions.The North African monsoon region experienced the most substantial increase in vegetation during both the LIG and MH,resulting in significant increases in monsoonal precipitation by 9.8%and 6.0%,respectively.The vegetation feedback also intensified the Saharan Heat Low,strengthened monsoonal flows,and enhanced precipitation over the North African monsoon region.In contrast,the Indian monsoon region exhibited divergent responses to vegetation changes.During the LIG,precipitation in the Indian monsoon region decreased by 2.2%,while it increased by 1.6%during the MH.These differences highlight the complex and region-specific impacts of vegetation feedback on monsoon systems.Overall,this study demonstrates that vegetation feedback exerts distinct influences on the global monsoon during the MH and LIG.These findings highlight the importance of considering vegetation-climate feedback in understanding past monsoon variability and in predicting future climate change impacts on monsoon systems.
基金supported by the Universidad Nacional de Río Negro(PI-UNRN 40C-1088)the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(PIP-CONICET 2023-402).
文摘The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic gradient spanning the Espinal,Argentine Low Monte,and Patagonian Steppe ecoregions of Argentina.The research was carried out at eight sampling sites with radial grazing gradients generated around artificial water sources(piospheres),exhibiting two contrasting response patterns of vegetation to grazing pressure.One of the response patterns shows a typical vegetation response to grazing that the vegetation productivity increases with the distance to the water sources(decreasing grazing intensity).The second pattern is found in drier regions,where vegetation presents an inverse productivity response that vegetation productivity is higher near water sources(high grazing intensity)due to increased shrub cover.Vegetation productivity was measured using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).Vegetation patch structure and cover were determined for each site with high,medium,and low grazing intensities.Results indicated that shrub cover is the primary driver of vegetation productivity,showing contrasting responses to grazing intensity between the two identified patterns.While NDVI proved to be a reliable proxy for shrub cover and total vegetation cover(R2>0.70),it failed to reflect grass cover dynamics.Furthermore,mean annual temperature was more strongly correlated with vegetation cover changes,while grazing intensity significantly altered vegetation patch structure and soil cover distribution.Specifically,in drier regions,high grazing intensity led to larger patches while,in wetter regions,it led to smaller patches(fragmentation).Shrubs,with their deeper roots and drought tolerance,were less preferred and more resistant to grazing in arid environments and thrived under grazing pressure in these arid conditions.Our results underscored the need for adaptive management strategies in grazing systems.Traditional approaches may require significant adjustments,as the efficacy of management hinges on the interplay of specific climatic conditions and the varied responses of vegetation.Furthermore,effective conservation efforts should prioritize the recognition and protection of shrubs given their critical contribution to ecosystem function and biodiversity.Ultimately,this research provides a valuable framework to understand the complex dynamics between grazing and vegetation in arid and semi-arid environments,highlighting that sustainable grazing practices should be tailored to account for both climatic variables and the unique characteristics of different plant communities.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42476247,42461015)the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management,Ministry of Natural Resources(No.2024COSIM01)Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project(No.GuikeAD23026194)。
文摘Understanding the dynamics of vegetation carbon sequestration(VCS)is essential for regional carbon neutrality strategies.This study revealed the spatiotemporal patterns of VCS and its relationship with anthropogenic carbon emissions(ACEs)in Shandong Province,China during 2000-2020,and identified the sensitivity factors affecting VCS.The results show that:1)VCS increased consistently from 193.45 million t to 256.41 million t,with high values areas concentrated in the central,northeastern,and southeastern mountainous and hilly regions,while low values were found in water bodies and urban built-up areas.At the city level,Linyi,Yantai,Binzhou,and Jinan experienced the most significant rises-reaching up to 243000 t/yr.At the county level,Pingdu,Qixia,and Yiyuan also showed substantial growth,each exceeding 30400 t/yr.2)Digital Elevation Molde(DEM)was identified as the dominant natural factor influencing VCS distribution,while land use optimization measures,especially afforestation and farmland conversion in sloped terrain,were the primary human drivers of VCS increase.3)Urbanization and carbon neutrality were not mutually exclusive.While urban expansion locally reduced VCS,rural emigration enhanced carbon sinks in surrounding areas,partially offsetting urban losses.This compensatory mechanism supported VCS increases in nearly all cities and 90% of counties.Nevertheless,with ACEs continuing to rise and the offset ratio by VCS declining,achieving carbon neutrality requires regional strategies that integrate with accelerated energy conservation,emission reduction technologies,and energy transition.These findings provide a scientific basis for decomposing carbon neutrality targets across cities and counties in Shandong and a reference for developing localized land use policies in similar regions.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2001020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41201359).
文摘Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance the accuracy of maize growth monitoring in dust-affected regions,this study aims to quantify the effect of sand dust retention on maize during the tasseling stage in the Kashgar Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,by analyzing changes in canopy reflectance and vegetation indices.First,field sampling was conducted to measure the key canopy structure parameters and dust retention levels of maize,and laboratory spectral measurements were performed on leaf spectral properties under gradient dust retention.The measured data were then used to drive the LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework(LESS)model for simulating realistic maize canopy spectra across different dust levels,with validation against Sentinel-2 imagery.Second,on the basis of the simulated and satellite-derived spectra,the dust resistance of 36 common vegetation indices was systematically evaluated,and new robust dust-resistant indices were developed.The results showed that compared with dust-free maize,the canopy reflectance of dust-retained maize followed an increase–decrease–increase pattern,with critical turning points at 735 and 1325 nm.The maximum reflectance difference of–0.11755(change rate:29.002%)occurred within the 735–1325 nm range at 24 g/m^(2)dust retention,and the minimum reflectance difference of 0.04285(change rate:148.950%)was observed in the 350–735 nm range under the same dust retention level.Among the 36 vegetation indices,only the global environment monitoring index(GEMI)and the ratio of transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index to optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index(TCARI/OSAVI)exhibited dust resistance,with GEMI being effective below 6 g/m^(2)and TCARI/OSAVI remaining stable across all levels(average ratio:0.970).The newly developed indices in this study,(RE3–RE2)/(NIR–RE2),(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),and(NIR–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),retained values within the predefined dust-resistant range over the full dust retention levels of 0–24 g/m^(2),thus showing a more stable dust resistance compared with the commonly used 36 vegetation indices.Specially,(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2)performed the most robustly in Sentinel-2 imagery,that is,58.020%of pixels were within the dust-resistant range,and an average ratio of 0.937 was obtained for the original-spectra index.This study provides a scientific basis for crop monitoring and management in dust-affected regions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41761003The Karst Science Research Center of Guizhou Province,No.U1812401。
文摘Terrestrial ecosystems heavily depend on vegetation,which responds to carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fertilization in hot and humid regions.The subtropical humid karst region is a hot and humid region;whether and to what extent CO_(2)fertilization affects vegetation changes in such regions remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the degree to which CO_(2)fertilization influences vegetation changes,along with their spatial and temporal differences,in the subtropical humid karst region using time-lag effect analysis,a random forest model,and multiple regression analysis.Results showed that CO_(2)fertilization plays an important role in vegetation changes,exhibiting clear spatial variations across different geomorphological zones,with its degree of influence ranging mainly between 11%and 25%.The highest contribution of CO_(2)fertilization was observed in the karst basin and non-karstic region,whereas the lowest contribution was found in the karst plateau region.Previous studies have primarily attributed vegetation changes in subtropical humid karst region to ecological engineering,leading to an overestimation of its contribution to these changes.The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the mechanism of vegetation changes in humid karst region and provide theoretical and practical insights for ecological and environmental protection in these regions.
基金Science and Technology Research Program of Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.IMHE-CXTD-02,No.IMHE-ZDRW-06。
文摘Investigating the spatial distribution of vegetation in monsoonal-climate-dominated high mountain area and detecting its changes that occurred in paraglacial areas is crucial for understanding the cascading environmental effects of shrinking glaciers.We used Landsat images from 1994 to 2022,obtained landscape distribution patterns of glaciers and vegetation in Mt.Gongga,and detected paraglacial vegetation changes under deglaciating environments.We observed there is a pronounced difference in glacier and vegetation coverage between the eastern and western slopes in Mt.Gongga,the eastern slope occupies 78.68% of vegetation area and 61.02% of glacier area,whilst the western slope occupies lower area.Exaggerate warming accelerated glacier retreat,and proglacial areas are generally characterized by very fast primary succession,resulting in an increase of 0.32 km^(2)in vegetation area within two typical glacier forefields on the eastern slope.The phenomenon of paraglacial slope failure following glacier thinning is widespread in Mt.Gongga,resulting in vegetation area decreased by 0.34 km^(2).Concurrently,the fast retreat of glaciers and changes in ice surface geomorphology have caused rapid dynamics in supraglacial vegetation developed on its lower debris-covered sections.We suggested that rapid changes of temperate glaciers can significantly influence paraglacial landform,leading to rapid dynamic changes of vegetation in a balance between colonization and destruction.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41906148,No.42271086Rejuvenating Yunnan Talents Support Plan Young Talent Program,No.XDYC-QNRC-2023-0322。
文摘A macro-tidal tropical estuary with high fluvial discharge is characterized by both fragility and remarkable dynamism.This study utilizes the Salween River Delta(SRD)as a case example to examine the interplay between morphology and vegetation under similar tidal conditions.Our analysis of correlations and inferences revealed several significant trends in the SRD:(1)an overall expansion of land area and intertidal vegetation,with the most pronounced changes occurring in the eastern sector;(2)the predominance of river discharge influencing the southwestern and northern sectors,contrasted with the primary impact of storm surges in the eastern sector;and(3)three distinct causal relationships among estuarine morphology,vegetation,storm surges,and river discharge:a direct model where river discharge shapes estuarine morphology,a progressive model in which river discharge affects vegetation distribution,subsequently influencing estuarine morphology,and a hybrid model where storm surges directly impact vegetation and indirectly modify its distribution through changes in estuarine morphology.The stability of sediment supply and the role of intertidal vegetation are crucial for the continuous seaward advance,providing a vital foundation for the protection and development of estuarine deltas.
文摘This research aims to analyse the spatio-temporal changes of vegetation cover in coastal regions of Char Fasson and Galachipa Upazila, Bangladesh for a period of 30 years (1994-2024) based on Landsat satellite imagery and NDVI. Through the evaluation of NDVI this paper classifies vegetation as no water/bare vegetation, slightly densed vegetation, moderately densed vegetation, and highly densed vegetation. The findings reveal significant fluctuations in vegetation cover: from 1994 to 2004, there has been an increase in vegetation density implying that afforestation has created more moderate and highly densed vegetation out of density vegetation. However, between 2004 and 2014, vegetation cover decreased because some cyclones, like Sidr and Aila, affected the coastal forest of Bangladesh. Other attempts to afforestation supported improved coverage from vegetation between 2014 and 2024. These findings provide clear evidence of the sustainable benefits of coastal afforestation in the reduction of coastal erosion and storm surges that affect vegetation and coasts. Knowledge gained in this research is highly useful to the environmental planners on recommendations for sustainable land uses and preservation to build up ecological stability in Bangladesh weak coastal areas.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41991231,U21A2011)。
文摘The productivity of vegetation is influenced by both climate change and human activities.Understanding the specific contributions of these influencing factors is crucial for ecological conservation and regional sustainability.This study utilized a combination of multi-source data to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of Net Primary Productivity(NPP)in the Yellow River Basin(YRB),China from 1982 to 2020.Additionally,a scenario-based approach was employed to compare Potential NPP(PNPP)with Actual NPP(ANPP)to determine the relative roles of climatic and human factors in NPP changes.The PNPP was estimated using the Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator(LPJ-GUESS)model,while ANPP was evaluated by the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA)model using different NDVI data sources.Both model simulations revealed that significant greening occurring in the YRB,with a gradual decrease observed from southeast to northwest.According to the LPJ_GUESS model simulations,areas experiencing an increasing trend in NPP accounted for 86.82% of the YRB.When using GIMMS and MODIS NDVI data with CASA model simulations,areas showing an increasing trend in NPP accounted for 71.42% and 97.02%,respectively.Furthermore,both climatic conditions and human factors had positive effects on vegetation restoration;approximated 41.15% of restored vegetation areas were influenced by both climate variation and human activities,while around 31.93% were solely affected by climate variation.However,it was found that human activities served as the principal driving force of vegetation degradation within the YRB,impacting 26.35% of degraded areas solely due to human activities.Therefore,effective management strategies encompassing both human activities and climate change adaptation are imperative for facilitating vegetation restoration within this region.These findings will valuable for enhancing our understanding in NPP changes and its underlying factors,thereby contributing to improved ecological management and the pursuit of regional carbon neutrality in China.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32371863)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572025AW39)。
文摘Understanding the complex relationship between vegetation change and both natural and anthropogenic factors is a subject of global importance.However,comprehensive explanations of vegetation cover trends across China’s different regions and the dynamic roles of their drivers remain limited.This study analyzed national and regional vegetation change trends from 2000 to 2020 and evaluated the evolving impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors.Results indicate that 44.14%of China’s land experienced significant increase(P<0.05)in vegetation coverage.The Northeast(A1),Southwest(A5),and South China(A8)regions showed extremely significant increases in vegetation cover,with over 65%of vegetation exhibiting extremely significant growth(P<0.01).In contrast,less than 25%of vegetation in Inner Mongolia(A2),Northwest(A3),and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(A4)subregions demonstrated an extremely significant increasing trend(P<0.01).Precipitation(q=0.766)and land use type(q=0.636)were the most influential natural and anthropogenic factors,respectively,with their interaction(q=0.838)dominating national vegetation patterns.On the west side of the Hu Line,vegetation dynamics were mainly limited by arid and semi-arid climates,with precipitation as the dominant factor,though land use measures have contributed to some vegetation improvement.Between 2000 and 2020,the influence of precipitation on vegetation cover increased in regions A3 and A4,with q-values rising by 26.73%and 101.13%,respectively.Additionally,soil type exerted a significant effect(P<0.001)on vegetation cover across all regions,being most pronounced in A2(q=0.692).On the east side of the Hu Line,vegetation growth benefited generally from warm and humid conditions,while local decline in urbanized areas was largely attributable to land use change and economic expansion.Concurrently anthropogenic factors such as land use and population density increasingly influenced vegetation dynamics in eastern urban areas of the Hu Line.Population density and GDP were the most influential factors affecting vegetation cover in region A8,with q-values of 0.443 and 0.380,respectively(P<0.001).Future efforts should maintain the benefits of large-scale ecological projects and harmonize the relationship between urban vegetation and anthropogenic influences.
基金National Key Research and Development Program,No.2021xjkk0303。
文摘Understanding the characteristics and driving factors behind changes in vegetation ecosystem resilience is crucial for mitigating both current and future impacts of climate change. Despite recent advances in resilience research, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the drivers of resilience changes. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of ecosystem resilience across China and identified potential driving factors using the kernel normalized difference vegetation index(kNDVI) from 2000 to 2020. Our results indicate that vegetation resilience in China has exhibited an increasing trend over the past two decades, with a notable breakpoint occurring around 2012. We found that precipitation was the dominant driver of changes in ecosystem resilience, accounting for 35.82% of the variation across China, followed by monthly average maximum temperature(Tmax) and vapor pressure deficit(VPD), which explained 28.95% and 28.31% of the variation, respectively. Furthermore, we revealed that daytime and nighttime warming has asymmetric impacts on vegetation resilience, with temperature factors such as Tmin and Tmax becoming more influential, while the importance of precipitation slightly decreases after the resilience change point. Overall, our study highlights the key roles of water availability and temperature in shaping vegetation resilience and underscores the asymmetric effects of daytime and nighttime warming on ecosystem resilience.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant NO.52279056)Inner Mongolia open list project(Grant NO.2024JBGS0023)。
文摘The hydrodynamic response of overland flow to vegetation coverage on convex slopes remains inadequately quantified despite it is critical for soil erosion control in terrains dominated by such topography.This study systematically investigated the influence of varying vegetation coverage(0%,1.08%,3.24%,4.69%and 9.81%)on the hydrodynamic characteristics of convex slopes through indoor flume experiments under diverse flow discharges(5.5-13.5 m^(3)/h)and slopes(5°-25°).The results revealed three key hydrodynamic mechanisms:(1)Flow retardation and energy dissipation:Increasing vegetation coverage significantly reduced overland flow velocity and promoted higher flow depth,thereby enhancing water retention and energy dissipation.Both stream power(Ω)and unit stream power(ω)declined by 13.9%-30.1%compared to bare slopes.(2)Flow Regime Transition:Froude number(Fr)decreased with increasing vegetation coverage,promoting the transition from supercritical to subcritical flow.The Reynolds number(Re)consistently exceeded 500,indicating the absence of laminar flow.(3)Modification of flow resistance:Vegetation resistance increased nonlinearly with coverage.Maximum bed shear stress was observed at 4.69%coverage(23.5%higher than bare slopes).However,Manning’s(n)and Darcy-Weisbach(f)coefficients did not correlate clearly with Re,indicating that vegetation coverage and slope type feedback significantly change flow resistance mechanisms.
基金supported by the Youth Exploration Foundation of Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences(No.2022YSKY-55).
文摘Various technologies and projects have been explored and developed for the synergetic control of environmental pollution and carbon emissions in aquatic ecosystems.Planting submerged vegetation in shallow waters was also expected to achieve this purpose.However,the magnitude and mechanism of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission affected by submerged vegetation is not clear enough in complex aquatic ecosystems.This study investigated the influences of submerged plants on CO_(2)emission,ecosystem metabolism features,and microbial community traits based on observations in river networks on the Changjiang River Delta.The results showed that CO_(2)emission from planted waters accounted for 73%of unplanted waters.Meanwhile,planted waters had higher dissolved organic carbon removal capacity in overlying water and higher potential of carbon sequestration in sediment at the same time.These distinctions between the two habitats were attributed to(1)improved CO_(2)and bicarbonate consumption in water columns via enhancing photosynthesis and(2)inhibited CO_(2)production by reconstructing the benthic microbial community.Additional eco-advantages were found in planted sediments,such as a high potential of methane oxidation and xenobiotics biodegradation and a low risk of becoming black and odorous.In brief,submerged vegetation is beneficial in promoting pollution removal and carbon retention synchronously.This study advances our understanding of the feedback between aquatic metabolism and CO_(2)emission.
基金supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Major Scientific and Technological Special Project Research and Demonstration on the Development Model of Ecological Agriculture and Efficient Utilization of Soil and Water Resources in Modern Irrigation Areas(2023A02002-1).
文摘Climate change in High Mountain Asia(HMA)is characterized by elevation dependence,which results in vertical zoning of vegetation distribution.However,few studies have been conducted on the distribution patterns of vegetation,the response of vegetation to climate change,and the key climatic control factors of vegetation along the elevation gradient in this region.In this study,based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation index(NDVI),we investigated the evolution pattern of vegetation in HMA during 2001-2020 using linear trend and Bayesian Estimator of Abrupt change,Seasonality,and Trend(BEAST)methods.Pearson correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis were used to explore the response relationship between vegetation and climatic factors along the elevation gradient.Path analysis was employed to quantitatively reveal the dominant climatic factors affecting vegetation distribution along the elevation gradient.The results showed that NDVI in HMA increased at a rate of 0.011/10a from 2001 to 2020,and the rate of increase abruptly slowed down after 2017.NDVI showed a fluctuating increase at elevation zones 1-2(<2500 m)and then decreased at elevation zones 3-9(2500-6000 m)with the increase of elevation.NDVI was most sensitive to precipitation and temperature at a 1-month lag.With the increase of elevation,the positive response relationship of NDVI with precipitation gradually weakened,while that of NDVI with temperature was the opposite.The total effect coefficient of precipitation(0.95)on vegetation was larger than that of temperature(0.87),indicating that precipitation is the dominant control factor affecting vegetation growth.Spacially,vegetation growth is jointly influenced by precipitation and temperature,but the influence of precipitation on vegetation growth is dominant at each elevation zone.The results of this study contribute to understanding how the elevation gradient effect influences the response of vegetation to climate change in alpine ecosystems.
文摘Indonesia is an archipelago located in a tropical climate zone that is home to 17%of the world's creatures,buthuman disturbances still threaten the existence of bird species in Indonesia.This encourages bird conservation effortsboth through conservation areas and community forests.This study aims to determine the diversity and interaction ofbirds with the vegetation stratum in the community forest of Gunungkelir Hamlet,Jatimulyo Village,Kulon ProgoRegency,Yogyakarta.This research was conducted from February to March 2024,using a combination of line transect,point count,and rapid assessment methods for bird observation.Data were analyzed using diversity index(H'),evenness(E),and relative abundance.Vegetation stratum data used in vegetation analysis through nested plot sampling to obtainthe Important Value Index(IVI).The results showed that there were 21 species from 13 bird families;the diversity valueobtained on the three lanes was 2.62 on lane 1,1.84 on lane 2,and 1.79 on lane 3.The Albizia chinensis species hadthe highest IVI value at the seedling and sapling levels,with(67%)and(76.4%),respectively;then cloves obtained thehighest IVI value at the pole and tree levels with(84.5%)and(81.3%).The majority of birds,comprising as many as15 species,were found in stratum C,followed by stratum D,which had as many as 8 species,stratum E with 3 species,stratum B with 2 species,and no birds were found in stratum A.The most common form of vegetation utilizationfound was resting.Birds utilized the stratum layer to rest,play,and find food.Understanding bird ecology also meansunderstanding human safety in wisely managing forest ecosystems.
文摘Urban expansion in India’s metropolitan regions has led to significant alterations in land surface composition,which directly affect local thermal environments.Vegetation loss and the emergence of bare land surfaces are increasingly recognized as key contributors to urban heat,yet comparative,multi-city studies addressing their combined effects remain scarce.This study analyzes the influence of vegetation and bare land on land surface temperature(LST)across three major Indian cities—Delhi,Lucknow,and Ahmedabad in 2023.Satellite imagery was used to extract Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),Normalized Difference Bareness Index(NDBaI),and LST values.Statistical correlation and spatial analysis techniques were applied to evaluate thermal variations across land cover types.NDVI was negatively correlated with LST(r=−0.68 to−0.81),indicating the cooling role of vegetation,whereas NDBaI showed a positive correlation with LST(r=0.59 to 0.74),highlighting the warming effect of bare surfaces.Delhi exhibited the highest maximum LST(47.45℃),while Lucknow recorded the highest minimum(38.63℃).Across all cities and timeframes,vegetated areas consistently showed lower surface temperatures compared to bare or built-up regions.The findings emphasize the importance of vegetation in reducing urban heat and the thermal risk posed by increasing bare land.Strengthening green infrastructure and minimizing exposed soil in urban areas can serve as effective strategies for enhancing thermal comfort and climate resilience in Indian cities.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42325101,42401060,42301052)the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province,China(Grant No.20250601010RC)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(Grant No.GZB20230127)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2412024QD025)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M760407)the Youth Growth Science and Technology Program of Jilin Province(Grant No.20230508119RC).
文摘Although Vegetation Restoration Programs(VRPs)on the Loess Plateau,China,have significantly improved the region’s ecological condition,their impact on the local economy and agriculture remain unclear.Here we used the difference-in-differences analysis to quantify the effects of the VRPs on population,economic,and agricultural aspects.Results suggest that the implementation of the VRPs increased mean county-based Gross Domestic Product by 148%and per capita grain production by 30%,but decreased rural labor resources by 11%.VRPs promoted the transfer of population to the secondary industry and increased the income of local farmers.We predict that grain production will likely start to decline when the restoration area exceeds approximately 55%of the total county area in the future.Our study suggests that while VRPs on the Loess Plateau are economically sustainable,their expansion beyond a certain threshold could jeopardize agriculture.
