The low cost of the injected solvent,which can be also recovered and recycled,and the applicability of VAPEX technique in thin reservoirs are among the main advantages of VAPEX process compared to thermal heavy oil re...The low cost of the injected solvent,which can be also recovered and recycled,and the applicability of VAPEX technique in thin reservoirs are among the main advantages of VAPEX process compared to thermal heavy oil recovery techniques.In this research,an extensive experimental investigation is carried out to first evaluate the technical feasibility of utilization of various solvents for VAPEX process.Then the effect of drainage height on the stabilized drainage rate in VAPEX process was studied by conducting series of experiments in two large-scale 2D VAPEX models of 24.5 cm and 47.5 cm heights.Both models were packed with low permeability Ottawa sand(#530)and saturated with a heavy oil sample from Saskatchewan heavy oil reservoirs with viscosity of 5650 mPa s.Propane,butane,methane,carbon dioxide,propane/carbon dioxide(70%/30%)and propane/methane(70%/30%)were considered as respective solvents for the experiments,and a total of twelve VAPEX tests were carried out.Moreover,separate experiments were carried out at the end of each VAPEX experiment to measure the asphaltene precipitation at various locations of the VAPEX models.It was found that injecting propane would result in the highest drainage rate and oil recovery factor.Further analysis of results showed stabilized drainage rate significantly increased in the larger physical model.展开更多
β-Amino esters were synthesized via ZnCl2-catalyzed Mannich-type reaction of imines and malonate esters under solvent-free conditions in 6 min. The β-amino ester was converted into the corresponding aspartic acid de...β-Amino esters were synthesized via ZnCl2-catalyzed Mannich-type reaction of imines and malonate esters under solvent-free conditions in 6 min. The β-amino ester was converted into the corresponding aspartic acid derivatives.展开更多
通过溶胶-凝胶法合成了硅酸锆包裹氧化改性炭黑(Zr Si O4/C)色料,采用XRD、色度仪和TEM等分析手段对色料进行表征。研究了改性C的球磨方式、溶剂种类和成型压力等工艺因素对Zr Si O4合成及Zr Si O4/C色料色度的影响规律。结果表明:着色...通过溶胶-凝胶法合成了硅酸锆包裹氧化改性炭黑(Zr Si O4/C)色料,采用XRD、色度仪和TEM等分析手段对色料进行表征。研究了改性C的球磨方式、溶剂种类和成型压力等工艺因素对Zr Si O4合成及Zr Si O4/C色料色度的影响规律。结果表明:着色剂C粉的形貌对包裹色料的色度影响明显,手磨过筛后的C粉呈颗粒状,分布均匀,制得的色料黑度较高,而经过振动球磨后的C呈絮状,不宜进行包裹;水溶剂会导致异质聚合Si-O-Zr键断裂,形成同质聚合,不利于包裹体Zr Si O4的低温合成,从而影响色料的呈色;过高的成型压力阻碍了Zr Si O4合成过程中的Si F4气相传质,影响了Zr Si O4的正常生长,不利于炭黑包裹和色料的发色。展开更多
文摘The low cost of the injected solvent,which can be also recovered and recycled,and the applicability of VAPEX technique in thin reservoirs are among the main advantages of VAPEX process compared to thermal heavy oil recovery techniques.In this research,an extensive experimental investigation is carried out to first evaluate the technical feasibility of utilization of various solvents for VAPEX process.Then the effect of drainage height on the stabilized drainage rate in VAPEX process was studied by conducting series of experiments in two large-scale 2D VAPEX models of 24.5 cm and 47.5 cm heights.Both models were packed with low permeability Ottawa sand(#530)and saturated with a heavy oil sample from Saskatchewan heavy oil reservoirs with viscosity of 5650 mPa s.Propane,butane,methane,carbon dioxide,propane/carbon dioxide(70%/30%)and propane/methane(70%/30%)were considered as respective solvents for the experiments,and a total of twelve VAPEX tests were carried out.Moreover,separate experiments were carried out at the end of each VAPEX experiment to measure the asphaltene precipitation at various locations of the VAPEX models.It was found that injecting propane would result in the highest drainage rate and oil recovery factor.Further analysis of results showed stabilized drainage rate significantly increased in the larger physical model.
基金the financial support form National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20472116).
文摘β-Amino esters were synthesized via ZnCl2-catalyzed Mannich-type reaction of imines and malonate esters under solvent-free conditions in 6 min. The β-amino ester was converted into the corresponding aspartic acid derivatives.
文摘通过溶胶-凝胶法合成了硅酸锆包裹氧化改性炭黑(Zr Si O4/C)色料,采用XRD、色度仪和TEM等分析手段对色料进行表征。研究了改性C的球磨方式、溶剂种类和成型压力等工艺因素对Zr Si O4合成及Zr Si O4/C色料色度的影响规律。结果表明:着色剂C粉的形貌对包裹色料的色度影响明显,手磨过筛后的C粉呈颗粒状,分布均匀,制得的色料黑度较高,而经过振动球磨后的C呈絮状,不宜进行包裹;水溶剂会导致异质聚合Si-O-Zr键断裂,形成同质聚合,不利于包裹体Zr Si O4的低温合成,从而影响色料的呈色;过高的成型压力阻碍了Zr Si O4合成过程中的Si F4气相传质,影响了Zr Si O4的正常生长,不利于炭黑包裹和色料的发色。
